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編號(hào)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
相關(guān)資料
題目： 艦船液壓跳板裝置的設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專(zhuān)業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)：
學(xué)生姓名：
指導(dǎo)教師：
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
開(kāi)題報(bào)告
題目： 艦船液壓跳板裝置的設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專(zhuān)業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)：
學(xué)生姓名：
指導(dǎo)教師：
課題來(lái)源
實(shí)驗(yàn)室課題。
科學(xué)依據(jù)（包括課題的科學(xué)意義；國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；應(yīng)用前景等）
（1）課題科學(xué)意義
隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展，陸地可開(kāi)放資源日漸枯竭，世界各國(guó)逐漸將目光轉(zhuǎn)向海洋，海洋資源的開(kāi)放及利用對(duì)各國(guó)的發(fā)展起到了越來(lái)越重要的作用。由此引起的國(guó)家及地區(qū)間爭(zhēng)端、摩擦不斷。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來(lái)，隨著海洋島礁及資源爭(zhēng)奪的加劇，海上運(yùn)輸線(xiàn)安全形勢(shì)日趨惡化，海上利益爭(zhēng)奪的形勢(shì)將更加嚴(yán)峻，尤其是美、日、俄、印等國(guó)家，為壯大海軍采取多種措施，已出現(xiàn)群雄爭(zhēng)鋒的局面。在全面實(shí)施海洋開(kāi)放的時(shí)代背景條件下，海軍肩負(fù)著維護(hù)國(guó)家安全，捍衛(wèi)主權(quán)、維護(hù)國(guó)家海洋權(quán)益的神圣使命。
同時(shí)由于我們國(guó)家日益發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)情況還有我們?nèi)找鎻?qiáng)大的軍事技術(shù)，我們和外界的聯(lián)系也漸漸的緊密起來(lái)了。但是由于我國(guó)有著較為寬廣的港口領(lǐng)域，所以海上交通便是我們和外界取得聯(lián)系的最好方式。但是海上交通就一定會(huì)用到輪船，而與陸地取得聯(lián)系就一定要用到跳板了，所以我便對(duì)這種跳板裝置進(jìn)行了一些設(shè) 計(jì)。跳板作為自行輪船重要的組成部分，可以在輪船靠近岸邊時(shí)，可以作為被保障裝備通行的橋梁。
（2）機(jī)械制造的研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景
近年來(lái)，我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)繼續(xù)保持了快速發(fā)展的態(tài)勢(shì)，國(guó)家重大基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施工程已全面鋪開(kāi)，國(guó)內(nèi)農(nóng)用機(jī)械、工程機(jī)械、航空、鐵路、公路、汽車(chē)、造船等行業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展，旺盛的生產(chǎn)建設(shè)需求將帶動(dòng)液壓技術(shù)的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。
21世紀(jì)初，機(jī)械制造業(yè)總的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)為“四化”：
① 柔性化：使工藝裝備與工藝路線(xiàn)能適用于生產(chǎn)各種產(chǎn)品的需要，能適用于迅速更換工藝、更換產(chǎn)品的需要；
② 敏捷化：使產(chǎn)品推向市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間縮為最短，使機(jī)械制造廠機(jī)制能靈活轉(zhuǎn)向；
③ 智能化：柔性自動(dòng)化的重要組成部分，它是柔性自動(dòng)化的新發(fā)展和延伸。人類(lèi)不僅要擺脫繁重的體力勞動(dòng)，而且還要從繁瑣的計(jì)算、分析等腦力勞動(dòng)中解放出來(lái)，以便有更多的精力從事高層次的創(chuàng)造性勞動(dòng)。智能化促進(jìn)柔性化，它使生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)具有更完善的判斷與適應(yīng)能力。
21世紀(jì)初，產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代將不斷加快，各種各樣的需要不斷增加。據(jù)美國(guó)、日本和歐洲等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的統(tǒng)計(jì)，1975～1995年機(jī)械零件的種類(lèi)增加了40％～50％，而75％～85％的工作人員不直接與材料打交道，轉(zhuǎn)與信息打交道。80％～88％的活動(dòng)不直接增加產(chǎn)品附加值，產(chǎn)品工藝過(guò)程、組織管理日益復(fù)雜化。設(shè)計(jì)、工藝準(zhǔn)備等項(xiàng)工作約占為完成用戶(hù)訂貨總時(shí)間的60%以上。另一方面，在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，供貨期與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量往往起著比價(jià)格更為重要的作用。敏捷化已是在機(jī)械制造業(yè)面前的重大課題。在技術(shù)上要實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性化，在生產(chǎn)組織上要實(shí)現(xiàn)變革，這些都是機(jī)械制造企業(yè)刻不容緩的大事；
④ 信息化：機(jī)械制造業(yè)將不再是由物質(zhì)和能量借助于信息的力量生產(chǎn)出價(jià)值，而是由借助于物質(zhì)和能量的力量生產(chǎn)出價(jià)值。因此，信息產(chǎn)業(yè)和智力產(chǎn)業(yè)將成為社會(huì)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)。機(jī)械制造也將是由信息主導(dǎo)的，并采用先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)模式、先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)、先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和先進(jìn)組織管理方式的全新的機(jī)械制造業(yè)。21世紀(jì)初，機(jī)械制造業(yè)的重要特征表現(xiàn)在它的全球化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、虛擬化、智能化以及環(huán)保協(xié)調(diào)的綠色制造等。
研究?jī)?nèi)容
①由于整個(gè)裝置的受力情況比較復(fù)雜，無(wú)法用常規(guī)的材料力學(xué)方法進(jìn)行校核，必須用有限元的相關(guān)軟件進(jìn)行分析，而這是大部分企業(yè)所不能做到的；
②要對(duì)整個(gè)裝置進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)分析，導(dǎo)出運(yùn)動(dòng)部件各個(gè)時(shí)刻的受力情況；
③要設(shè)計(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)變幅油缸、回轉(zhuǎn)馬達(dá)液壓系統(tǒng)；
④登船梯的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)緩沖（這是以前兩種登船梯所不能做到的動(dòng)作）；
⑤登船梯的上升、下降、停止、浮動(dòng)狀態(tài)四個(gè)動(dòng)作（這更是難點(diǎn)所在）；
⑥在保證機(jī)械部分能夠完成所要求的工作的情況下，還要考慮到液壓系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)，要盡量使結(jié)構(gòu)變的簡(jiǎn)單。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線(xiàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
（1）實(shí)驗(yàn)方案
1.達(dá)到技術(shù)指標(biāo)所規(guī)定要求，滿(mǎn)足實(shí)際工作需要。
2.熟悉相關(guān)液壓原理，及相關(guān)閥的使用。
3.工作時(shí)定位準(zhǔn)確，啟停無(wú)沖擊。
4.工作時(shí)噪音小，發(fā)熱較小，工作可靠。
（2）研究方法
1.在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件下，與原來(lái)的登船梯進(jìn)行對(duì)比。
2.在不同的量化條件下，顯現(xiàn)出它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃：
2012年11月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任務(wù)書(shū)要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告書(shū)。
2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填寫(xiě)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。
2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：學(xué)習(xí)并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的英文材料。
2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：艦船液壓跳板裝置的設(shè)計(jì)。
2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：CAD設(shè)計(jì)。
2013年4月26日-2013年5月21日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)和修改工作。
預(yù)期成果：
達(dá)到預(yù)期的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論：易于實(shí)現(xiàn)頻繁的起動(dòng)、換向和變速，且對(duì)船舶電站的影響較小；慣性小、位置控制精度較高；輸出的力和轉(zhuǎn)矩可以很大，但線(xiàn)速度和轉(zhuǎn)速可以很低，體積和重量卻很?。徽{(diào)速范圍廣。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
① 既輕巧方便又安全能適應(yīng)軍用的登船梯系統(tǒng)，這就是我的課題所要做達(dá)到的要求。
② 采用固定某些參量、改變某些參量來(lái)研究問(wèn)題的方法，思路清晰，簡(jiǎn)潔明了，行之有效。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問(wèn)題
① 設(shè)備制造已成功，圖紙也已基本完成。故需我在搞清設(shè)備工作原理的基礎(chǔ)上，經(jīng)改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)，就可進(jìn)行正式圖紙繪制。
②我在設(shè)計(jì)中還須對(duì)現(xiàn)有液壓系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析，須重新設(shè)計(jì)液壓原理。
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見(jiàn)
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
系意見(jiàn)
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名：
年 月 日
The prospects for the development of mechanical and hydraulic
With the continuous development of human society, the land could be open resources depleted, the world is gradually turning to the ocean, open and use of marine resources has played an increasingly important role in the development of countries. Disputes between countries and regions of the resulting friction. Since the beginning of the new century, with the ocean reefs and the scramble for resources intensifies, sea lanes security situation deteriorating situation of the competing interests at sea will be more severe, especially in the United States, Japan, Russia, India and other countries for the growth of the Navy adopted a multi- kinds of measures, warlords contend situation. In the era of full implementation of the open sea background conditions, the the Navy shoulder the sacred mission to safeguard national security, to defend its sovereignty, safeguard national maritime rights and interests.
At the same time due to the growing economic situation of our country and our increasingly powerful military technology, and the outside world has gradually close up. However, China has a relatively wide field of ports, maritime transport is the best way to contact the outside world. Maritime traffic will be used in ships, land contact must use the springboard, so I will be the springboard device design. Springboard as their own ship an important part of the ship close to the shore, can be used as the access bridge support equipment.
?? ?Reality we have seen boarding ladder gives us the feeling is very heavy, inconvenient for cruise ships is feasible, but if for aircraft carriers or warships, it certainly does not meet the requirements (once the pier is not it will cause trouble), it is necessary to develop a lightweight and convenient and safe to be able to adapt to a military boarding ladder system, this is my topic have to do to achieve the requirements.
I designed a springboard device not only designed a number of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission still in the original basis. With hydraulic drive of the outstanding advantages: easy to implement frequent starting, commutation and variable speed, and less impact on the ship's power plant; inertia, high precision position control; force and torque of the output can be large, but the line speed and the speed can be very low, very small size and weight; wide speed range. Therefore, the hydraulic drive is now widely used in all types of vessels. The issue is China's first aircraft carrier, the hydraulic design of the boarding ladder. Springboard (boarding ladder) is mainly used for warships to the pier and weight limit supplies through or migrate. The boarding ladder system to the electric can also be manually manually by hand pump, the use of the hand pump is designed to prevent the boarding ladder in case of power failure can not be used.
In recent years, China's national economy maintained a momentum of rapid development, major national infrastructure projects in full swing, the sustainable development of domestic agricultural machinery, construction machinery, aviation, railway, highway, automobile, shipbuilding and other industries, strong demand for production and construction will drive the continued growth of the hydraulic technology.
By the early 2000s, the general trend of development of the machinery manufacturing industry as the "four modernizations":
?? ?(1) Flexibility: the process equipment and process route can be applied to the needs of the production of a variety of products, can be applied to the rapid replacement of the process, replace the product needs;
??? (2) Agile: products to market for the shortest preparation time reduction, machinery factory steering mechanism flexibility;
?? ?(3) Intelligent: an important part of the flexible automation, it is a new development and extension of the flexible automation. Humans not only to get rid of the heavy manual labor, but also from the tedious calculations, analysis of mental liberation, in order to have more energy to engage in high-level creative work. The intellectualized promote flexible production system has better judgment and ability to adapt.
??? ?The early 2000s, the upgrading of products will continue to speed up a wide variety of needs increasing. According to the statistics of the United States, Japan and Europe and other developed countries, from 1975 to 1995, the type of mechanical parts increased by 40% to 50%, from 75% to 85% of the staff do not deal directly with the material, turn to deal with the information. 80% to 88% of the activity does not directly increase the value-added products, product process, organization and management of increasingly complex. Design, process preparation work about ordering more than 60% of the total time for the completion of the user. On the other hand, in the fierce market competition, supply and product quality often plays a more important role than price. Agility is a major issue in front of the machinery manufacturing industry. Technically to achieve the flexibility, to bring about change in the organization of production, these are machinery manufacturing enterprises urgent event;
??? (4) information technology: machinery manufacturing industry will no longer matter and energy by means of the power of information to produce value, but by the help of the power of matter and energy production value. Therefore, the information industry and intelligence industry will become the leading industry of the society. Machinery manufacturing will also be led by the information, and the use of advanced production mode, new mechanical manufacturing of advanced manufacturing systems, advanced manufacturing technology and advanced organizational management way. The beginning of the 21st century, an important feature of the machinery manufacturing industry in its globalization, networking, virtualization, intelligent and green environmental protection coordination manufacturing.
I designed a springboard device not only designed a number of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission still in the original basis. With hydraulic drive of the outstanding advantages: easy to implement frequent starting, commutation and variable speed, and less impact on the ship's power plant; inertia, high precision position control; force and torque of the output can be large, but the line speed and the speed can be very low, very small size and weight; wide speed range. Therefore, the hydraulic drive is now widely used in all types of vessels.
?? ?A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, actuators, control components, auxiliary components (Annex), and hydraulic oil.
Power components
The role of the power element is the prime mover mechanical energy is converted into fluid pressure, means of pumps in the hydraulic system, it provides power to the entire hydraulic system. Hydraulic pump structure generally in the form of gear pumps, vane pumps and piston pumps.
Actuator
Actuators (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for linear reciprocating or rotary motion.
Control components
The control element (i.e., the various hydraulic valves to control and regulate the pressure of the liquid, flow rate and direction) in the hydraulic system. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the pressure control valves, flow control valves and directional control valves. Pressure valve (safety valve) is divided into benefits flow control valve, pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, pressure relay; flow control valve includes a throttle valve, regulating valve, flow diversion valve; directional control valve includes a one-way valve, pilot-operated check valve, shuttle valve, valve. Depending on the control mode, the hydraulic valves can be divided into the switch control valve setpoint control valves and proportional control valve.
Auxiliary components
Auxiliary components including fuel tanks, filters, tubing and fittings, seals, quick-change fittings, high pressure ball valve, hose assemblies, pressure joints, pressure gauge, oil level, oil temperature meter.
Hydraulic oil
The hydraulic oil is the energy transfer in the hydraulic system of the working medium, a variety of mineral oil, emulsion, oil hydraulic molding Hop several categories.
??A little mechanical knowledge all know, the energy will be converted to each other, and to use this knowledge to explain the power loss of the hydraulic system on the hydraulic system is best, however, the hydraulic system power on the one hand will cause energy loss, so that the system the overall efficiency is decreased, on the other hand, lose this part of the energy will be transformed into heat, so that the temperature rise of the hydraulic oil, oil deterioration, resulting in hydraulic equipment failure. Therefore, the design of the hydraulic system, meet the requirements, but also give full consideration to reduce the power loss of the system.
?? ??First, from the power source - pump to consider, taking into account the diversification of the actuator working conditions, high flow, low pressure system sometimes needs; sometimes need small flow and high pressure. So I chose to limit pressure variable displacement pump is appropriate, because this type of pump flow varies with changes in system pressure. When the system pressure is reduced, the flow rate is relatively large, can meet rapid stroke of the actuator. Flow when the system pressure increases and decreases accordingly, to meet the working stroke of the actuator. This will not only meet the requirements of the actuator, but also make more reasonable power consumption.
Second, hydraulic oil flowing through the various types of hydraulic valves inevitable existence of pressure loss and flow losses, account for a large proportion of this part of the energy loss in the total energy loss. Therefore, a reasonable selection hydraulic pressure valve to adjust the pressure is also an important aspect to reduce the power loss. Flow valve system flow adjustment range to select and to ensure that the minimum stable flow to meet the requirements, the pressure of the pressure valve in the hydraulic equipment to meet the normal work of the case, try to take a lower pressure.
??? ?If the actuator has a governor's request, then select the speed control loop, it is necessary to meet the requirements of the governor, but also minimize power loss. Common speed control loop: Throttling Speed ??Control Circuit, volume, speed control loop, the volume throttle speed control loop. Throttling Speed ??loop power loss, low-speed stability. Volume speed control loop is neither overflow losses, no throttling losses, high efficiency, low-speed stability. If you want to meet both requirements at the same time, can be used differential pressure variable volume pump and throttle control Circuits, and to the differential pressure across the throttle as small as possible in order to reduce the pressure loss.
?? ??Fourth, a reasonable choice of hydraulic oil. The hydraulic oil flowing in the pipeline, will appear in the stickiness, while excessive stickiness will be generated when a greater internal friction, resulting in fluid heat, while increasing the resistance to fluid flow. When the viscosity is too low, could easily lead to leakage, and will reduce the volumetric efficiency of the system, therefore, generally choose the suitable viscosity and viscosity-temperature characteristics of good oil. Further, when the fluid flow in the pipeline, but also there is frictional pressure loss and the loss of partial pressure of as short as possible, therefore the design of conduit pipe, while reducing elbow.
??? ?Is to avoid the above referred Some work in the hydraulic system power loss, but the factors affecting the power loss of the hydraulic system there are many, so when the particular design of a hydraulic system needs to be consolidated to consider various other requirements.
1) pollution and wear of components
Oil pollutants caused by the wear and tear of the components of various forms of solid particles into motion pair gap, cutting wear or fatigue wear on the surface of the part. High-speed flow of solid particles on the surface of the impact of the components caused by erosive wear. Oil in the water and oil oxidative deterioration of product components have a corrosive effect. In addition, the oil in the air caused by cavitation, resulting in the element surface erosion and destruction.
2) element clogged with clamping failure
??? ?Based on the parameters measured fault diagnosis system is a hydraulic system is working properly, the key depends on two main operating parameters of pressure and flow is in normal working condition, as well as speed and other parameters of the system temperature and actuators is normal or not. The hydraulic system failure phenomenon is a variety of the cause of the malfunction is a combination of factors. The same factors may cause different symptoms, the same fault may correspond to a variety of different reasons. For example: oil pollution may cause failure of the hydraulic system pressure, flow direction, which brought great difficulties to the hydraulic system fault diagnosis.
??? ?Parameter measurement of fault diagnosis thinking is this, any hydraulic system is working properly, the system parameters to work around the design and setting work if these parameters deviate from the predetermined value, the system will malfunction or may occur malfunction. Hydraulic system failure of the essence of the abnormal changes of the system operating parameters. Therefore, when hydraulic system failure occurs, must be a component of the system or some of the elements of the fault loop a certain point or certain points of the parameter has deviated from a predetermined value, and further it can be concluded. This shows that the operating parameters of a point in the hydraulic circuit is not working properly, the system has a malfunction or failure may occur, require maintenance personnel immediately processed. So on the basis of the parameters measured, combined with logical analysis, you can quickly and accurately identify the fault lies. Parameter measurement method can not only diagnose system failures, but also forecast failures that may occur, and this prediction and diagnosis are quantitative, greatly improving the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. This detection for the direct measurement of speed, and error is small, the testing equipment is simple, easy to promote the use of the production site. Suitable for the detection of any hydraulic system. Measurement without stopping, without damaging the hydraulic system, almost any part of the system to detect not only the existing fault diagnosis and online monitoring, forecasting potential failures.
Parameter measurement principle
??? ?Long as required at any point in the the measured hydraulic system circuit operating parameters will be compared with the normal operation of the system can Analyzing system operating parameters is normal, whether the site where the occurrence of a fault and the fault.
?? ??Hydraulic system operating parameters, such as pressure, flow, temperature, and all non-electrical physical quantity, using indirect measuring method with General Instrument, first of all need to take advantage of the physical effects of these non-power is converted into electricity, and then enlarged, conversion and display The converted electrical signal processing, the measured parameter for availability Representative and displayed. Which can determine the hydraulic system is faulty. However, this indirect measurement methods need a variety of sensors, the detection device is more complex, the measurement error is not intuitive, not easy site to promote the use of.
The advantages of hydraulic
Compared with mechanical transmission, electric drive, hydraulic drive has the following advantages:
????1, the various components of the hydraulic transmission, can be easily and flexibly arranged.
????2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response.
????3, manipulation easy to control, can achieve a wide range of variable speed .
????4, automatic overload protection.
????5, generally use mineral oil as the working medium, the relative motion of surface lubrication, long service life.
????6, it is easy to achieve linear motion.
????7, it is easy to realize automation of the machine, not only to achieve a higher degree of automatic control process, when the electro-hydraulic joint control, but