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專題33 閱讀理解之猜測詞義 關(guān)鍵詞：閱讀理解,猜測詞義,上下文推理,語境 難度系數(shù)：???? 推薦指數(shù)：????? 【基礎(chǔ)回顧】 考點(diǎn)歸納： 根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義 正確理解文章中單詞或短語的含義是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基礎(chǔ)，不懂單詞含義根本就談不上理解文章。但英語單詞的含義并非完全等同于詞典中所標(biāo)注的漢語意思，其含義隨不同的語境會有所不同。能根據(jù)上下文正確理解靈活變化的詞義，才算是真正初步具備了一定的閱讀理解能力。此外，閱讀文章時(shí)，常常會遇到一些過去未見過的詞，但許多這類生詞的詞義可以通過上下文 推斷出來。這種不使用詞典而通過閱讀上下文來推斷生詞含義的能 力，是一個合格的讀者所必須具備的能力，因此也是閱讀測試中經(jīng)常檢測的一種能力。 考點(diǎn)1 猜測詞義題 考點(diǎn)2猜測短語題 考點(diǎn)3 猜測指代題 考點(diǎn)4 猜測句意題 基礎(chǔ)必讀： 高考中詞義推斷可以是一個單詞的意義推斷，也可以是一個短語或句子的意義推斷，既可以是生詞意義，也可以是熟詞新意；還可以是對替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)短文提供的語境，通過閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或詞組的含義。 A．詞義猜測主要的設(shè)題方式有： （1）The underlined words "took off " in paragraph 2 mean "_____". （2）What does the underlined word "them" in the last paragraph refer to? （3）The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that_______. （4）Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word "exotic" in the third paragraph? （5）The underlined phrase " turn his back on" (paragraph 6) most probably mean _______. （6）By saying " We need them yesterday "(paragraph 7), Stover means that snakelike robots _______. B．詞義猜測主要的解題策略有：語境猜測、語法猜詞和常識猜詞。 語境既上下文。由于上下文中的生詞不是孤立存在的，其詞義與句中其它詞的詞義或具體的語境有著密切的聯(lián)系。因此在閱讀過程中，許多生詞的詞義可以充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯，短語并結(jié)合具體的語境來推測。命題者為了考查學(xué)生的這種猜詞能力，常采用以下幾種命題策略： 策略（1）：依據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號猜測詞義 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是詞義猜測的最直接，最簡單的信號詞。比如，破折號（--- ）、冒號 ( ： ) 常常起解釋說明的功能，引號（‘）和（ ( ) ）有時(shí)也起到相同的作用。 【例1】Morning noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house-------the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. 問題： The underlined words " henpecked husband." probably means a man who _______. A. likes hunting B. is afraid of hens C .loves his wife D .is afraid of his wife 策略（2）：依據(jù)反義詞和對比關(guān)系猜測詞義 運(yùn)用對比手法描述事物或現(xiàn)象是文章寫作的一種常用的修辭手法。在這種修辭手段下，作者常借用一些信號詞來提供相反信息，從而表明一個詞與前面的另一個詞互為反義。常用的信號詞有： but/yet/however/nevertheless;while/whereas;otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/ rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/ on the other hand 等。 【例2】The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. 問題：What do the words “a replica” i refer to? A．A painting of the skeleton. B．A photograph of Lucy. C．A copy of the skeleton. D．A written record of Lucy. 【解析】C。詞義猜測題。結(jié)合 “while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom”中的real，可知這個詞的含義是“復(fù)制品”。A“骨骼的繪畫”；B“露西的照片”；D“露西的書面記錄”，均與上下文語境不符。本題是利用對比關(guān)系猜測詞義。While是一個很好的信息提示詞。 策略（3）：依據(jù)下定義，作解釋、打比喻等猜測詞義 在說明文，科技文中運(yùn)用下定義或解釋概念的方法來定義或詮釋某一名詞或概念是文章寫作的又一特點(diǎn)。在寫作方法上常采用先總后分（即先定義后解釋）或先分后總（即先說明后結(jié)論）的敘述方式。常用的定義信號詞有： be defined as/be termed( 被定義為 ) ， be called ( 被稱為 ) ， mean/ refer to/be( 意指，是 ) 。 【例3】 2015江蘇卷] Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses. 問題：65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Countries where their people need help. B. Powerful states with higher civilization. C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. D. Governments ruled with absolute power. 【例4】2013新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ] And for chocolate_snobs，who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others, the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo, Cuba, Venezuela, and Ghana, among others. 問題：The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who ________． A. are particular about chocolate B. know little about cocoa beans C. look down upon others D. like to try new flavors 【解析】A。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“…who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others…”可以推知，該詞組指自以為對巧克力很有研究的人。本句是運(yùn)用定語從句補(bǔ)充說明猜測詞義。 策略（4）：依據(jù)邏輯推理猜測詞義 運(yùn)用邏輯推理猜測詞義是使用最廣考查最多也最易失分的猜詞方式。要求考生具備整合分散、復(fù)雜信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯并結(jié)合具體的語境，從形式和內(nèi)容上把握語言之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，理順語言之間的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)而達(dá)到猜詞的目的。常見的邏輯關(guān)系有：因果關(guān)系，同位關(guān)系，對比關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等。 【例5】2015新課標(biāo)全國I卷] The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. 31. What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Artworks. B．Projects. C．Donations. D．Documents. 策略（5）：依據(jù)例證猜測詞義 采用事實(shí)說理（即例證）以加強(qiáng)觀點(diǎn)的說服力或使觀點(diǎn)更加明朗清楚是文章寫作的常用手法。借助例證獲取更多信息，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)猜詞的目的。常用的例證信號詞有： like/for example/for instance/such as; include/consist of 等。 【例6】There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demands for quality. For example, Porsche, a famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sports car on the market. Priced at over $120,000, it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 2004, the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling and acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To get them, however, they must pay almost four times the price. 問題：. What does the underlined word “escalation” probably mean? A. Understanding. B. Increase. C. Difference. D. Study. 【解析】B。詞義猜測題。從該段材料對保時(shí)捷的改進(jìn)及人們對此改進(jìn)趨之若鶩的追求來看，人們對質(zhì)量需求是不斷提高的。因此可斷定該詞含義為“提高”。本題是運(yùn)用后文的例證猜測詞義，F(xiàn)or example是一個典型的信息提示詞。 2015陜西卷] Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades.Other forms of parental_involvement，including volunteering at school and observing a childs class，also fail to help，according to the most recent study on the topic. 58. The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”． A. parents expectation on childrens health B. parents participation in childrens education C. parents control over childrens life D. parents plan for childrens future 【技能方法】] 運(yùn)用語法和常識以達(dá)到猜詞的目的也是詞義猜測策略的另一種表現(xiàn)形式。英語構(gòu)詞法給英語語言創(chuàng)造了豐富的詞匯源泉，因此掌握構(gòu)詞規(guī)律是達(dá)到猜詞目的有效捷徑。這種猜詞策略的主要表現(xiàn)在： 策略（1）：依據(jù)詞性變化猜測詞義 英語語言的詞性變化是非?；钴S的，如名詞動化，動詞名化，形容詞動化等，閱讀時(shí)要充分抓住這一特點(diǎn)，從而準(zhǔn)確地猜測詞義。 策略（2）：依據(jù)詞義變化 ( 詞義引申 ) 猜測詞義 英語語言除了詞性活躍的特點(diǎn)外，其詞義的變化也是非?；钴S的。同一個詞在不同的語境中其詞義也會發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化，即所謂的詞義引申。 策略（3）：依據(jù)詞的派生和合成猜測詞義 派生法是英語構(gòu)詞法中最主要的構(gòu)詞方法，它由詞根，前綴，后綴組成。如：前綴 dis-, im-, ir-, un- 可以構(gòu)成反義詞；后綴 less- 也以構(gòu)成反義詞。遇到合成詞時(shí)在正確理解兩詞的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合原文來把握兩詞之間的關(guān)系，從而準(zhǔn)確地猜測詞義。 【基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)】 1.Our room was on the second floor but you could still hear the roar of the ocean and see the stars at night. I used to take long walks along the water. The food in town was wonderful and the people were very friendly. The area was very quiet and peaceful, and fairly deserted. The last evening of our vacation, however, we all heard strange footsteps following closely behind us as we were walking up to our room in the holiday centre. We turned around and noticed a fairly young man moving very rapidly across the beach and getting closer to us. He was tall and wore a baseball cap. We couldn’t see his face and he was approaching us very rapidly. The man’s actions made my dad very nervous. Dad warned us that we’d better try to make it to our hotel room as quickly as possible. I didn’t like my dad’s voice; I could hear fear in it. It was late and we were all alone. We didn’t have any cell phones on us. I never saw Dad as worried as he was then and I knew that something was terribly wrong. The sense of fear started to overwhelm Mom and me. We had had such a good time in town. Now, the night was rapidly turning into a dangerous situation. The underlined word “overwhelm” in Paragraph 2 means _________. A. control B. move C. excite D. impress A 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中Dad as worried as he was then and I knew that something was terribly wrong．The sense of fear started to overwhelm Mom and me．可知母親和作者被恐懼感所控制。所以選A。] 2.The next time there is a social event you feel nervous about attending, you may want to try this exercise: Spend some time with your eyes closed and breathe deeply. When you feel ready, create your own zone of comfort by visualizing yourself surrounded in a warm white light that is protective yet accepting of others. Imagine people at the event being drawn to you because of the open and warm feelings that you are showing. When you arrive at the event, take a moment to spread this same light of loving acceptance to everyone around you The underlined word "visualizing" in Paragraph 2 probably means A. introducing B. persuading C. imagining D. Forcing 3.For years people had told our founders, motivational speakers Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen, inspiring stories about themselves. Jack and Mark included these stories in their talks, and their audiences repeatedly asked if they had ever been published. Eventually, Jack and Mark decided to collect the best 101 stories they’d been told and put them in a book. They called it Chicken Soup for the Soul because they wanted it to provide comfort, just like their grandmothers’ cooking. They took the book to New York, hoping to sell it to one of the big publishers, but every single one turned them down. The project appeared to have stalled until they met Peter Vegso. Peter read some of the stories and loved them, so he decided to give the book a chance, becoming Chicken Soup for the Soul founding publisher. The underlined word “stalled” in paragraph 2 means “_________”. A. stopped making money B. stopped following the original plan C. stopped achieving progress D. stopped attracting the attention of big publishers C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中every single one turned them down. The project appeared to have stalled until they met Peter Vegso. 可知，剛開始出版人都拒絕了發(fā)行這本書直到遇到Peter才開始有了發(fā)展，所以這時(shí)這個計(jì)劃時(shí)沒有取得任何進(jìn)步，成功的。所以選C。 【能力提升】] 1.I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干細(xì)胞) in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻(xiàn)者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．Provider. B．Delivery man. C．Collector. D．Medical doctor. 【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在一次運(yùn)送造血干細(xì)胞途中的一段經(jīng)歷，表現(xiàn)了人們之間的友愛。 2.Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.” A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations. Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But Im just not creative.” “Do you dream at night when youre asleep？” “Oh, sure.” “So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？” “Nobody. I do it.” “Really—at night, when youre asleep？” “Sure.” “Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay？” What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. 3. On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table. “Hey, arent you from Mississippi？” the elegant, whitehaired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “Im from Mississippi too.” Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair. ] “They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said. “I didnt know what my New York friends were thinking.” Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Weltys new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her bigcity friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團(tuán)聚). “My friend said: ‘Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them．’” Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Weltys ________. A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories 【終極闖關(guān)】 The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organization has argued. Instead，it says，thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed (耕）up for crops might be able to revert to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen. What does the underlined word “revert” mean in the last paragraph? A. grow worse B. put in the place of another C. gain through experience D. go back to a previous state 【解析】 試題分析：作者分析了明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)和蒙特利爾麥克吉爾大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)新研究，并指出了關(guān)于糧食方面的一些問題。 D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)句意及上文可知此處是指“退耕還林”，故選D項(xiàng)。 【名師點(diǎn)睛】 猜測詞義題。事實(shí)上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境想當(dāng)然。在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)句意及上文可知此處是指“退耕還林”，故選D項(xiàng)。 2.【安徽省“皖南八?！?017屆高三第二次聯(lián)考（12月）】 An early morning winter storm had brought several inches of snow m my small town in the mountains. Schools were canceled, roads were dangerous and all I wanted to do was to stay in bed. Still, I knew I had to get the day started so I put on warm clothes and walked outside. The snow got all over my shoes. The cold wind dried my lips and my eyes. My 47 year-old back ached in anticipation（預(yù)想）of the shoveling（鏟雪）I would have to do if the snow didnt stop soon. From the underlined sentence in Paragraph l, we can know that “ ". A. my back ached because of the cold weather. B. I didnt want to start my day on such a snowy day. C. my back would ache upon thinking of cleaning up the snow. D. the snow didnt stop and I felt too cold. 3.“The moment of knowing the cup would actually stand was super-exciting,” he recalls. “It was wonderful to drink that first coffee out of the cup. It proved to be totally worth the wait.” And his creation has proven commercially successful, which is just the icing on the cake. The coffee cups are now present in ten shops across Europe, and the company can hardly keep up with demand, regularly selling out of its stock online. What does the underlined phrase refer to in Paragraph 4? A. Profits from coffee cup business. B. Creation of coffee cups. C. Decreasing demands for coffee grounds. D. Consumption of delicious iced coffee.