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1、The Early Modern Period （15th-mid17th century） English Renaissance （1） (16thmid 17th century),Historical background,Socially “”The Hundred Years” War (1337-1453) between France and England; the mysterious Joan of Arc,Historical background,Socially 2. The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) betwe

2、en the houses of York (white rose emblem) and Lancaster ( red rose) for possession of the throne;,Historical background,Socially 3. The parliament the urban craftsmen and small businessmen a strong source of economic aid to the kings; the House of Commons as representatives from the counties and bo

3、roughs while the nobilities retained their position in the House of Lords,Historical background,Socially 4. Agriculturalmanufacturing+trade Land Enclosure 圈地運(yùn)動(dòng);,Historical background,Socially 5. Discovery and expansion Virginia coast, East Indies company, sea piracy, new markets foreign trade; ne

4、w riches, new adventures gave people boundless hope and confidence, esp. under the reign of Elizabeth I (1558 -1603),Historical background,Socially 6. Great social mobility as a result of the moneyed economy,Historical background,Socially 7. Royalty the Tudors: Henry VII unified England （not

5、Scotland and Ireland） Henry VIII (1509-1547) Mary (1553-1558) Elizabeth (1558-1603),Historical background,Socially 7. Royalty the Stuarts: James I (1603-1685) James II (1685-1688) William and Mary (1688-1702),Historical background,Ideologically 1. Copernicus (

6、1473-1543, Polish astronomer) and German Johannes Keplers discovery of the center of the universe (heliocentric, not Earth, E circles around the Sun) Italian Galileos(1564-1642) gravitational force, discovery of Jupiters satellites, Moons mountainous nature, etc.,Historical background,Ideologically

7、2.Renaissance: A revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and which influenced the rest of Europe in a great variety of ways in the next two centuries. Broadly, it is typified,Historical background,by the spread of humanism which was f

8、ound in the classic works of Greek and Roman culture. Against the medieval feudal value and blind faith in after-life, the humanists believed in mans capability of self perfection and emphasized the importance of personal worth and the joy of the present life.,Historical background,Ideologically Rel

9、igious reformation Martin Luther, new interpretations and questioning of the Roman Catholic beliefs and authority; at home, a national detestation for the greedy, corrupted Church, and a dissatisfied King, Henry VIII. (in love with Anne Boleyn, his plea for divorce from Catherine of Aragon( princes

10、s of,Historical background,Spain, wife of his late elder brother), twice rejected by the Pope, made himself the supreme Head of Church of England in 1534; removed the abbots from the House of Lords and confiscated the churchs land and divided it among his nobles; with a few years exception (Mary1553

11、-1558), Protestantism （新教) was firmly established in England, with only Ireland keeping to Roman Catholicism,Literature,1.translation a). classic and Italian and French works: Plato and Aristotle Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans Ovids Metamorphoses Homers Iliad and Odyssey Virgils Ae

12、neid Horace , Seneca, Plautus, Dante,Literature,Sonnets and Blank verse was introduced into England, comedy and tragedy flourished.,Literature,1.translation b).the Bible into English the King James Bible, or the “Authorized Version,” 47 translators, over 10 years, published in 1611,Literature,2. En

13、glish literature (imitation, assimilation in the 14th century, during festivals like Easter; acted first by church clergy in or in front of the church, and then by common folk outside in the street, (city trade guilds);,III. Origin of English Drama,Origin 1. Mystery plays cycles of mystery, such as

14、 creation and judgment; first in Latin and then in vernacular,; authors anonymous.,III. Origin of English Drama,Origin 2. Miracle plays of the lives and deeds of the saints or important figures like Virgin Mary; a further development of Mystery plays.,III. Origin of English Drama,Origin 3. Morality

15、plays: religious allegory in dramatic form; personifying abstract qualities (Everyman, Good Deeds, Death, Knowledge);,III. Origin of English Drama,individual struggle for salvation; didactic illustrations; Everyman (c.1495) and Bunyans Pilgrims Progress. Today mainly found in pageants and masque.,E

16、lizabethan Drama (the 16-early 17th cen.) the golden age of English drama,Elizabethan Drama,1. Main features: A. from a handful of scholars to a large audience, high or low; from court to public; from private houses to public theatres on the outskirts of London, e.g. Global Theatre (groundlings

17、, balcony seaters);,Elizabethan Drama,1. Main features: B. from epic to tragedy and comedy; from the grander aspirations to worldly life; from perfect heroes to imperfect ones (with flaws, foibles and limitations)---so as to be closer to audience; evils are also shown to teach people lessons,Eliz

18、abethan Drama,1. Main features: C. professional playwrights (University Wits) and theatrical troupes backed up by some noble patronage; D. no women players; very simple prop-ups; E. entertaining as well as educational,Elizabethan Drama,But from the mid-17th the Puritan Parliament banned all stage pl

19、ays and the theatres remained closed until the Restoration in 1660.,Elizabethan Drama,2. Major playwrights: Christopher Marlowe (1564-93),Elizabethan Drama,Christopher Marlowe (1564-93) 1. a tragedy playwright, contemporary of Shakespeare 2. expressed the humanist ideals about the infinite capabil

20、ities of Man, in the desire for power, knowledge and money,Elizabethan Drama,Christopher Marlowe (1564-93) 3. works known for their eloquent speeches in blank verse 4. Machiavellianism* and money worship as well as pride of the age of rising capitalism,Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Florentine s

21、tatesman, political theorist and writer, advocated establishment and maintenance of authority by any effective means. “The end justifies the means.”,Elizabethan Drama,Christopher Marlowe (1564-93) Representative works: Tamburlaine the Great (1587-88), desire for power The Tragical History of Doctor

22、 Faustus (1589), desire for knowledge and happiness The Jew of Malta (1590) desire for money,Elizabethan Drama,2. Major playwrights: Ben Jonson (1572-1637) a comedy playwright in the early 17th century; the 1st poet laureate (1616); Everyman in His Humour Volpone, the Fox,,,,,Elizabethan Drama,2. M

23、ajor playwrights: William Shakespeare (1564-1616) “He was not of an age, but for all time.”Jonson a great humanist, a most popular playwright of his time, a great poet, a dramatic genius, a master of language Stratford-upon-Avon; humanist; blank verse,Elizabethan Drama,William Shakespeare (1564-1

24、616) Major works: 37 plays, 2 long poems, and 154 sonnets,2. Major playwrights:,,Elizabethan Drama,William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Plays: History: Henry IV (1-2) Comedy: Mid-summer Nights Dream (The Merchant of Venice) Much Ado about Nothing As You

25、Like It Twelfth Night,Elizabethan Drama,William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Plays: Tragedy: Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth,Elizabethan Drama,William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Famous plays: Romeo and Juliet Julius Caesar Antony and Cleopatra The Tempest,Questions for Hamlet text study,(soliloquy” To be or not to be”) 1. What is blank verse? 2. What is soliloquy? 3. What is the main idea of Hamlets soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy? 4. How do you analyze Hamlets argument in terms of structure?,