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1、1. Author2. Content abstract3. Characters4. ThemeAuthors Introduction About this blind poet, there is no accurate date when he was born. But the consensus is that “Iliad and odyssey ” date from around the 8th century BC. He lived in ancient Greece, the age of legend. So we can see a lot of Gods and

2、heroes in his epic. As the greatest epic poet through the history, Homer walked around Greece with his guide and told people his beautiful poem.Homer荷馬史詩荷馬史詩 古希臘文學的最高成就，包括古希臘文學的最高成就，包括伊利亞特伊利亞特和和奧德賽奧德賽 體裁特征：體裁特征： 古代民間文學的一種體裁，古代民間文學的一種體裁，以傳說或重大歷史事件為題材以傳說或重大歷史事件為題材的古代長篇民間敘事詩。的古代長篇民間敘事詩。 內(nèi)容特點：內(nèi)容特點： 史詩中描

3、寫的是人間事件，史詩中描寫的是人間事件，但人間與神界往往相通，詩中但人間與神界往往相通，詩中英雄既有一般勇士的特征，又英雄既有一般勇士的特征，又具有超人的能力。具有超人的能力。BACK一，十年爭戰(zhàn)的禍因：一，十年爭戰(zhàn)的禍因：海倫的美海倫的美和和阿基琉斯的盛怒阿基琉斯的盛怒在荷馬的筆下，戰(zhàn)爭的目的仿佛是因為一在荷馬的筆下，戰(zhàn)爭的目的仿佛是因為一個女人的美貌和一個男人的火氣。個女人的美貌和一個男人的火氣。 The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris,

4、gave them a golden apple, marked for the fairest Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the fairest, should receive the apple. 不和的金蘋果不和的金蘋果 故事起源于一顆故事起源于一顆金蘋果金蘋果。由于海仙狄修斯的女兒和帕。由于海仙狄修斯的女兒和帕琉斯國王（也就是后來的天下第一英雄琉斯國王（也就是后來的天下第一英雄阿基琉斯的父阿基琉斯的父母）在圣山舉行婚禮，沒有邀請復仇女神厄里斯參加，于母）在圣山舉行婚禮，沒有邀請復仇女神

5、厄里斯參加，于是她惱羞成怒，向席間扔下一個寫有是她惱羞成怒，向席間扔下一個寫有“給最美的女神給最美的女神”的金的金蘋果以行報復。蘋果以行報復。 這個蘋果果然引起這個蘋果果然引起天后赫拉、智慧和戰(zhàn)爭女神雅典娜、天后赫拉、智慧和戰(zhàn)爭女神雅典娜、愛神維納斯愛神維納斯爭搶。天皇爭搶。天皇宙斯宙斯怕被人說自己偏袒妻子，就讓怕被人說自己偏袒妻子，就讓三位女神去找凡間一年輕人來進行評判，這人就是特洛依三位女神去找凡間一年輕人來進行評判，這人就是特洛依王子王子帕里斯帕里斯，赫拉許諾要使他成為亞洲國王；雅典娜愿意，赫拉許諾要使他成為亞洲國王；雅典娜愿意幫助他在戰(zhàn)爭中得到不朽的榮譽；而阿芙羅狄蒂則答應他幫助他在戰(zhàn)

6、爭中得到不朽的榮譽；而阿芙羅狄蒂則答應他得到世上最美麗女人的愛。在維納斯的幫助下，帕里斯將得到世上最美麗女人的愛。在維納斯的幫助下，帕里斯將斯巴達國王的妻子斯巴達國王的妻子海倫海倫帶回了特洛伊，于是以斯巴達國王帶回了特洛伊，于是以斯巴達國王墨涅拉奧斯的兄長墨涅拉奧斯的兄長阿伽門儂為統(tǒng)帥組成的希臘聯(lián)軍，阿伽門儂為統(tǒng)帥組成的希臘聯(lián)軍，開始討伐特洛伊。這場特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭長達十年之久。開始討伐特洛伊。這場特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭長達十年之久。The judgement of ParisBACK 史詩開篇：憤怒史詩開篇：憤怒為了榮譽為了榮譽 歌唱吧，女神，歌唱帕琉斯之子阿基琉斯的憤怒，這憤怒歌唱吧，女神，歌唱帕琉斯之子阿

7、基琉斯的憤怒，這憤怒給阿開亞人帶來了無限的苦難。很多勇敢的靈魂就這樣被給阿開亞人帶來了無限的苦難。很多勇敢的靈魂就這樣被打入哈迪斯的冥土，許多英雄的尸骨淪為野狗和兀鷹之口打入哈迪斯的冥土，許多英雄的尸骨淪為野狗和兀鷹之口 第一次憤怒第一次憤怒是是阿伽門農(nóng)無理地奪走了阿基琉斯搶來的阿波阿伽門農(nóng)無理地奪走了阿基琉斯搶來的阿波羅祭司的女兒，這讓阿基琉斯無法容忍，他退出戰(zhàn)爭羅祭司的女兒，這讓阿基琉斯無法容忍，他退出戰(zhàn)爭。要注意的是他大怒并不是因為他與那美女愛的死去活來。要注意的是他大怒并不是因為他與那美女愛的死去活來。而是因為他認為這對他是一種侮辱。而是因為他認為這對他是一種侮辱。 第二次憤怒第二次憤

8、怒是阿基琉斯的朋友帕特羅克洛斯借了他的盔甲，是阿基琉斯的朋友帕特羅克洛斯借了他的盔甲，殺上戰(zhàn)場，擋住了特洛伊人的進攻，但赫克托耳把他殺死，殺上戰(zhàn)場，擋住了特洛伊人的進攻，但赫克托耳把他殺死，阿基琉斯悔恨自己的過失，憤而重新參戰(zhàn)，為亡友復仇殺阿基琉斯悔恨自己的過失，憤而重新參戰(zhàn)，為亡友復仇殺死了赫克托耳，并把他的尸體拖在馬后死了赫克托耳，并把他的尸體拖在馬后 The main plot is based on Trojan War. Trojan War happens in around 12th century BC, between the Troy city and the Achaea

9、n(希臘的)forces. The war lasted for ten years , and The Iliad described the last year. The Greek Coalition(同盟) sacks Chryse ( a town allied with Troy ) , and captures a pair of beautiful maidens（少女） , Chryseis and Briseis. Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean forces , takes Chryseis as his prize ,and A

10、chilles, the Achaeans greatest warrior , claims Briseis. Chryseiss father ,Chryses , the priest of the god Apollo , wants to ransom(贖回)his daughter from Agamemnon , which is refused by him. Then Chryseis prays to Apollo, who sends a plague(瘟疫) upon the Achaean camp. Many Achaeans die. Agamemnon have

11、 to return Chryseis to her father , but then demand Briseis from Achilles as compensation. Achilles is furious(狂怒的)at this insult , and refused to fight in the war any longer. Whats more , he asks his mother to enlist the services of Zeus(宙斯）to help the Trojans because he wants the loss of Agamemnon

12、. So the Achaeans suffer great losses. The Trojans push the Achaeans back , break through the Achaean ramparts(壁壘), and set fire to one of the ships in succession. Several Achaean commanders become wounded and even the heroism of the great warrior Diomedes(狄俄墨得斯)proves fruitless .Defeat seems immine

13、nt(不可避免).BACK Concerned for his comrades(戰(zhàn)友)but still too proud to help them himself , Achilles asks his beloved friend Patroclus to take his place in battle, wearing his armor(戰(zhàn)袍).But Apollo knocks Patrocluss armor to the ground and Hector slays(殘殺)him. Hector gains the armor and the body of Patroc

14、lus was brought back to the Achaeans camp. When Achilles discovers the death of Patroclus , he is filled with grief and rage. Then he reconciles (使和好)with Agamenmnon and rejoin the battle. The god Hephaestus forge(打造)Achilles a new suit of armor. Not expecting Achilles to rejoin the battle , Hector

15、has ordered his men to camp outside the walls of Troy. Achilles cuts down every Trojan he sees. Strengthened by his rage , he even fights with the river god Xanthus .The goddess Athena tricks Hector into fighting with Achilles directly. In a dramatic duel(決斗), Achilles kills Hector. He then lashes(鞭

16、打) the body to the back of his chariot（戰(zhàn)車） and drags it across the battlefield to the Achaean camp and drags Hectors body in circles around Patrocluss funeral bier(棺材) everyday. The gods agree that Hector deserves a proper burial. So Zeus sends the god Hermes to escort（陪同） King Priam, Hectors father

17、 and the ruler of Troy, into the Achaean camp. Parim tearfully pleads with Achilles to take on a father bereft (失去)of his son and return Hectors body. Deeply moved, Achilles finally relents（變溫和） and return Hectors body. Then both sides agree to a temporary truce（停戰(zhàn)） ,and Hector receives a heros fune

18、ral. The story ends up here.Achilles stabs Hector in the shoulder with a spear and then in the stomach with his sword. Then Hector dies.“You lost your cousin, now youve taken mine. When does it end?”Heroes dead, but the war didnt stop.The ruins of Troy cityKing PriamKing AgamemnonHectorAchillesAthen

19、aApolloGreek States UnionTroy“For my mother ,the silver feet goddess, tells meI carry two sorts of destiny toward the day of my death. Either,if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,I would never back, but my glory shall be everlasting;but if I return home to the beloved land of my f

20、athers,the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long lifeleft for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.” 阿基琉斯為正義阿基琉斯為正義/榮譽榮譽/女人而怒？女人而怒？ “我的母親對我說過，我的母親對我說過， 我?guī)е鴥煞N命運，走向死的末日，我?guī)е鴥煞N命運，走向死的末日， 如果呆在這里，戰(zhàn)斗在特洛伊人的城邊，如果呆在這里，戰(zhàn)斗在特洛伊人的城邊， 我就返家無望，但卻可贏得永久的光榮；我就返家無望，但卻可贏得永久的光榮； 如果返回家園，回到

21、我所熱愛的故鄉(xiāng)，如果返回家園，回到我所熱愛的故鄉(xiāng)， 我的光榮和榮譽將不復存在我的光榮和榮譽將不復存在 是的，但死的終期將不會匆匆臨頭是的，但死的終期將不會匆匆臨頭”母愛母愛： 說這句話的忒提斯的額頭已經(jīng)有了斑白的說這句話的忒提斯的額頭已經(jīng)有了斑白的頭發(fā)，不朽的女神也開始走到生命的盡頭。頭發(fā)，不朽的女神也開始走到生命的盡頭。她既想自己的兒子留下來，又知道這場戰(zhàn)她既想自己的兒子留下來，又知道這場戰(zhàn)爭對他的意義爭對他的意義對勇士的最高獎賞莫過對勇士的最高獎賞莫過于勢均力敵的戰(zhàn)于勢均力敵的戰(zhàn)斗斗，于是她的眼光中便充，于是她的眼光中便充滿了矛盾與不舍滿了矛盾與不舍阿喀琉斯聽了之后，阿喀琉斯聽了之后，眼睛

22、看到了很遠很遠的地方眼睛看到了很遠很遠的地方而她的目而她的目光始終追隨著兒子，她的眼神既深邃又清光始終追隨著兒子，她的眼神既深邃又清澈澈。 BACKAchillesThe first warrior in Greek mythology, displayed as the star, the hero, and yet he fights for the glory, who are displayed as brutal warriors under the rule of a greedy tyrant, Agamemnon.HectorTroyPrince,displayed as a

23、family man: He doesnt want to go to war, hed rather stay home with his wife and newborn child, but he is loyal to Troy and must fight for her. He was killed by Achilles in the duel.In this epic I appreciate two men mostly, one is Achilles, the other is Hector. 阿基琉斯的憤怒是我的主題阿基琉斯的憤怒是我的主題 荷馬借阿基琉斯的憤怒表達了對

24、專制制度荷馬借阿基琉斯的憤怒表達了對專制制度的懷疑，雖然沒有提出明確的答案，但卻的懷疑，雖然沒有提出明確的答案，但卻啟發(fā)了一個偉大的文明啟發(fā)了一個偉大的文明希臘城邦民主希臘城邦民主。它的生命力一直流淌到現(xiàn)代文明的肌體之它的生命力一直流淌到現(xiàn)代文明的肌體之中。中。 因此，阿基琉斯比因此，阿基琉斯比赫克托耳赫克托耳的更勝一籌，的更勝一籌，并不只是在武力和個人任性上，真正的原并不只是在武力和個人任性上，真正的原因在于他的精神層面，他是因在于他的精神層面，他是精神領(lǐng)域精神領(lǐng)域的開的開拓者拓者 赫克托耳注定無法拯救自己的國家，但作為特赫克托耳注定無法拯救自己的國家，但作為特洛伊的王子，父親的長子，國家的

25、支柱，作為洛伊的王子，父親的長子，國家的支柱，作為一個家庭的依靠，一個丈夫，一個父親，他都一個家庭的依靠，一個丈夫，一個父親，他都做的非常完美。即使是最后倒在阿基琉斯劍下做的非常完美。即使是最后倒在阿基琉斯劍下，都絕沒有一點點恥辱，那種關(guān)鍵時刻無私無，都絕沒有一點點恥辱，那種關(guān)鍵時刻無私無畏的勇氣，那種對于國家的責任，使他成為了畏的勇氣，那種對于國家的責任，使他成為了永恒。永恒。 他的眼中始終交織著堅毅和悲傷他的眼中始終交織著堅毅和悲傷也許讓他也許讓他早早死去是對他的一種仁慈，如果真的要讓他早早死去是對他的一種仁慈，如果真的要讓他眼睜睜的看到城破人亡，是否才真是一種撕心眼睜睜的看到城破人亡，是

26、否才真是一種撕心裂肺的絕望呢？裂肺的絕望呢？ AgamemnonThe Commander of the Greek Army, displayed as the greedy tyrant who wants to rule Troy city. He fights for his own desire. PriamThe king of Troy, displayed as a tragic hero. As a former all-powerful hero, in the fall of Troy, he was stabbed to death by Achilles, and h

27、is eldest son also died in this protracted war. He fights for his country and people.Leaders of the two opposition parties阿伽門農(nóng)的轉(zhuǎn)變阿伽門農(nóng)的轉(zhuǎn)變 因為戰(zhàn)局的壓力，阿伽門農(nóng)也放下了高傲的身份，作為一個戰(zhàn)士走上了血與火的戰(zhàn)場。于是荷馬一改否定態(tài)度，熱情洋溢地歌頌他的神勇：在血與火的洗禮中!不勞而獲、專橫怕死的君王消失了!希臘人又多了一位真正的英雄。 父愛父愛 其實，掌管特洛伊的老人從兒子領(lǐng)著海倫登陸的那一刻，便清其實，掌管特洛伊的老人從兒子領(lǐng)著海倫登陸的那一刻，便清楚地知

28、道了亡國的命運，泰山崩于前而不變色，他沉吟片刻，楚地知道了亡國的命運，泰山崩于前而不變色，他沉吟片刻，還是和顏悅色地在小輩們的額頭上輕輕一吻，這樣的愛，是拋還是和顏悅色地在小輩們的額頭上輕輕一吻，這樣的愛，是拋卻江山社稷的大氣度。他更希望保留和捍衛(wèi)的是特洛伊民族不卻江山社稷的大氣度。他更希望保留和捍衛(wèi)的是特洛伊民族不朽的精神，而不是保不住的城邦。朽的精神，而不是保不住的城邦。 當他來到阿基琉斯的帳篷，抱住他的雙膝，親吻那雙殺死他兒當他來到阿基琉斯的帳篷，抱住他的雙膝，親吻那雙殺死他兒子的雙手，注視著他的臉子的雙手，注視著他的臉藍色的眼睛顯得有點朦朧，但是藍色的眼睛顯得有點朦朧，但是卻十分堅定卻

29、十分堅定他祈求他讓他將兒子的尸體帶回特洛伊舉行最他祈求他讓他將兒子的尸體帶回特洛伊舉行最后的國葬，甚至愿意冒著讓阿基琉斯殺死的危險后的國葬，甚至愿意冒著讓阿基琉斯殺死的危險。 普里阿摩斯的行為看似瘋狂，但白發(fā)人送黑發(fā)人的痛楚卻被代普里阿摩斯的行為看似瘋狂，但白發(fā)人送黑發(fā)人的痛楚卻被代之以更驚人的勇氣之以更驚人的勇氣最優(yōu)秀的兒子戰(zhàn)死在更狂野的敵人手里最優(yōu)秀的兒子戰(zhàn)死在更狂野的敵人手里，他在命運面前沒有猶豫和退避。，他在命運面前沒有猶豫和退避。 難怪阿基琉斯贊揚他，難怪阿基琉斯贊揚他，“你比阿伽門農(nóng)偉大得多你比阿伽門農(nóng)偉大得多” ParisThe prince of Troy, displayed

30、 as the Romantic amorousYoung prince, who fell in love with Helen, the queen of Sparta. he fights for love, and he kills Achilles with the arrow in his heel. Helenthe queen of Sparta, displayed as a very beautiful women in that time, just like a Chinese women Chen Yuanyuan in the Qing dynasty. Helen

31、 eloped with Paris, which became the blasting fuse of the Trojan War.The fuse of war 特洛伊精神的代表之一：帕里斯特洛伊精神的代表之一：帕里斯 帕里斯，戰(zhàn)場上的失敗者，被美神營救回到保帕里斯，戰(zhàn)場上的失敗者，被美神營救回到保衛(wèi)海倫的軍隊里。他應該呆在家里衛(wèi)海倫的軍隊里。他應該呆在家里他輝煌他輝煌的宮殿里，而不是在戰(zhàn)場上。但他知道他的力的宮殿里，而不是在戰(zhàn)場上。但他知道他的力量就是對他的大限；他鎮(zhèn)定地回答海倫的嘲笑量就是對他的大限；他鎮(zhèn)定地回答海倫的嘲笑，平靜地接受兄弟們嚴厲的申斥，聲稱戰(zhàn)爭不，平靜地接受兄弟們嚴

32、厲的申斥，聲稱戰(zhàn)爭不是生活的全部，卓越的人自然有他存在的重要是生活的全部，卓越的人自然有他存在的重要性：性： “別嘲笑我，當我面對阿佛洛狄忒的金色禮物。別嘲笑我，當我面對阿佛洛狄忒的金色禮物。 別扔下不管，別扔下不管， 那是神的禮物，那些光榮那是神的禮物，那些光榮 不論是什么，神已經(jīng)給了他們擁有的自由愿望不論是什么，神已經(jīng)給了他們擁有的自由愿望”（3，7780） 海倫的美：不屬于她，而是國家榮譽海倫的美：不屬于她，而是國家榮譽的象征的象征 “阿喀琉斯的憤怒阿喀琉斯的憤怒”只是只是伊利亞特伊利亞特構(gòu)成矛盾構(gòu)成矛盾發(fā)展的一條發(fā)展的一條明線明線，而帕里斯和海倫的愛情，則是，而帕里斯和海倫的愛情，則是

33、內(nèi)在地決定這部史詩情節(jié)進程的一條內(nèi)在地決定這部史詩情節(jié)進程的一條暗線暗線。 希臘人在戰(zhàn)爭上為之獻身的，不是美的物質(zhì)身影希臘人在戰(zhàn)爭上為之獻身的，不是美的物質(zhì)身影，而是美的一種精神形象，而是美的一種精神形象榮譽和尊嚴榮譽和尊嚴。在這。在這一點上，海倫的美與阿基琉斯的盛怒具有內(nèi)在的一點上，海倫的美與阿基琉斯的盛怒具有內(nèi)在的密切聯(lián)系。密切聯(lián)系。 OdysseusThe King of Ithaca, displayed as the wisest man in all of the Greeks. He thinks out the scheme Trojan Horse to break the

34、deadlock.BriseisThe priestess of Troy, displayed as a firm and persistent girl, who is kind and beautiful so that wins Achilles love. But their love ended in tragedy like Romeo and Juliet. Brief introduction about iliad. The Iliad contains over 15,000 lines, and it talks about the trojan war, the te

35、n-year siege of the city of Troy by Greek states union. The theme of iliad is to praise the hero in clan society. The view of Iliad supports that war is a proper, reasonable and great business. At the same time, iliad also shows the cruelty, catastrophe and sadness that the war bring us. In the end

36、, heroes death gently condemn the cruel war in which life is nothing. In this epic, we can see love ,betray ,glory ,politic, culture , gods, ancient civilization, friendship and a lot of things about humanity. To some extent humanity is the only thing that never change through the long history. So w

37、e can find something hide deeply in our heart by looking at the ancient ways people treats each other.Love and hate, Victory and defeat are eternal theme of Homer. For those people who involved in war no matter what they pursuit, honor, power or love, the war is still a real disaster. People indeed

38、remember those warriors names but most of us want peace not war. . “Men are haunted by the vastness of eternity. And so we ask ourselves will our actions echo across the centuries? Will strangers hear our names long after were gone and wonder who we were how bravely we fought how fiercely we loved?”

39、Historical significance Iliad writes historical facts, combined with myths and legends, broadly reflected the early Greek slavery society in economic, political, military and other aspects. Iliad is the beginning of western literature , we call it “Oral literature”, for the epic spread just by a mou

40、th talking and some ears listening. Iliad is the first successful epic, also reached the top of success. We followed it to climb on, even at the same height, but never higher than him. The theme of the Iliad is to praise the ancient hero, The theme of the Iliad is to praise the ancient hero, strong and powerful, witty and brave, and it shows heroism, strong and powerful, witty and brave, and it shows heroism, spirit of collectivism.spirit of collectivism.38 結(jié)束語結(jié)束語