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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)號(hào)：
學(xué) 院：
專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
指導(dǎo)教師：
年 月
Sensible Machinery
ONLY 15 years ago it seemed that further advances in automation equipment would simply comprise the design, and digital control, of more and more accurate and reliable machinery which could be coupled into large systems to carry out the required manufacturing operations on parts whose material properties, tolerances, and handling accuracy could all be made increasingly perfect. It was left largely to research in the field of cognitive science and robotics to study what effects the interconnection of perception, decision making and manipulation might have in the evolution of a different breed of machine which, by observing its own action, could judge how best to complete its task. Evidently, senseless machinery required an almost perfect world in which to operate properly. The question was whether it would be economic to make all aspects of batch production in industry sufficiently perfect. Robot researchers felt certain that the sensor driven machines they were evolving would be required for hostile environments, such as for winning primary energy resources. They hoped, but could not be certain, that their cost would be increasingly justified in normal industrial manufacture.
It is now clear that the use of sensors to control machines continuously, or alternatively to verify their operation, can be highly cost effective, at least in particular areas of batch manufacture, and will be the basis of an important future industry. Examples of such areas are: sensing systems to monitor tool condition in metal removal machines; force and torque sensing for robot assembly systems, automatic inspection machines using visual techniques for 100% checking of panels and castings between other operations; and tracking sensors for arc welding and seam sealing by robot. To deal economically with diffe rent applications like these the sensor systems have so far been rather specialised, both as to the transducer hardware and the associated software. There are now, however, encouraging signs of commonality emerging between different sensor application areas. For example, .many commercial vision systems and some emerging tactile systems are able to use more or less standardised techniques for image processing and shape representation; and structured-light triangulation systems can be applied with relatively minor hardware and software changes to measure 3-D profiles of objects as diverse as individual soldered joints, body pressings, and weldments. Sensors make it possible for machines to recover intelligently from errors, and standard software procedures such as expert systems can now be applied to facilitate this.
An open question still is how the supply side of the market for sensor systems in advanced manufacture will actually develop. So far there has been somewhat of a dichotomy between the companies manufacturing automatic inspection equipment, designed to be linked into CIM systems but not required for continuous control of any machine within the system, and the companies producing NC and other robot equipment incorporating continuous control by sensors. The former market and manufacturers within it have become reasonably well established and can confidently look to a growth of 40% or more per annum. The market for sensor controlled machinery is only now beginning to establish itself, although growth prospects look equally encouraging. There are two obvious obstacles facing a company such as our own in becoming established in this market. The first is that, so far, sensors and intelligence for robot systems have been seen as a very cost effective accessory to a basic manipulator arm, but not an essential part of the system. This means that the purchaser expects the sensor system to be a relatively small fraction of the total cost. To secu re a large enough sales volume, the sensor manufacturer must aim to make his equipment compatible with the largest possible number of existing manipulator systems. This leads immediately to the second obstacle, namely the great diversity in computing capability and external interfaces presented by robot and NC controllers from different world manufacturers. The importance of moving towards standardisation of the interface between sensor and machine controller is paramount if the utilisation of sensor control is to be accelerated. Initiatives such as the proposed DIN standard to cover continuous The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology two-way exchange of information between sensor and controller are crucial to development of the industry. The interface specification must not only cover high-speed exchange of absolute position data and spatial correction information, but also the handling of 3-D geometric-model information required for advanced model-driven pattern recognition procedures within the sensor.
In future this emerging industry may polarise in at least two different ways. One would be to become focussed around existing manufacture of controllers, as with Automatix and GE, although so far this has not been a very strong trend. Another possibility is that the market will instead become focussed around specialist manufacturers of transducers and software, whose aim will be to sell to the manufacturing engineer the best possible integrated system to solve a particular manufacturing task. In these, the actual choice of manipulator will be of secondary importance compared to the unique capabilities provided by proprietary sensing and computer intelligence. It is too early to be certain which approach will dominate. What is certain, is that sensible machinery is here to stay and it is encouraging to see a good flow of contributions to the AMT Journal describing advances in the relevant sensor and software technologies.
P. G. Davey, Meta Machines Ltd, England
明智的機(jī)械
15年前，在自動(dòng)化設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)中看起來(lái)更先進(jìn)的是，通過簡(jiǎn)單的組成和數(shù)字控制，愈來(lái)愈多的精度高的可靠的機(jī)械耦合到了大系統(tǒng)中去執(zhí)行，這樣可以使所要求生產(chǎn)的操作部件的材料特性、公差和處理精度越來(lái)越完善。它主要研究在剩下的認(rèn)知科學(xué)技術(shù)研究的互連產(chǎn)生什么影響感知、決策和處理可能正在進(jìn)化，不同種類的機(jī)器,通過觀察自己的行為，可以判斷如何最好地完成任務(wù)。顯然，需要一個(gè)幾乎完美的世界的機(jī)械設(shè)備的正常工作。問題是他是否會(huì)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)使各方面的批量生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)充分完善。機(jī)器人研究者感到一定驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)器就進(jìn)化傳感器需要惡劣的環(huán)境中，例如贏得主要能源資源。他們希望,但無(wú)法確定,那他們就會(huì)越來(lái)越正當(dāng)?shù)馁M(fèi)用一般工業(yè)生產(chǎn)。
現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很清楚，使用傳感器來(lái)控制機(jī)器，或干脆去核實(shí)他們的操作,可以極具成本效益的,至少是在特定的領(lǐng)域,并將批量生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了產(chǎn)業(yè)。這樣的例子是：傳感系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域中刀具狀態(tài)監(jiān)控、切削力及力矩平衡感應(yīng)機(jī)器人裝配系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)檢測(cè)機(jī)利用視覺技術(shù)為100%檢查其它操作面板及鑄件之間，跟蹤傳感器對(duì)電弧焊接,焊縫封由機(jī)器人。經(jīng)濟(jì)與排水處理這些應(yīng)用的租金傳感器系統(tǒng)迄今為止已相當(dāng)專業(yè),兩個(gè)傳感器的硬件和相關(guān)的軟件。現(xiàn)在，但是，令人鼓舞的跡象出現(xiàn)不同傳感器的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域之間。例如，許多商業(yè)視覺系統(tǒng)和一些新興的觸覺系統(tǒng)都能使用或多或少的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)對(duì)圖像處理及形狀表示，結(jié)構(gòu)化的光三角系統(tǒng)可以用較小的硬件和軟件變化測(cè)量物體的三維型材等不同個(gè)體焊接接頭、身體所費(fèi)無(wú)幾,直至消失。傳感器，這使機(jī)器恢復(fù)機(jī)智的誤差,并從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的軟件程序,如專家系統(tǒng),現(xiàn)在可以被用于促進(jìn)這一。
一個(gè)未解決的問題仍然是怎樣的市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)中傳感器的先進(jìn)制造會(huì)發(fā)展。到目前為止已經(jīng)有稍微的制造商之間的對(duì)立的自動(dòng)檢測(cè)設(shè)備，設(shè)計(jì)成CIM系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系在一起而感到高興，但并不是必需的任何機(jī)器內(nèi)部控制制度，公司生產(chǎn)的數(shù)控及其它機(jī)器人設(shè)備將由傳感器控制。前者的市場(chǎng)和制造商在它已經(jīng)成為相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)，可以建立自信，增長(zhǎng)40%或者更多。市場(chǎng)對(duì)傳感器控制機(jī)器才剛剛開始建立本身,盡管前景同樣令人鼓舞。有兩個(gè)明顯的障礙等公司建立了自己的市場(chǎng)。第一個(gè)是,到目前為止，傳感器和智能機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)被看作是一個(gè)非常有效的輔助，一個(gè)基本的機(jī)械臂臂，但沒有系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分。這意味著買方預(yù)計(jì)該傳感器系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)相對(duì)較小的部份的總成本。是一個(gè)足夠大到西沽銷售量,傳感器的目的是使他制造商必須設(shè)備兼容的最大可能已有的機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)。這導(dǎo)致立即去第二大障礙,即偉大的多樣性，提出了計(jì)算能力的機(jī)器人，由外部接口不同世界的制造商N(yùn)C控制器。走向標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的重要性之間的接口傳感器和機(jī)控制器是最重要的,如果使用傳感器控制是為了加速。主動(dòng)提出DIN標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等國(guó)際期刊涵蓋連續(xù)的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)之間的雙向交流的信息是至關(guān)重要的，傳感器與控制器的行業(yè)發(fā)展。這個(gè)接口規(guī)范必須不僅涵蓋的絕對(duì)位置數(shù)據(jù)的高速交換和空間，而且更正信息處理幾何模型所需信息的三維模型驅(qū)動(dòng)模式識(shí)別程序先進(jìn)的傳感器。
這個(gè)新興的行業(yè)在未來(lái)可能對(duì)應(yīng)至少兩種不同的方法。一個(gè)將會(huì)成為集中在目前制造的控制器，隨著自動(dòng)化設(shè)備和通用電氣的發(fā)展，雖然到目前為止還沒有經(jīng)過一個(gè)很有力的趨勢(shì)。另一種可能性是,市場(chǎng)將成為專業(yè)制造商，周圍的集中和軟件，它的目的將被賣到制造工程師最好的集成系統(tǒng)來(lái)解決一個(gè)特定的生產(chǎn)任務(wù)。在這些，實(shí)際的選擇的機(jī)械手將次要的獨(dú)特能力相比，提供專有的傳感和電腦智能。它一定還為時(shí)過早,方法將主宰。有一點(diǎn)可以肯定,那是明智的機(jī)械將呆在這里,這是令人鼓舞的，看見一個(gè)良好的流動(dòng)的貢獻(xiàn)，描述了雜志的用量有關(guān)傳感器和軟件技術(shù)。
P.G.戴維，梅塔機(jī)械有限公司，英格蘭