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外文翻譯部分 Machinery product scheme modern times design procedures Science and technology's development , the product function demand at full speed increase by gradually, complexity increases , phase, life-span shortens , renovates and upgrades speed to be accelerated. But, product design, especially scheme machinery product design means , need being to look like being unable to do as well as one would wish , being unable to keep abreast with development of the times. At present, computer-aid product design plotting, designs that the comparison calculating , processing fabrication , the production planning to already studies, wins initial success together broad and thorough,But, the product develops initial stage scheme computer-aid design but can satisfy the need setting up far from. For this purpose, the author goes ahead in the basis having read large amount of document , summarizes that the scheme having summed up the method adopting time the design designing that the scholar carries out a scheme at home and abroad, and having discussed the organic connection and machinery product between various method designs the developing trend that the computer realizes. The scheme designs the what be used method principal character according to the product designing that the scholar carries out machinery at present at home and abroad , can the scheme modern times design procedures be summarized for below-mentioned 4-big type. ⒈Systematization design procedures Main systematization design procedures characteristic is: Be systematic design to consider as from the composition some designing a key element one , every is designing that the key element has independent character , one by one, the key element there is existing organic connection in, and is having arrangement of ideas, all design key elements combine the day afer tomorrow, be OK to come true designing systematization. Since every designer studies the problem angle and the emphasis considering a problem are different, concrete research method adopting when the scheme being in progress is designed also existence difference.Following introduces that some have typical systematization design procedures. ⑴Design element law With five "solutions designing that the element (function , effect , effect carrier , form element and surface parameter ) describes a product"after thinking that five the value designing an element of a product ascertain that, all product characteristic and characteristic value are to already have ascertained that. ⑵The artwork builds model law The design developing analyses and guides system " KALEIT, use clear artwork of arrangement of ideas to describe out product function structure and their pertinent abstract information, artwork-rization linkup having realized system structure , function relation between building the model, and the function. ⑶ "Conception" "designs" Law The product scheme is designed dividing into "conception" and "is designs" two stages. The plain being that the mission exploring , choosing satisfied design and constituting demands understands the mission "making up a mental outline of" a stage. The plain being a stage then realize conception concretely understands "design" stage job. ⑷The matrix designs law Adopt "the request function " logic tree in the process of scheme design ("and or " the tree) describes the interrelation between the request , the function , get the function design disaggregation satisfying a request , form the different design plan. The logic tree builds "request function " correlation matrix again according to "request function " , to describe the complicated relation between satisfying what request needs a function, relation indicating that the request and the function thin out one to one correspondence's out. ⑸Interlinking pursues law And divide the function being composed of system component into various types such as producing an energy , consuming an energy , changing the energy form , transferring an energy, the function borrowing interlinking picture expressing a component unties, hope will combine owing to the functional model and interlinking picture , the automation realizing the function structure generates the automatic switching between preparing the function structure and interlinking picture , will explore from much interlinking picture creation design plan method. ⒉Structure modularize design procedures Suggest that from the angle planning a product: Definition takes functional-rization product mix as basis when designing a mission , quotes already some products untying the mission describing design (if the part component being applied or used universally waits),Be a solution , this way break up the product considering mark of mission each if existence is corresponding right away time the mission , be able to remove the contradiction there existing in possibility in designing a mission right away in product plan stage, early phase forecasts efficiency , cost , develop and adjustment designing that process is hit by a plan's , improve the cost designing efficiency and the reliability designing that , reducing at the same time also a new product's from this. Feldmann will describe that the function-rization product mix designing a mission's stratifies into four layers,(1) product-> (2) functions composition-> (3) main functions module-> (4) functions components. And, the determining the nature and quantify adopt the be oriented to application structure-rization characteristic catalogue , being in progress to function component to be more concrete describe that. Develop out implement software STRAT being fit to develop early phase and to design initial stage ⒊Product characteristic knowledge-based design procedures Owing to product characteristic knowledge design procedures main part, the characteristic is: Use computer to be able to language describe that product characteristic distinguishing and their knowledge and experience designing the field expert's, the scheme building the corresponding knowledge base and reasoning machine , making use of the field knowledge already storing and the reasoning mechanism building to realize the computer-aid product's again designs that. That machinery system scheme is designed is to judge by characteristic had by product mainly , deduces amounts and decision of strategic importance as well as knowledge and experience designing the field expert's are in progress,The type, number accomplishing organization is synthetical. Be just going to realize this one stage computer-aid design , must study knowledge automation gain , express , integrated being in harmony managing and be put into use. Method but induction for this purpose, designing that the scholar works , adopts specifically for machinery system scheme designs that the knowledge automation handles the research having made a great quantity at home and abroad is several below-mentioned species. ⑴Code law And "change the function (the shorter form function is basic) according to motion" that organization is carried out classifying, the system scheme making use of a code to describe that the function composes in reply yuan ategory of institution , building up "organization from this designs the expert system " knowledge base. The binary logic speculate is looked at and appraised here on the basis, with mixing up synthesis deciding principle being tied in wedlock, the scheme having built the reasoning mechanism being "the expert system's turn" and having been used for quad place special use machine tool designs middle. ⑵The knowledge mixed type representation The scheme specifically for complicated machinery system is designed , adopt the mixed type knowledge to express way describing that knowledge of all kinds in designing that is suitable to especially , this gets to some extent already common view of a lot of our country design scholar. ⑶Make use of knowledge-based exploitation implement In the shaft coupling CAD system, make use of knowledge-based exploitation implement NEXPERT-OBJECT , having established the be geared to the needs of marriage partner design procedures data base by the aid of be geared to the needs of marriage partner method,Design and physical design carrying out the shaft coupling scheme have provided the broad and reliable design procedures fair amount of confidence to the designer. Need the content designing that owing to that knowledge is in progress in the slide way making use of NEXPERT to describe a straight line then being designed , explore out from this owing to that the knowledge solution, and the slide way developing out a straight line design the expert system ⑷Design catalogue law And the structural "function module " ", function explain yuan" and "organization forms " the style going forward one by one three steps to design a catalogue, the catalogue the style going forward one by one this three steps is designed designs the systematic knowledge base and the implement developing assisting designing that as mechanical drive principle scheme intelligence. ⒋ Intellectualized design procedures Main intellectualized design procedures characteristic is: According to design procedures learning theory, draw support from Sanwei artwork software , intellectualized the technology designing the software and suppositional real , the product conception , the structure describing a product's developing design expression as well as multi-media , the hypermedia implement carry out a product's. To sum up ,systematization design procedures will design that the mission arrives at the partition carrying out arrangement of ideas concretely (from the mission request designing that to scheme or structure realizing that mission) from the abstract , will design out every layer of target and method wanting to come true , will go from the easy to the difficult and complicated , together from the abstract till every being contacted concretely tier organically, make entire design process systematization, make to design that computer-aid having law but the process following , having method but leaning on , designing that easily comes true. 外文論文翻譯 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的現(xiàn)代方法 科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品功能要求的日益增多，復(fù)雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，尤其是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)繪圖、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、加工制造、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，并初見成效，而產(chǎn)品開發(fā)初期方案的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足設(shè)的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，概括總結(jié)了國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為下述四大類型。 1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)化。由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。 1.1　設(shè)計(jì)元素法 用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素(功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù))描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。 1.2　圖形建模法 研制的設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接 。 1.3　“構(gòu)思”—“ 科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品功能要求的日益增多，復(fù)雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，尤其是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)繪圖、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、加工制造、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，并初見成效，而產(chǎn)品開發(fā)初期方案的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足設(shè)的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，概括總結(jié)了國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為下述四大類型。 1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)化。由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。 1.1　設(shè)計(jì)元素法 用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素(功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù))描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。 1.2　圖形建模法 研制的設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接 。 1.3　“構(gòu)思”—“設(shè)計(jì)”法 將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“ 設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段?！皹?gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。“設(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。 1.4　矩陣設(shè)計(jì)法 在方案設(shè)計(jì)過程中采用“要求—功能”邏輯樹(“與或”樹)描述要求、功能之間的相互關(guān)系，得到滿足要求的功能設(shè)計(jì)解集，形成不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案。再根據(jù)“要求—功能”邏輯樹建立“要求—功能”關(guān)聯(lián)矩陣，以描述滿足要求所需功能之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，表示出要求與功能間一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。 1.5　鍵合圖法 將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動(dòng)生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的方 法。 2、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法 從規(guī)劃產(chǎn)品的角度提出：定義設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)時(shí)以功能化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)，引用已有的產(chǎn)品解(如通用零件部件等)描述設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，即分解任務(wù)時(shí)就考慮每個(gè)分任務(wù)是否存在對(duì)應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品解，這樣，能夠在產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段就消除設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)中可能存在的矛盾，早期預(yù)測(cè)生產(chǎn)能力、費(fèi)用，以及開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)過程中計(jì)劃的可調(diào)整性，由此提高設(shè)計(jì)效率和設(shè)計(jì)的可靠性，同時(shí)也降低新產(chǎn)品的成本。Feldmann將描述設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的功能化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)分為四層，(1)產(chǎn)品→(2)功能組成→(3)主要功能組件→(4)功能元件。并采用面向應(yīng)用的結(jié)構(gòu)化特征目錄，對(duì)功能元件進(jìn)行更為具體的定性和定量描述。同時(shí)研制出適合于產(chǎn)品開發(fā)早期和設(shè)計(jì)初期使用的工具軟件STRAT。 3、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)方法 基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí) 設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別的語(yǔ)言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立相應(yīng)的知識(shí)庫(kù)及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲(chǔ)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推量和決策，完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實(shí)現(xiàn)這一階段的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，必須研究知識(shí)的自動(dòng)獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此，國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者針對(duì)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)的自動(dòng)化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。 3.1　編碼法 根據(jù)“運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換”功能(簡(jiǎn)稱功能元)將機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分類，并利用代碼描述功能元和機(jī)構(gòu)類別，由此建立起“機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)”知識(shí)庫(kù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，將二元邏輯推理與模糊綜合評(píng)判原理相結(jié)合，建立了該“專家系統(tǒng)”的推理機(jī)制，并用于四工位專用機(jī)床的方案設(shè)計(jì)中。 3.2　知識(shí)的混合型表達(dá)法 　針對(duì)復(fù)雜機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)，采用混合型的知識(shí)表達(dá)方式描述設(shè)計(jì)中的各類知識(shí)尤為適合，這一點(diǎn)已得到我國(guó)許多設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者的共識(shí)。 3.3　利用基于知識(shí)的開發(fā)工具 在聯(lián)軸器的CAD系統(tǒng)中，利用基于知識(shí)的開發(fā)工具NEXPERT-OBJECT，借助于面向?qū)ο蟮姆椒?，?chuàng)建了面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計(jì)方法數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，為設(shè)計(jì)者進(jìn)行聯(lián)軸器的方案 設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)提供了廣泛且可靠的設(shè)計(jì)方法譜。則利用NEXPERT描述直線導(dǎo)軌設(shè)計(jì)中需要基于知識(shí)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容，由此尋求出基于知識(shí)的解，并開發(fā)出直線導(dǎo)軌設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)。 3.4　設(shè)計(jì)目錄法 構(gòu)造了“功能模塊”、“功能元解”和“機(jī)構(gòu)組”三級(jí)遞進(jìn)式設(shè)計(jì)目錄，并將這三級(jí)遞進(jìn)式設(shè)計(jì)目錄作為機(jī)械傳動(dòng)原理方案智能設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)庫(kù)和開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)的輔助工具。 4、智能化設(shè)計(jì)方法 智能化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)理論，借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件和虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，以及多媒體、超媒體工具進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)、表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思、描述 產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)。 綜上所述，系統(tǒng)化 設(shè)計(jì)方法將設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)由抽象到具體(由 設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)要求到實(shí)現(xiàn)該任務(wù)的方案或結(jié)構(gòu))進(jìn)行層次劃分，擬定出每一層欲實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)和方法，由淺入深、由抽象至具體地將各層有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起，使整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程系統(tǒng)化，使設(shè)計(jì)有規(guī)律可循，有方法可依，易于設(shè)計(jì)過程的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)。