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外文資料翻譯 原文： Mechanical Technology in the rubber industry outlined in the application In the development of human society is the modern process. Rubber Industries is an indispensable Economy, Trade and Industry. In the rubber industry in the development of rubber technology and rubber machinery (or electromechanical) to the progress and development of technology played an important role in promoting this. The development of rubber industry, rubber and rubber machinery industry technology constitutes of technical rubber products all the technical process and industrial technology system. In 1820 by the British made the human-driven single-roller rubber mixing machine. 1826 twin-roll Drum open rubber mixing machine into production beginning of the human rubber machinery production prelude. So far, human society has been the application of rubber machinery 180 years of history. Since 1839. A series of rubber machinery and equipment will come out, in addition to the application of vulcanized rubber vulcanization facilities, and other rubber machinery, such as plunger hose extrusion machine (1858), screw extruder (1879), rubber rolling mill (1843 ~ 1900), Closed rubber mixing machine (1916) rubber machinery and equipment. At that time, has spent the rubber industry production process, the promotion of the development of rubber industry has played a facilitating role. 1904, lead oxide, magnesium oxide, such as the discovery of inorganic curing agent, in particular 1919 organic to fide D, the discovery and use of M, and further promote the improvement of production efficiency has greatly improved the performance of the use of rubber products, expanded use. 1920 accession the carbon black to rubber, makes rubber products would be an overall improvement in performance and improvement. Therefore, the application of carbon black in rubber is improve the industry and promoting the progress and all-round development. In the early 20th century and the middle of the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, Germany, France and other countries, has invented a synthetic rubber industrial technologies, and the establishment of a series of synthetic rubber production equipment and factories. Coupled with the region's natural rubber production of large-scale resources for the mankind modern rubber industry opened up the comprehensive development of the material resource base.　 Is a highly flexible rubber typical materials, its physical properties are very complicated. Most of the processing of rubber molding process are similar to the melt flow and deformation process, but also in the processing of rubber products, the Health and plastic to go through plastic necklace, mixing, pressure-type, shape, curing process procedures, in order to become products. In the modern chemical products, such as rubber, plastics, paints, fibers, lubricants, ceramics, and other similar material production and engineering applications, the complexity of its mechanical properties. Purely based on the elasticity, viscosity or plasticity theory can not meet these materials processing requirements of the deformation process. So based on the nature of the complex mechanics of the research topic - theological theory will be referred to the new human research subjects on the agenda. 1928, the United States set up the "Evolution Society", 1940, the British set up the theological Club (later renamed the Institute of Evolution). In addition, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, Japan and other countries have also set up a corresponding flow Institute. 1948 convene the International Society of Theology. In 1953 the establishment of the International Association of theology is hold. Since then one involving applied mathematics, physics, elasticity, the material mechanics, fluid mechanics, geology, engineering and other subjects on the verge of disciplines - have emerged theology, and gradually has been extensively applied. Theology not only in the rubber, plastics, coatings, printing, Portland, foodstuffs, and other industrial production has been extensively applied, but also to infrastructure, machinery, transport, irrigation, chemical industry and many other industrial sectors: involves many substances from solid to liquid processes. Theology made in the rubber industry. Widely used in the processing of rubber molding products research and application. Such as rubber mixing、rolling、extrusion、injection molding and other processes. Because of its macromolecular polymer chain structure and movement characteristics of the physical state gathered on showing four kinds of physical state: a crystalline and non-crystalline 3 crystalline (glass state, high-elastic state, viscous flow state).Rubber in normal circumstances is the use of high-elastic state. In the course of processing molding viscous flow state, in the vulcanized only basic treatment before losing mobility, and a high flexibility based elastic material. Because of the late 19th century and early 20th century, the theory of rubber is exploration and the principles of the invention. Especially theology and application of the theoretical study of the development of rubber industry makes, whether in the filler, vulcanization accelerator, or in the process principle aspects have undergone profound changes. On the development of the rubber industry is a qualitative change. At the same time, all kinds of rubber machinery also made great progress and development. At that time, not only the names many rubber machinery, and its structure, specifications, varieties, and so had been reached a certain level of the scale, fine, and the degree of automation and linkage. If rubber mechanical transmission power to hundreds of to thousands of kilowatts stem watts, which weight machines to a few hundred tons. Rubber products in the process of production plastic necklace, mixing, rolling, extrusion, molding, in the process of curing six have a complete matching of mechanical devices.　 Compound rubber machinery industry is one of the basic equipment. At present production machinery to open dozens of rubber mixing. Health glue used plastic necklace, plastic material mixing; pressed for the compression machine for plastic, decorticating machine compound mainly used for preheating and plastic; crusher for crushing such as natural rubber, remove plastic washing machine for Health and plastic waste compound impurities; mill mainly used for waste plastic block grinding; refining machine used to remove the hard plastic renewable impurities; reclaimed rubber mixing machine, mainly for the reclaimed rubber pinch; breathing machine for plastic pressure breathing Film compression; crepe-pressure machine, mainly for crepe-compression; experimental rubber mixing machine, the main compound used in a small number of experiments, etc. . Rubber rolling mill, which is rubber products processing in the process of one of the basic equipment. Since 1843 three-roll calendar application, we have 160 years of development history. From the modern to modern specifications and various new calendar will continue to emerge, its specifications, speed, semi product of high accuracy, a high degree of automation machinery, the machinery has become the modern calendar of the main structural features. At present production largest calendar has reached more than φ1055 × 3000 (mm), roller line speed of up to 120(m / min) above, the semi-finished calendar has reached its thickness error within ± 0.0025 (mm). And achieve full electronic control of the computer and automation level. The Closed Compound (mixer), rubber and plastic mixing refining is one of the main equipment. The development of modern mixer, a high-speed, high-pressure and high-performance characteristics, and is divided into low-speed (20 to the rotor speed / min), the velocity (speed of 30 to 40 ~ / min) and high-speed (60 to speed / min) 3. In recent years also appear to speed in the 80 / mixer at high speed over armed　 Rubber extruder (screw extruder), the world's first since 1879-screw extruder Since the birth of all kinds of screw extruder machinery in a large number of different varieties have been supporting complete specification has been adapted to different product performance characteristics of the request. If pressure extrusion machine, mainly for the shape of the semi-finished production; filter plastic extrusion machine for removing plastic mix and the Health and the impurity; plastic extrusion machine for the continuous plastic glue Health: granulation extruders for plastic compound and the Health and the granulation; compression extruder. To compound the pressure plate; desulfurization renewable plastic extruder for the desulfurization: extrusion dehydration mixing rubber extruder for dehydration and regeneration plastic dry: Cable extruder for the cable coated molding; row Gas extruder. The mixing compound got out of the air and water and volatile compounds, such as low-molecular-weight. These specifications complete extrusion machinery, the development of the rubber industry and was credited. It has become the driving force of the rubber products processing and optimization of the equipment. Injection Molding Machine, also known as the Note Press, mainly for the production of rubber molded products. Note pressure machinery, its structure, is divided into horizontal injection press, vertical injection press, injection machine and the Multi-Position Press Note 4. Press each note is divided into many different sizes of the specifications. Tire rubber industry is the largest number one product. Whether raw materials from the use of rubber and rubber products, put out of rubber products which occupy the lion's share of the market, consume about 80% of the volume of rubber resources. Therefore, the tire molding machinery is also important. Since the invention of pneumatic tire in 1888, with the development of the automobile industry, various specifications, the various properties of a large number of rubber tires. A high-performance, high-quality car, if there is no corresponding performance and quality of the tire support is equivalent to scrap general. And the development of tire industry tire molding machinery participation is crucial. Tubeless tire or whether they would have to be certain to die molding machinery stereotypes. Forming particular tire, tire production is in the process of core processes, tire various "parts" of the assembly process, will soon cord, bead, wrapper, tread, and other components of processed into paste composition tire embryo. Therefore tire molding machinery determines to a large extent the performance and quality of tires. As human socio-economic and cultural progress and development, a wide range of a large number of vehicles. Therefore the various types and specification is endless. Such as cars, buses, trucks, construction vehicles and other special vehicles and aircraft, which have their own dedicated tire varieties and specifications. In recent years there has high strength and high wear resistance of the steel skeleton radial tire, making automobile tires, performance and the structure and quality to a new level. This constant tire molding machinery put out a higher demand. Tire molding machine many of the types, according to the method of forming: sleeve-law and two kinds of stickers; by shaping the contours of the drum: drum, semi-drum, and the core-wheeled four-wheel-core. In addition, all other uses of different shapes and rubber products, there is a basic molding process. Therefore a variety of rubber molding machines and even offers a dazzling. Only a wide variety of ring is tens of thousands of species on the number. This shows that the rubber molding machinery industry is also very complicated and very important.　 Vulcanization machinery, a variety of rubber products of the final steps in the processing machinery, mainly for the various rubber products, plastic, rubber products, such as sulfide processing. The main structure of three kinds of forms: one is flat vulcanize, and the autoclave (including pressure autoclave) and the drum machine sulfide. Flat-curing the use of broader is more variety. In addition to direct use of vulcanized rubber products processing, can also be used in the plastics industry thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic plastics processing repression. Because of their body structure and working principle is basically the same. The types and forms are many. According to the purpose, has the vulcanized rubber model of flat products, with flat-curing machine, V-belt plate curing machine, sheet plate curing machine. Vulcanized rubber products tank is the first production application of curing equipment, mainly for the vulcanization of rubber products work. Can also be used to autoclave the curing soles, adhesive tape and model products. Therefore, "omnipotent" said curing machine. Drum curing machine, "belt" and the "V-belt" two categories. Mainly used for curing surface shape and surface quality of the special requirements of thin strip of rubber products, such as tread rubber and plastic sheet printing and dyeing, such as the conduction band. If accompanied by the necessary accessories device can be used to transport sulfide zone, belts and other similar products vulcanized rubber processing. Drum Machine continuous vulcanization sulfide, easy assembly and the formation of automated production lines. Substantially reduce labor intensity and improve efficiency and product quality.　 For the development of rubber industry, mechanical and process technology research determines its speed and level of development determines the performance and quality of products. Generally speaking, industrial technology research and product cycle faster some frequency. Changes in technology and machinery cycle is slow, it decided to change the cycle of the life of the equipment, work efficiency and product quality. It is precisely because of machinery and equipment has a clear life, it makes the certain inertia of the operation. Thus create a difficult change or do not need rapid changes in the direct experience. This is a reality for many people, the community and even some scientific research and departments only attaches great importance to technology innovation and ignore changes in mechanical and technological advances and the development of one of the main reasons. The mindset of the people is to determine awareness of changes and developments. Any material production originated in the first production practice on the real social needs of the objective.　 or the rubber industry development, which is not only the normal process of production is rubber products. Mechanical technology and the increasing need in-depth study of technology and joint development of modern commodity market competitive situation also not tolerate such people wait wait-and-see or delay time, and in addition to the sustenance of mankind growing material and cultural wealth, the need for rapid development of the rubber industry, large piles of scrap rubber, people also need to face the urgent and effective treatment. This is not only the rubber resources conservation needs, but also the living environment of human security requirements. To solve the normal development of rubber industry and scrap rubber recycling use of resources, only mechanical technology and the joint development of technology to achieve their goals. Contemporary rubber industry development so that the waste rubber recycling of resources must take machines improvement and progress in the joint development of the road is the only correct way. And the improvement of machinery technology is the essence of mechanical work of the progress of chemical process technology is the core content of their joint development of the modern rubber industry is able to quickly and efficiently optimize and promote the development of intrinsic motivation. Of course also includes scientific management technology decision-making body elements.　 Machinery, physics, chemistry (or chemical), the four basic skills of a development of the human society science technology system, and science and technology system known as compulsory, and social management technology is soft science and technology system. Taken Flex became a more complete scientific and technological system. Rubber industry in the development of rubber industry and technology and scientific management technology industries with the economic structure of the industry is related to the development of rubber industry "carrot and stick" scientific measures. Mechanical Technology is a hard attribute technology, technology is a soft attributes, which is a "carrot and stick" form of the technology. In the mechanical technology of the technical attributes of both tangible and intangible. All of investigation and study, the work of design techniques are soft attributes that in the manufacturing of construction involves the technical attributes of hardware technology, the results of pre-main soft technology embodied in the design and construction drawings and manuals; after a hard stage technical achievements on various material on the output of products. This is a hard and soft technology into the outcome of the objective process. Rubber industrial development, we must attach importance mechanical technology and the joint development of technology. Strengthening the role of rubber machinery technology, mechanical technology to the development and application, the whole social development is not only the production of the material and cultural needs, but also the harmonious development of the ecological environment of human needs, but also to be cherished rubber, Using and frugal behavior needs . 機(jī)械技術(shù)在橡膠工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用概述 在人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代進(jìn)程中．橡膠工業(yè)也是一門(mén)不可缺少的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)。而在橡膠工業(yè)發(fā)展過(guò)程中，橡膠工藝及橡膠機(jī)械（或機(jī)電）技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展起了重要的推動(dòng)作用。橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展，橡膠工業(yè)技術(shù)及橡膠機(jī)械技術(shù)構(gòu)成了橡膠制品的全部技術(shù)過(guò)程和產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系。1820年英國(guó)制成了由人力驅(qū)動(dòng)的單輥式煉膠機(jī)。1826年雙輥筒式的開(kāi)放式煉膠機(jī)投入生產(chǎn)，拉開(kāi)了人類(lèi)橡膠機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的序幕。至今，人類(lèi)社會(huì)橡膠機(jī)械的應(yīng)用已有180多年的歷史了。 　　1839年以來(lái)．一系列的橡膠機(jī)械設(shè)備陸續(xù)問(wèn)世，除適應(yīng)橡膠硫化技術(shù)應(yīng)用的硫化設(shè)備外，其他橡膠機(jī)械,如柱塞式膠管擠出機(jī)（1858年）,螺桿擠出機(jī)（1879年），橡膠壓延機(jī)（1843～1900年），密閉式煉膠機(jī)（1916年）。等橡膠機(jī)械設(shè)備。先后投入當(dāng)時(shí)的橡膠工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，對(duì)推動(dòng)橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展起了一定的促進(jìn)作用。 　　1904年，氧化鉛、氧化鎂等無(wú)機(jī)硫化劑的發(fā)現(xiàn)，特別是1919年有機(jī)硫化促進(jìn)劑D、M的發(fā)現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)效率的提高，大大改善了橡膠制品的使用性能，擴(kuò)大了使用范圍。1920年把炭黑加入橡膠中，才使得橡膠制品的性能得以全面改善和提高。因此，炭黑的應(yīng)用又促進(jìn)了橡膠工業(yè)進(jìn)步和全面發(fā)展。20世紀(jì)初及中葉，蘇聯(lián)、美國(guó)、英國(guó)、德國(guó)、法國(guó)等國(guó)家，先后發(fā)明了合成橡膠工業(yè)技術(shù)。并建立了一系列橡膠合成生產(chǎn)裝置及工廠(chǎng)。再加上東南亞地區(qū)的天然橡膠資源生產(chǎn)的規(guī)?；?，為人類(lèi)現(xiàn)代橡膠工業(yè)的全面發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了物質(zhì)資源基礎(chǔ)。 　　橡膠是一種高彈性的典型材料，其物理性能十分復(fù)雜。大多數(shù)橡膠的加工成型過(guò)程都有近似熔體的流動(dòng)和變形過(guò)程，而且在橡膠產(chǎn)品的加工過(guò)程中，生膠要經(jīng)過(guò)塑煉、混煉、壓型、成型、硫化的工藝程序，才能成為產(chǎn)品。在現(xiàn)代化工產(chǎn)品中，諸如橡膠、塑料、油漆、纖維、潤(rùn)滑油、陶瓷等一類(lèi)材料的生產(chǎn)及工程技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，對(duì)其材料的復(fù)雜力學(xué)性質(zhì)．依據(jù)單純的彈性力學(xué)、粘性理論或塑性理論都不能滿(mǎn)足這些材料加工過(guò)程的形變要求。于是一種基于對(duì)復(fù)雜介質(zhì)力學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究課題——流變學(xué)理論便提到了人類(lèi)新學(xué)科研究的議事日程。1928年，美國(guó)成立了“流變學(xué)會(huì)”，1940年，英國(guó)成立了流變學(xué)俱樂(lè)部（后改為流變學(xué)會(huì)）。此外，荷蘭、西德、法國(guó)、日本等國(guó)家也相應(yīng)成立了流變學(xué)會(huì)。1948年召開(kāi)了國(guó)際流變學(xué)會(huì)。1953年成立了國(guó)際流變協(xié)會(huì)。從此一門(mén)涉及到應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)、物理學(xué)、彈性力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、工程學(xué)及其他學(xué)科的邊緣學(xué)科——流變學(xué)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，并逐漸得到廣泛應(yīng)用。流變學(xué)不僅在橡膠、塑料、涂料、印刷、硅酸鹽、食品等工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用，還涉及到基本建設(shè)、機(jī)械、運(yùn)輸、水利、化學(xué)工業(yè)等眾多工業(yè)部門(mén)：涉及到許多物質(zhì)從固體到液體的變化過(guò)程。流變學(xué)在橡膠工業(yè)中。廣泛應(yīng)用于橡膠制品加工成型的研究和應(yīng)用。如對(duì)橡膠的混煉、壓延、擠出、注射成型等加工過(guò)程。高聚物由于它的大分子鏈狀結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)動(dòng)特點(diǎn)，在物理聚集態(tài)上呈現(xiàn)出4種物理狀態(tài)：即1個(gè)結(jié)晶態(tài)和3個(gè)非結(jié)晶態(tài)（玻璃態(tài)、高彈態(tài)、粘流態(tài)）。橡膠在正常使用情況下是高彈態(tài)．而在加工成型過(guò)程中是粘流態(tài)，只有在硫化處理后才基本失去流動(dòng)性，而變成以高彈性為主的彈性體材料。 　　由于19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初，對(duì)橡膠工藝?yán)碚摰脑硖剿骱桶l(fā)明。特別是流變學(xué)理論的研究和應(yīng)用使得橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展，無(wú)論是在填充劑、硫化促進(jìn)劑方面，還是在工藝原理方面都發(fā)生了深刻變化。對(duì)橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一次質(zhì)的變化。同時(shí)，各種橡膠機(jī)械也有了很大的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展。當(dāng)時(shí)的橡膠機(jī)械不僅名目眾多，而且其結(jié)構(gòu)、規(guī)格、品種等都巳達(dá)到一定水平的規(guī)?；?、精細(xì)化、自動(dòng)化和聯(lián)動(dòng)化程度。如有的橡膠機(jī)械傳動(dòng)功率達(dá)到數(shù)百干瓦至數(shù)千千瓦，機(jī)器重量達(dá)到幾百?lài)崱Ｔ谙鹉z制品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的塑煉、混煉、壓延、壓出、成型、硫化六個(gè)工藝過(guò)程中都有了配套齊全的機(jī)械裝置。 　　煉膠機(jī)械是橡膠工業(yè)的基本設(shè)備之一。目前生產(chǎn)的開(kāi)放式煉膠機(jī)械達(dá)數(shù)十種。主要用于生膠的塑煉，膠料的混煉；壓片機(jī)用于壓片、供膠；熱煉機(jī)主要用于膠料預(yù)熱和供膠；破碎機(jī)用于天然橡膠的破碎等，洗膠機(jī)用于除去生膠和廢膠中的雜質(zhì)；粉碎機(jī)主要用于廢膠塊的粉碎；精煉機(jī)主要用于除去再生膠中的硬雜質(zhì)；再生膠混煉機(jī)，主要用于再生膠的捏煉；煙膠壓片機(jī)用于煙膠片壓片等；縐片壓片機(jī)，主要用于縐片壓片工作；實(shí)驗(yàn)用煉膠機(jī)，主要用于各種少量膠料的實(shí)驗(yàn)工作等。 　　橡膠壓延機(jī)，也是橡膠制品加工過(guò)程中的基本設(shè)備之一。自1843年三輥壓延機(jī)應(yīng)用以來(lái)，已有160多年的發(fā)展歷史了。從近代到現(xiàn)代各種不同規(guī)格和新型的壓延機(jī)不斷涌現(xiàn)，其規(guī)格大、速度快、半制品精度高、機(jī)器自動(dòng)化程度高，已成為現(xiàn)代壓延機(jī)械的主要結(jié)構(gòu)特征。目前生產(chǎn)的壓延機(jī)最大規(guī)模已達(dá)到φ1055×3000毫米以上，輥筒線(xiàn)速度高達(dá)120米／分以上，壓延的半成品其厚度誤差已達(dá)到±0.0025毫米以?xún)?nèi)。并達(dá)到采用電子計(jì)算機(jī)和全程控制的自動(dòng)化水平。 　　密閉式煉膠機(jī)（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)密煉機(jī)），是橡膠的塑煉和混煉的主要設(shè)備之一?，F(xiàn)代密煉機(jī)的發(fā)展，具有高速、高壓和高效能的特點(diǎn)，并分為低速（轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速為20轉(zhuǎn)／分）、中速（轉(zhuǎn)速為30～40轉(zhuǎn)／分）和高速（轉(zhuǎn)速為60轉(zhuǎn)／分）3種。近年來(lái)