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1、內(nèi)臟學(xué) splanchnology,福建醫(yī)科大學(xué) 人體解剖學(xué)與組織胚胎學(xué) 王 瑋教授,splanchno- 內(nèi)臟 splanchnodynia 內(nèi)臟痛,內(nèi)臟學(xué)splanchnology,概述 內(nèi)臟viscera包括消化系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、泌尿系統(tǒng)、生殖系統(tǒng) 內(nèi)臟一般結(jié)構(gòu) 中空性器官、實(shí)質(zhì)性器官 胸部標(biāo)志線和腹部分區(qū) 胸部標(biāo)志線 腹部分區(qū),胸部標(biāo)志線,前正中線 胸骨線 鎖骨中線 胸骨旁線 腋前線 腋后線 腋中線 肩胛線 后正中線,,,,腹部標(biāo)志線和分區(qū),兩橫線兩垂線分九區(qū) 左季肋區(qū)、腹上區(qū)、 右季肋區(qū) 左腹外側(cè)區(qū)、臍區(qū)、右腹外側(cè)區(qū) 左髂區(qū)、 腹下區(qū)、右髂區(qū) 一橫線一垂線分四區(qū) 左上腹、右上腹 左下腹

2、、右下腹,,消化系統(tǒng) Alimentary System, Alimentary canal Digestive glands,Internal Structures of the mouth ,Internal Structures of the mouth ,淡紅舌黃糙苔：舌質(zhì)淡紅，舌苔黃燥。,舌苔 fur of tongue 正常人的舌背上有一層薄白而潤的苔狀物，叫舌苔。由脫落的角化上皮唾液細(xì)菌食物碎屑及滲出的白血細(xì)胞等組成。,齒痕舌：舌質(zhì)略紅，舌體胖大而齒痕，舌中間有縱裂，苔薄白而顆粒粗松。,Salivary Glands and their Associated Ducts,pa

3、rotitis,Number and types of Adult Teeth,Location and Types of Deciduous Teeth,GI Tract Functions,Mouth: Ingestion Teeth: Mastication Salivary Glands: Water: Moistens Food Mucus: Lubricates and binds food into bolus Amylase: Starts break- down of Starch and Glycogen Lingual lipase: Starts breakdown o

4、f lipids Bicarbonate (HCO3): Buffering action neutralizes acidic food in the mouth,pharynx,位置和形態(tài) （1）位置 （2）形態(tài) 分部 （1）鼻咽nasopharynx （2）口咽Oropharynx （3）喉咽Laryngopharynx 咽壁肌,esophagus,位置和分部 （1）位置 （2）分部 頸部、胸部、腹部 三個(gè)狹窄部： 第一、食管起始處 第二、與左主支氣管交叉處 第三、通過膈的食管裂孔處,,small intestine,分部 十二指腸；空腸；回腸,Large Intestine,Rectu

5、m + Anal Canal,Rectum descends into pelvis no teniae coli longitudinal muscle layer complete rectal valves Anal Canal passes through levator ani muscle releases mucus to lubricate feces Internal anal sphincter involuntary, smooth m. External anal sphincter voluntary, skeletal m. Stratified squamosal

6、 epithelium at lower half,Liver,Largest gland (3 lbs) Location Upper Right Quadrant Mostly under ribcage Highly vascular Some functions produce bile pick up glucose detoxify poison, drugs make blood proteins many others,Gall Bladder,Pancreas,Names give hints!,Hepato = liver Pancreatico = pancreas Cy

7、stic = gallbladder Gastro = stomach Splenic = spleen Adreno = adrenal gl Lumbar = lumbar region,Epiploic = membrane-covered Mesenteric = mesentery Duodenal = duodenum Ileo = ileum Colic = colon Rectal = rectum,呼吸系統(tǒng) Respiratory System,Nose,Only externally visible part of the respiratory system. Funct

8、ions include: Providing an airway for respiration Moistening and warming air Filtering inspired air Serving as a resonating center for speech Housing the olfactory receptors.,Skeletal Framework of External Nose,Fashioned by the: Nasal and frontal bones superiorly Maxillary bones laterally Plates of

9、hyaline cartilage (lateral, septal, and alar cartilages) inferiorly.,Nasal Cavity,Floor is formed by the palate. Hard palate contains portions of the maxillary and palatine bones. Soft palate lacks bone. Lined by 2 types of epithelium. Slit-like superior region is lined by olfactory epithelium. What

10、 does it do? The rest is line by respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells) It rests on a CT layer richly supplied with mucous and serous glands.,,Pulmonary ventilation mechanical flow of air into and out of the lungs External Respiration exchange of gases between

11、the pulmonary air spaces and the blood Internal Respiration exchange of gases between blood and tissues,Processes of the Respiratory System,Larynx,Larynx,Trachea,Descends from the larynx to the mediastinum. Ends by dividing into the 2 primary bronchi at midthorax. Contains 3 layers: mucosa, submucos

12、a, and adventitia Tracheal mucosa contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium w/ goblet cells. Smoking destroys respiratory cilia necessitates coughing for mucus propulsion Submucosa contains seromucous glands produce the mucus that lines the trachea,Pleurae,泌尿系統(tǒng)Urinary System,Pelvic cavity in the

13、 female and male,生殖系統(tǒng) Reproductive System,Male Reproductive Ducts,Female Reproductive System,腹 膜 peritoneum,壁腹膜 parietal peritoneum 臟腹膜 visceral peritoneum 腹膜腔 peritoneal cavity 腹膜的功能,概 述,,腹膜與腹盆腔臟器的關(guān)系,,腹膜內(nèi)位器官 腹膜間位器官 腹膜外位器官,網(wǎng)膜 omentum 小網(wǎng)膜 lesser omentum 大網(wǎng)膜 greater omentum 網(wǎng)膜囊 網(wǎng)膜孔 omental foramen,om

14、ental bursa,腹膜形成的結(jié)構(gòu),系 膜 腸系膜 mesentery 闌尾系膜 mesoappendix 橫結(jié)腸系膜 transverse mesocolon 乙狀結(jié)腸系膜 sigmoid mesocolon 韌 帶 ligament 肝的韌帶 胃的韌帶 脾的韌帶,,,,,,,,,,內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng) Endocrine System,END,,,,Hemorrhoids: (A), internal; (B), external; (C), mixed; (D), thrombosed,Endoscopic image of internal hemorrhoids,正常膽囊B超解剖,Cholecystolithiasis,Nephrolith kidney stone,根據(jù)結(jié)石成分的不同，腎結(jié)石可分草酸鈣結(jié)石、磷酸鈣結(jié)石、尿酸(尿酸鹽)結(jié)石、磷酸銨鎂結(jié)石、胱氨酸結(jié)石及嘌呤結(jié)石六類,