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1、 初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法梳理和提高 動(dòng) 詞 的 語(yǔ) 態(tài) 知識(shí)梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)！ 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（The Active Voice）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（The Passive Voice）。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，例如： Many people speak English . (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) English is spoken by many people. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be 有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。被

2、動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的肯定式、否定式及疑問式列表如下： 肯 定 句： 主語(yǔ)+ be+ 過去分詞 +（by…） eg. He is often asked to do this work (by his boss). 否 定 句：主語(yǔ)+ be not +過去分詞 +（by…） eg. I am not invited to the party (by him). 一般疑問句：Be + 主語(yǔ)+過去分詞+ （by…）？ eg. Are your clothes washed by yourself? 特殊疑問句：疑問詞+ be+主語(yǔ) +過去分詞+ （b

3、y…）？ eg. What is this sweater made of? 現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞give為例，其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)如下： 式 時(shí) 一 般 進(jìn) 行 完 成 現(xiàn)在 Am / is /are + given Am/is/are +being + given Have / has +been +given 過去 Was / were + given Was / were + being + given Had +been + given 將來 Shall/ will + given Shall / w

4、ill +be + given Should /would + be + given 含情態(tài)詞的 Can / may /must +be +given 3、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法： 1）當(dāng)我們不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，或者只需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 例如： This jacket is made of cotton. English is spoken in many countries in the world. 1） 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。如：The boy was saved at last.這個(gè)男孩最后得救了。 2

5、） 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟: 主動(dòng)句: The boy broke the window yesterday. 被動(dòng)句: The window was broken by the boy yesterday. 步驟一：原句中的賓語(yǔ)the window變成主語(yǔ)。 步驟二：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞broke改為被動(dòng)形式：was broken 步驟三：原句中的主語(yǔ)The boy放在介詞by的后面。 步驟四：其他成分如：yesterday不變。 5) 有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： A. 可有兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的常用動(dòng)詞有：buy，give，leave

6、，lend，offer，pay，teach，tell，show，等。 1. He gave me the book just now. The book was given to me( by him) just now. = I was given the book (by him) just now. 2. They show the guard their passports at the entrance to the building. The passports were shown to the guard by them at the entrance to t

7、he building. = The guard was shown the passports by them at the entrance to the building. B. 通常用直接賓語(yǔ)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主語(yǔ)的一些動(dòng)詞有: bring，do，make，pass，sell，send，sing，write，等。 1. He wrote her a letter. A letter was written to her. My mother made me a skirt. A skirt was made (for me) by my mother. 練習(xí)與鞏固：熟能生巧，

8、取得好成績(jī)！ 一、選擇填空 1.The question ______by us soon. A.is going to discuss B.will discuss C.is going to be discussed D.has been discussed 2.The old man was quite weak after the accident, so he______. A.must look after B.must be taken care C.must be looked after D.must take care of

9、 3. All the new words ______up in the dictionary yet. A.have looked B.haven’t looked C.have been looked D.haven’t been looked 4.There was no room for you. All the seats ______. A. are taken B.was taken C.had taken D.had been taken 5. A model ship ______his son by Mr More. A.was

10、 made for B.was made to C.made for D.makes for 6.----Dad, please open the door, it ______. ----OK, dear. I am coming. A.was locked B.locks C.is locked D.locked 7. This kind of sweater______very soft. A.is felt B.feels C.feel D.is feeling 8.----Have all the student

11、s known that our class will visit the factory this afternoon? ----Yes. Every student______about it. A.told B.has told C.was told D.tells 9.The cake ______delicious. A.smell B.is smelled C.is smelling D.smells 10.My father has given up smoking since he ______on. A.will oper

12、ate B.will be operated C.operated D.was operated 11.A new school ______ these days. A. is building B. is built C. well build D. is being built 12. The cake ______delicious. A. smell B. is smelled C. is smelling D. smells 13.I________there would be a football matc

13、h on Channel 8 tomato A. will tell B. have told C. was told D. will be told 14.The librarian told me that the book______for two weeks. A. can be borrowed B. can be kept C. could be borrowed D. could be kept 15.When______this kind of computer _______? is; used B. was; used C. did;

14、use D. are; used 16.The new computers_______to the village school as present last month. are given B. given C. were given D. gave 17.I really don’t know_______about it. A.what to do B.how to do C. to do what D. how can I do 18.Your shoes_______. You’d better come to get them in half an

15、hour. are mending B. have mended C. are being mended D. have been mended 19.Though he had often made his little sister______,today he was made____by her. A.cry; to cry B.crying; crying C. cry; cry D.to cry; cry 20.When_____the accident________? A.was; happened B.has; happened C.was

16、happebeing D.did; happen Key: 1----5 CCDDA 6----10 CBCDD 11-15 BDCDB 16-20 CACAD 二、用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。 Some ideas ______(give) to college students by him yesterday. ----Do you like the music “Moonlight”? ----Yes, it ______really beautiful!(sound) He won’t come to the party unless Sue ______

17、.(invite) The chair needs______.(repair) “Quick” is another way of ______“fast”.(say) This kind of bike ______in that factory, but you can’t buy it now.(make) Cotton ______in the country.(plant) Man-made satellites ______by Chinese people.(send) This kinds of shoes ______out by now.(sell) The

18、 room must ______ clean every day.(keep) Key: 1.were given 2.sounds 3.is invited 4.repairing/ to be repaired 5.saying 6.is made 7.is planted 8.have been sent 9.have been sold 10.be kept 動(dòng) 詞 不 定 式 不定式：to + 動(dòng)詞原形 知識(shí)梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)！ 動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)可以不帶to。動(dòng)詞不定式（

19、或不定式短語(yǔ)）沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式仍可保留動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，即可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式同它的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。如：to read the newspaper, to speak at the meeting 等 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，因此在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)： 句法作用 例 句 作賓語(yǔ) She wanted to borrowed my radio. They began to read and write. 作狀語(yǔ) She went to

20、 see her grandma last Sunday . He came to give us a talk yesterday. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) Lucy asked him to turn off the radio. She asked me to speak more loudly Jim told Ling Feng to go home at once . The father made his son study hard. 作定語(yǔ) Have you got anything to say? I had something to eat this mo

21、rning . 作主語(yǔ) To learn a foreign language is not easy. 注：作主語(yǔ)用的動(dòng)詞不定式常常為it替代，動(dòng)詞不定式（或短語(yǔ)）放在后面。例如： It is not easy to learn a foreign language. It took us three days to do the work. 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式由“not+動(dòng)詞不定式”構(gòu)成. 如: Tell him not to be late. The policeman told the boys not to play in the street. 4)

22、不定式省去to的情況: 在感官動(dòng)詞see，watch，look at，hear， listen to，feel和使役動(dòng)詞make，have，let等所接的賓語(yǔ)中（不定式做賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)），不定式應(yīng)省去to。但是在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省。如： Let me listen to you sing the song. He watched his son play computer games. I saw him run away.------He was seen to run away. The boss make the workers work the whole night.----The

23、 workers were made to work the whole night. 5) 動(dòng)詞不定式和疑問詞連用 動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問詞what ,which, how, where, when 等連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。如： The question is when to start. I don’t know where to go . He showed me how to use a computer. What to do is a big problem. 例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！ 翻譯下列句子，說出句中不定式的作用： 1. To gr

24、ow plants is very important. 2. It is so nice to hear your voice. 3. My dream is to be a pilot. 4. He began to read and write at the age of five. 5. The teacher asked me to speak more loudly. 6. Tom came to see me last night. 7. I am glad to see you. 8.Have you got anything to say? 9.There a

25、re many places to see in China. 10.I asked him not to open the window. 11. I don’t know what to buy for you. 12. I saw him dance. 13. He often helps me clean the room. 14. They are too shy to speak English. 15. He was lucky enough to find his watch. 16. I want you to go there together with me

26、. 解析：1、To grow plants做主語(yǔ)；2、to hear your voice做主語(yǔ)；3、to be a pilot作表語(yǔ)；4、to read and write作賓語(yǔ)；5、to speak more loudly作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；6、to see me作狀語(yǔ)；7、to see you作狀語(yǔ)；8、to say作定語(yǔ)；9、to see作定語(yǔ)；10、not to open the window作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；11、what to buy作賓語(yǔ)；12、dance作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（省略to）；13、clean the room作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（省略to）；14、to speak English作狀語(yǔ)；

27、15、to find his watch作狀語(yǔ)；16、to go there together with me作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 練習(xí)與鞏固：熟能生巧，取得好成績(jī)！ 選擇最佳答案填空： 1. Tell him ______ the light. A. to turn B. not to turn on C. to not turn D. not to turn 2. It took us more than two hours _______ the dinner. A. prepare B. preparing C. to prepare

28、 D. to be prepared 3. We felt the earth _______. A. move B. moveing C. to move D. be moved 4. The students were made ______ the text ten times. A. read B. reading C. to read D. to be read 5. The chair looks rather hard _______, but in fact it is ve

29、ry comfortable. A. to sit B. to sit on C. sitting D. sit 6. Nobody knows __________next. A. what to do B. to do what C. which to do D. how to do 7. It is very important ______ us ________these words. A. to, to remember B. for, to remember C. for,

30、remember D. for, remembering 8. _______ English well, one must have a lot practice. A. For speaking B. Speaking C. To speak D. Speak 9. I’m going to the library ______ the books. A. return B. borrow C. to return D. to lend 10. We went to town _________ some shoppin

31、g. A. doing B. did C. to make D. to do 11. The funny story _______ me laugh. A. make B. making C. to make D. made 12. After the final exam, I think all the students want _________. A. stop to have a rest B. to stop having a rest C. to stop to have a rest

32、 D. stopping to have a rest 13. It is very kind _______ you to help me with my housework. It is hard _____me to do all the work. A. of, for B. for, of C. of, to D. to, for 14. Many people think it very difficult _______ English. A. to say B. to learn C. speak D.

33、 for speaking 15. The teacher asked the students __________ her _______ the word again. A. listen to; to read B. to hear; say C. to listen to; speak D. to listen to; pronounce 16.Remember ______ the book here tomorrow. A. bring B. to bring C. take D. to

34、 take 17. ---Let's have a rest, shall we? --- Not now. I don't want to stop _______ the letter yet. A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write 18. ---This physics problem is too difficult. Can you show me __________, Wang Lin? --- Sure. A. what to work it out

35、 B. what to work out it C. how to work it out D. how to work out it 19.--- How can I improve my spoken English? --- You have to practise ______ as much as you can. A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak 20. --- How about going hiking this weekend? --- Sorry. I prefer _______ rather than _______. A. to stay at home, go out B. to go out, stay at home C. staying at home, go out D. going out, stay at home 1-5 BBACB 6-10 ABCCD 11-15 DCABD 16-20 BCCBA 8