托森差速器的設(shè)計(jì)
托森差速器的設(shè)計(jì),托森差速器的設(shè)計(jì),差速器,設(shè)計(jì)
華東交通大學(xué)
目 錄
一.托森差速器的簡(jiǎn)介-------------------------------1
二.托森差速器的工作原理---------------------------2
三.蝸輪、蝸桿設(shè)計(jì)--------------------------------------------------5
四.蝸桿前、后軸的設(shè)計(jì)--------------------------------------------9
五.空心軸的設(shè)計(jì)----------------------------------------------------10
六.直齒圓柱齒輪設(shè)計(jì)------------------------------11
七.蝸輪軸設(shè)計(jì)------------------------------------14
八.差速器外殼的設(shè)計(jì)------------------------------16
九.參考車型相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)------------------------------17
十.設(shè)計(jì)心得--------------------------------------17
十一.參考文獻(xiàn)---------------------------------------------------------20
一.托森差速器的簡(jiǎn)介
每輛汽車都要配備有差速器,我們知道普通差速器的作用:第一,它是一組減速齒輪,使從變速箱輸出的高轉(zhuǎn)速轉(zhuǎn)化為正常車速;第二,可以使左右驅(qū)動(dòng)輪速度不同,也就是在彎道時(shí)對(duì)里外車輪輸出不同的轉(zhuǎn)速以保持平衡。它的缺陷是在經(jīng)過濕滑路面時(shí)就會(huì)因打滑失去牽引力。而如果給差速器增加限滑功能就能滿足轎車在惡劣路面具有良好操控性的需求了,這就是限滑差速器(Limited Slip Differential,簡(jiǎn)稱LSD)。全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)轎車AWD系統(tǒng)的基本構(gòu)成是具有3個(gè)差速器,它們分別控制著前輪、后輪、前后驅(qū)動(dòng)軸扭矩分配。這3個(gè)差速器不只是人們常見的簡(jiǎn)單差速器,它們是LSD差速器,帶有自鎖功能以保證在濕滑路面輪胎發(fā)生打滑時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪始終保持有充足的扭矩輸出從而在惡劣路況獲得良好的操控。世界上的LSD差速器有好幾種形式,今天我們就來看看Torsen自鎖差速器系統(tǒng)。
Torsen的音譯,這個(gè)名字取自Torque-sensing Traction的單詞頭幾個(gè)字母的組合。其專業(yè)意思是:牽引力自感應(yīng)式扭矩分配。從字面意思就可以理解:它可以根據(jù)各個(gè)車輪對(duì)牽引力的需求而分配扭矩輸出。最為難得可貴的是:這樣的分配完全靠機(jī)械裝置來完成,反應(yīng)迅速而準(zhǔn)確。。 Torsen的核心是蝸輪、蝸桿齒輪嚙合系統(tǒng)。 從Torsen差速器的結(jié)構(gòu)視圖中我們可以看到雙蝸輪、蝸桿結(jié)構(gòu),正是它們的相互嚙合互鎖以及扭矩單向地從蝸輪傳送到蝸桿齒輪的構(gòu)造實(shí)現(xiàn)了差速器鎖止功能,正是這一特性限制了滑動(dòng)。在彎道行駛沒有車輪打滑時(shí),前、后差速器的作用是傳統(tǒng)差速器,蝸桿齒輪不影響半軸輸出速度的不同。如車向左轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),右側(cè)車輪比差速器快,而左側(cè)速度低,左右速度不同的蝸輪能夠嚴(yán)密地匹配同步嚙合齒輪。此時(shí)蝸輪蝸桿并沒有鎖止,因?yàn)榕ぞ厥菑奈佪喌轿仐U齒輪。 當(dāng)右側(cè)車輪打滑時(shí),蝸輪蝸桿組件發(fā)揮作用,如是傳統(tǒng)差速器將不會(huì)傳輸動(dòng)力到左輪。對(duì)于Torsen LSD差速器,此時(shí)快速旋轉(zhuǎn)的右側(cè)半軸將驅(qū)動(dòng)右側(cè)蝸桿,并通過同步嚙合齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)左側(cè)蝸桿,此時(shí)蝸輪蝸桿特性發(fā)揮作用。當(dāng)蝸桿驅(qū)動(dòng)蝸輪時(shí),它們就會(huì)鎖止,左側(cè)蝸桿和右側(cè)蝸桿實(shí)現(xiàn)互鎖,保證了非打滑車輪具有足夠的牽引力。
Torsen差速器的特點(diǎn):Torsen差速器是恒時(shí)4驅(qū),牽引力被分配到了每個(gè)車輪,于是就有了良好的彎道、直線(干/濕)駕駛性能。Torsen自鎖中心差速器確保了前后輪均一的動(dòng)力分配。任何速度的不同,如前輪遇到冰面時(shí),系統(tǒng)會(huì)快速做出反應(yīng),75%的扭矩會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向轉(zhuǎn)速慢的車輪,在這里也就是后輪。 Torsen差速器實(shí)現(xiàn)了恒時(shí)、連續(xù)扭矩控制管理,它持續(xù)工作,沒有時(shí)間上的延遲,但不介入總扭矩輸出的調(diào)整,也就不存在著扭矩的損失,與牽引力控制和車身穩(wěn)定控制系統(tǒng)相比具有更大的優(yōu)越性。因?yàn)闆]有傳統(tǒng)的自鎖差速器所配備的多片式離合器,也就不存在著磨損,并實(shí)現(xiàn)了免維護(hù)。純機(jī)械LSD具有良好的可靠性。 Torsen差速器可以與任何變速器、分動(dòng)器實(shí)現(xiàn)匹配,與車輛其它安全控制系統(tǒng)ABS、TCS(Traction Control Systems,牽引力控制)、SCS(Stability Control Systems,車身穩(wěn)定控制)相容。Torsen差速器是純機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu),在車輪剛一打滑的瞬間就會(huì)發(fā)生作用,它具有線性鎖止特性,是真正的恒時(shí)四驅(qū),在平時(shí)正常行駛時(shí)扭矩前后分配是50∶50。
缺點(diǎn):一是造價(jià)高,所以一般托森差速器都用在高檔車上;二是重量太大,裝上它后對(duì)車輛的加速性是一份拖累。托森差速器幾乎可以成為20世紀(jì)繼轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)以后精妙機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的典范。不過正是因?yàn)檫@套機(jī)構(gòu)的精妙,導(dǎo)致其需要非常高的加工精度、制造工藝和高強(qiáng)度的材料才能保證其性能的發(fā)揮,所以成本非常之高。奧迪Quattro之所以沒有在前后差速器上都采用托森差速器,估計(jì)也是出于成本的考慮。
二.托森差速器的工作原理
托森差速器主要是由外殼,空心軸,蝸輪(6個(gè)),齒輪(12個(gè)),蝸桿前軸,蝸桿后軸??招妮S通過花鍵與外殼聯(lián)接在一體,齒輪通過蝸輪軸安裝在差速器外殼上,其中三個(gè)蝸輪與前軸蝸桿嚙合,另外三個(gè)蝸輪與后軸蝸輪相嚙合。與前、后軸蝸桿相嚙合彼此通過直齒圓柱齒輪相嚙合,前桿和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的差速器前齒輪軸為一體,后軸蝸桿和驅(qū)動(dòng)后橋的差速器后齒輪軸為一體。當(dāng)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí),來自發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力通過空心軸傳至差速器外殼,差速器外殼通過蝸桿軸傳至蝸輪。前軸蝸桿通過差速器前齒輪軸將動(dòng)力傳至前橋,后軸蝸桿通過差速器后齒輪軸傳至后橋,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)前、后驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的驅(qū)動(dòng)牽引作用,當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),前后驅(qū)動(dòng)軸出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)速差,通過嚙合的直齒圓柱齒輪相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),使一軸轉(zhuǎn)速加快,另一軸轉(zhuǎn)速下降,實(shí)現(xiàn)差速作用。圖一是托森差速器的結(jié)構(gòu),圖二,圖三是托森差速器在奧迪車中安裝的部位圖。
圖一
1.托森差速器的工作過程。
托森差速器的工作過程可以分為2種情況:設(shè)前、后軸蝸桿轉(zhuǎn)速分別為、差速器殼轉(zhuǎn)速為。
1).當(dāng)=時(shí),為汽車直線行駛,當(dāng)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí),來自發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力通過空心軸傳至差速器外殼,再通過蝸輪軸傳至蝸輪最后傳到蝸桿。前、后蝸桿軸將動(dòng)力分別傳至前、后橋。由于兩蝸桿軸將動(dòng)力分別傳至前、后橋。由于兩蝸桿軸轉(zhuǎn)速相等,故蝸輪與蝸桿之間無相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng),兩相嚙合的直齒圓柱齒輪之間亦無相對(duì)傳動(dòng),差速器殼與兩蝸桿軸均繞蝸桿軸線同步轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),即==。其轉(zhuǎn)矩平均分配。設(shè)差速器殼接受轉(zhuǎn)矩為,前、后蝸桿軸上相對(duì)應(yīng)驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩分別為、,則有+=。
圖二
2).當(dāng)時(shí),汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎或某側(cè)車輪陷于泥濘路面時(shí),為便于分析,假設(shè)差速器外殼不懂動(dòng),即=0,又,在作用下,前軸蝸桿帶動(dòng)與其嚙合的蝸輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),蝸輪兩端的直齒圓柱亦隨之以轉(zhuǎn)速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),同時(shí)帶動(dòng)與其嚙合的直齒圓柱齒輪以轉(zhuǎn)速反向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),因齒輪與后軸蝸桿一體,則后軸蝸桿朝相反方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。顯然,這是不可能的,因蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)副的傳動(dòng)逆效率極低。實(shí)際上,差速器殼一直在旋轉(zhuǎn),0,前、后軸蝸桿亦隨之同向旋轉(zhuǎn)。此時(shí)兩軸之間的轉(zhuǎn)速差是通過一對(duì)相嚙合的圓柱齒輪的相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。由上述分析知,前蝸桿軸使齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),齒輪隨之被迫轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),并迫使后軸蝸輪帶動(dòng)后軸蝸桿轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),因其齒面之間存在很大的摩擦力,限制了齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速的增加,減少了齒輪及前軸蝸桿轉(zhuǎn)速的增加。顯然,只有當(dāng)兩軸轉(zhuǎn)速差不大時(shí)才能差速。
圖三
2.托森差速器的轉(zhuǎn)矩分配原理
托森差速器是利用蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)副的高內(nèi)摩擦力矩M進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)矩分配的。其原理簡(jiǎn)述如下:設(shè)前軸蝸桿1的轉(zhuǎn)速大于后軸蝸桿2的轉(zhuǎn)速,即n≥n,前軸蝸桿1將使前端渦輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),渦輪軸上的直齒圓柱齒輪3也將轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),帶動(dòng)與之嚙合的后端直齒圓柱齒輪4同步轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),而與后端直齒圓柱齒輪同軸的蝸輪也將轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。則后端蝸輪帶動(dòng)后軸蝸桿2轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。蝸輪帶動(dòng)蝸桿的逆?zhèn)鲃?dòng)效率取決于蝸桿的螺旋角及傳動(dòng)副的摩擦條件。對(duì)于一定的差速器結(jié)構(gòu)其螺旋角是一定的。故此時(shí)傳動(dòng)主要由摩擦狀況來決定。即取決于差速器的內(nèi)摩擦力矩M,而M又取決于兩端輸出軸的相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)速。當(dāng)n, n轉(zhuǎn)速差比較小時(shí),后端蝸輪帶動(dòng)蝸桿摩擦力亦較小,通過差速器直齒圓柱齒輪吸收兩側(cè)輸出軸的轉(zhuǎn)速差。當(dāng)前軸蝸桿n較高時(shí),蝸輪驅(qū)動(dòng)蝸桿的摩擦力矩也較大,差速器將抑制該車輪的空轉(zhuǎn),將輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩M多分配到后端輸出軸上,轉(zhuǎn)矩分配為M=1/2(M-M),M=1/2(M+M)。當(dāng)n=0,前軸蝸桿空轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),由于后端蝸輪與蝸桿之間的內(nèi)摩擦力矩M過高,使M全部分配到后軸蝸桿上,此時(shí),相當(dāng)于差速器鎖死不起差速作用。圖四為工作原理圖
圖四
蝸輪式差速器轉(zhuǎn)矩比,其中為蝸桿螺旋角, 為摩擦角.當(dāng)=時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)矩比,差速器自鎖.一般可達(dá)5.5~9,鎖緊系數(shù)K可達(dá)0.7~0.8.選取不同的螺旋升角可得到不同的鎖緊系數(shù),使驅(qū)動(dòng)力既可來自蝸桿,也可以來自蝸輪.為減少磨損,提高使用壽命, 一般降低到3~3.5左右較好,這樣即使在一端車輪附著條件很差的情況下,仍可以利用附著力大的另一端車輪產(chǎn)生足以克服行駛阻力的驅(qū)動(dòng)力.
托森差速器由于其結(jié)構(gòu)及性能上的諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn),被廣泛用于全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)轎車的中央軸間差速器及后驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的輪間差速器.但由于在轉(zhuǎn)速轉(zhuǎn)矩差較大十的自動(dòng)鎖止作用,通常不用做轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的輪間差速器。
三.蝸輪 蝸桿設(shè)計(jì)
1.選擇蝸桿傳動(dòng)類型
根據(jù)GB/T10085-1988的推薦,采用漸開線蝸桿(ZI)。
2.選擇材料
蝸桿采用40CR,并經(jīng)淬火處理,硬度為48-55HRC,蝸輪采用ZCUSN10P1,金屬模鑄造,為節(jié)約材料.齒圈用青銅,輪芯用灰鑄鐵HT100鑄造。
3.按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)閉式蝸桿傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則,先按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),再校核齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度,傳動(dòng)中心矩:
(式1);
——蝸桿傳動(dòng)的中心距;
——蝸輪的許用接觸應(yīng)力;
——蝸輪傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩;
——載荷系數(shù);
——彈性影響系數(shù);
——接觸系數(shù);
1).確定作用在蝸輪上的轉(zhuǎn)矩
按=4,估取=0.90,則
P=99.36KW, n=1400/3=466.7r/min
T=9.55 10 =9.55 10 =182986
2).確定載荷系數(shù)K
因工作載荷較穩(wěn)定,故取載荷分布不均勻系數(shù)=1,由[7]表11-5選取使用系數(shù)=1.15.由于轉(zhuǎn)速不高,沖擊不大,可取動(dòng)載系數(shù)=1.05,則
K= =1.15 1.05 1 1.21 (式2);
——使用系數(shù);
——?jiǎng)虞d系數(shù);
——載荷分布不均勻系數(shù)
3).確定彈性影響系數(shù)
因選用的是鑄錫磷青銅蝸輪和鋼蝸桿相配,故=160 MPa
4).確定接觸系數(shù)
先假設(shè)蝸桿分度圓直徑d和傳動(dòng)中心距a的比值d/a=0.5,從[7]中圖11-18中可查到=2.7
5).確定許用接觸應(yīng)力
根據(jù)蝸輪材料為鑄錫磷青銅ZCUSN10P1,金屬摸鑄造,蝸桿螺旋齒面硬度45HRC,可從[7]表11-7中查到蝸輪的基本許用應(yīng)力
=268MPa
設(shè)要求壽命L為120000h,
應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù):
N=60jnL=601466.7120000=3.3610(式3);
壽命系數(shù):
K==0.36
=`K=0.36268=96.48MPa(式4);
`——蝸輪基本許用接觸應(yīng)力;
K——壽命系數(shù)。
6).計(jì)算中心距
a 35mm
取中心距a=64 mm,故從[7]中表11-2取模數(shù)m=8,蝸桿分度圓直徑d=32 mm.這時(shí)d/a=0.5,從[7]圖11-18中可查得接觸系數(shù)Z`=2.7,因?yàn)閆` Z。因此以上計(jì)算結(jié)果可用。
4.蝸桿與蝸輪的主要參數(shù)與幾何尺寸
1).蝸桿
軸向齒距:
P=m=3.148=25.12mm.(式5);
直徑系數(shù):
q= d/m=4(式6);
齒頂圓直徑:
d= d+2hm=32+218=48 mm.(式7);
齒根圓直徑:
d=d-2(hm+c)=32-2(8+4)=8mm(式8);
分度圓導(dǎo)程角:
r==45°(式9);
2).蝸輪
蝸輪齒數(shù)Z=12;
變位系數(shù)X=0 ;
驗(yàn)算傳動(dòng)比:
= z/z=12/4 =3(式10);
這時(shí)傳動(dòng)比誤差為(3-3)/3=0,允許。
蝸輪分度圓直徑:
d=mZ=8×12=96mm(式11);
蝸輪喉圓直徑:
d= d+2h=96+28=112mm(式12);
蝸輪齒根圓直徑:
d= d-2h=96-28(1+0.25)=76mm(式13);
蝸輪咽喉母圓半徑:
r=a-d=64-×112=8mm(式14);
5.校核齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度
=YY (式15);
——載荷系數(shù);
Y——螺旋角影響系數(shù);
Y——齒形系數(shù);
——許用彎曲應(yīng)力;
——彎曲應(yīng)力;
——傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩。
當(dāng)量齒數(shù):
Z= = =82.8(式16);
根據(jù)X=﹣0.5,Z=82.8,從圖11-19中可查得齒形系數(shù):
Y=2.38
螺旋角系數(shù):
Y=1-=0.68
許用彎曲應(yīng)力:
=`K
從[7]表11-8中查得由制造的蝸輪的基本許用彎曲應(yīng)力
`=56
壽命系數(shù):
K==0.41
=560.41=22.96MPa
==27.66MPa
彎曲強(qiáng)度是滿足的。
四.蝸桿前、后軸的設(shè)計(jì)
1.選擇軸的材料
軸的材料為40,由[7]中表15-3查得,40的為35~55MPa。
2.求出軸上的功率、轉(zhuǎn)速
n=446.7r/min
P=99.36×0.9=89.42KW
3.初步確定軸的最小直徑
A值為112~97,由[7]中式15-2查得
d(式17);
——功率;
——轉(zhuǎn)速;
A——面積。
dmm,d取為66mm
由[7]表15-4查得:
W0.1d=0.1343000=34300(式18);
W0.2d=0.2343000=68600(式19);
T=9.5510N·mm(式20);
(式21);
合格。
五.空心軸的設(shè)計(jì)
1.選擇軸的材料
軸的材料為40,由[7]中表15-3查得40的為35~55MPa。
2.求出軸上的功率、轉(zhuǎn)速
n=1400 r/min,I檔傳動(dòng)比為4.31,
n=324.83r/min
=99.360.9=89.42KW
3.初步確定軸的最小直徑
A值為112~97,由[7]中式15-2查得
d;
d;
d取為72mm。
d=72mm100,軸徑增大5%~7%,取為75.6~77.04,取為77。
由[1]表15-4查得 =,
Wd(1-)=21187.5
W=0.2d(1-)=42375
(式22);
合格。
4.空心軸上花鍵的選擇
d≥70.8,由機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)表9-26知:
小徑d取為72mm,選用中系列,其規(guī)格為N×d×D×B=10×72×78×12,C=0.6,r=0.5,參考d=67.4mm,a =1.0mm,裝配形式為固定,采用一般用公差帶,外花鍵中的d用h7,D為a11,B為h10。
六.直齒圓柱齒輪設(shè)計(jì)
已知:輸入功率p=99.360.9=89.42KW 齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速n=1400r/min,齒數(shù)比u=1,工作壽命為120000小時(shí)。
1.選定齒輪類型、精度等級(jí)、材料及齒數(shù)。
1).選用直齒圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng);
2).選用7級(jí)精度;
3).材料選擇,選擇齒輪材料為40Cr(調(diào)質(zhì)),硬度為280HBS。
4).選擇齒數(shù)Z=Z=24。
2.按齒面接觸強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)。
由設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算,即
d≥2.32(式23);
d——分度圓直徑;
K——載荷系數(shù);
T——齒輪傳遞的扭矩;
——齒數(shù)比;
Z——材料的彈性影響系數(shù);
——接觸疲勞許用應(yīng)力;
——齒寬系數(shù);
1).確定公式內(nèi)的各計(jì)算數(shù)值。
(1).試選載荷系數(shù)K=1.3;
(2).計(jì)算齒輪傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩:
T=95.5×10P/n=95.5×1089.42/1340.1=5.37×10N·mm;
(3).齒寬系數(shù) 。
(4).材料的彈性影響系數(shù)Z=189.8MPa。
(5).按齒面硬度查得齒輪的接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度MPa。
(6).計(jì)算應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù)
N=60njL=60×1340.1×1×120000=9.65×10(式24);
(7).查得接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù);
(8).計(jì)算接觸疲勞許用應(yīng)力
取失效率為1%,安全系數(shù)S=1,得:
MPa(式25);
2).計(jì)算
(1).試算齒輪分度圓直徑d,代入數(shù)值得:
d≥2.32mm
(2).計(jì)算圓周速度V
V=m/s
(3).計(jì)算齒寬b
b=mm
(4).計(jì)算齒寬與齒高之比
模數(shù) m=d/z=26/24=1.08mm
齒高 h=2.25m=2.25×5.43=2.44m
b/h=26/2.44=10.6
(5).計(jì)算載荷系數(shù)
據(jù)V=0.58,7級(jí)精度,查得動(dòng)載系數(shù)K=1.18
直齒輪,假設(shè)KF/b≥100N/mm,查得K=K=1.1
查得使用系數(shù)K=1,查得7級(jí)精度,齒輪相對(duì)支承非對(duì)稱布置時(shí),
K=K+0.18(1+0.6Q)Q+0.23×10b
=1.18+0.18(1+0.6×1)×1+0.23×10×5.3
=1.468
由b/h=10.6,K=1.468 查得K=1.44,故載荷系數(shù):
K=KKKK=1×1.18×1.1×1.468=2.079(式26);
K——?jiǎng)虞d系數(shù);
K——使用系數(shù);
K、K——齒間載荷分配系數(shù)。
(6).按實(shí)際的載荷系數(shù)校正所算得的分度圓直徑,得
d=dmm(式27);
(7).計(jì)算模數(shù)m
M=d/z=30.4/24=1.27mm
3.按齒根彎曲強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)
彎曲強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計(jì)公式為
m(式28);
K——載荷系數(shù);
Y——齒形系數(shù);
Y——應(yīng)力校正系數(shù);
m——模數(shù);
Z——齒數(shù);
T——轉(zhuǎn)矩;
Q——齒寬系數(shù)。
1).確定公式內(nèi)的各計(jì)算數(shù)值。
(1).查得齒輪的彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限MPa;
(2).查得彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù)K=0.85;
(3).計(jì)算彎曲疲勞安全系數(shù)S=1.4,得
=303.57MPa(式29);
(4).計(jì)算載荷系數(shù)K
K=KKKK=1×1.18×1.1×1.44=2.02(式30);
(5).查取齒行系數(shù)Y=2.65
(6).查取應(yīng)力校正系數(shù)Y=1.58
(7).計(jì)算齒輪的并加以比較
==0.01379
2).設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
mmm
圓整后取m=1.5mm,因?yàn)閐=26.0mm
Z=d/m=26/1.5=17.3;取18。
4.幾何尺寸計(jì)算:
1).計(jì)算分度圓直徑
d=Zm=18×1.5=27mm
2).齒寬
b=Qd=1×27=27mm
3).中心距
a=(d+d)/2=24mm
5.驗(yàn)算:
F=N(式31);
N/mm≥100N/mm(式32);
合適。
七.蝸輪軸設(shè)計(jì)
1.求解軸上的功率P,轉(zhuǎn)速n,轉(zhuǎn)矩T
P=99.36×0.9=89.42KW
n=1400r/min
T=95.5×10×=6.1×10N·mm
2.求作用在齒輪上的力
已知齒輪的分度圓直徑為:d=27mm;
F=N
F=FN
蝸輪的分度圓直徑為d=258.3mm
F=
F=FN
F=FN
3.初步確定軸的最小直徑
初步估算軸的直徑。選取軸的材料為45號(hào)鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)。取A=112,于是得:
d=Amm=18.01mm
由于軸安裝的是套筒的直徑是最小的,所以取套筒的直徑為19mm
4.軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
1).擬定軸上的零件的裝配方案
如圖所示的裝配方案
2).根據(jù)軸向定位確定軸的各段直徑和長(zhǎng)度
(1).為了齒輪與蝸輪的周向定位,我們選用套筒,所以
mm;
mm;
(2).由于齒寬b=27mm,所以mm,mm。
(3).由于蝸輪長(zhǎng)度為82mm,所以mm,mm。
(4).軸總長(zhǎng)mm。
圖五
3).軸上零件的周向定位
齒輪、蝸輪與軸的周向定位均采用花鍵聯(lián)接,由手冊(cè)查得平鍵截面b×h=8mm×7mm,鍵槽用鍵槽銑刀加工,長(zhǎng)為14mm,同時(shí)為了保證齒輪與軸配合有良好的對(duì)中性,故選擇齒輪輪轂與軸的配合為,同樣,蝸輪與軸的配合選用,蝸輪輪轂與軸的配合為,軸承與軸的周向定位是借過渡配合來保證的,此處選軸的直徑尺寸公差為m6。
4).確定軸上圓角和倒角尺寸
取軸端倒角為1×45°。
5).按彎矩合成應(yīng)力校核軸的強(qiáng)度
進(jìn)行校核時(shí),通常只校核軸上承受最大彎矩和扭矩的截面(即危險(xiǎn)截面B)的強(qiáng)度,根據(jù)[2]15-5及上面的數(shù)值,并取a=0.6,軸的計(jì)算應(yīng)力
前已選定軸的材料為45鋼,由[2]表查得,故,故安全
八.差速器外殼的設(shè)計(jì)
用半徑為115mm,寬度為160mm的圓柱體。為便于安裝,把外殼分成兩部分,用螺栓聯(lián)接。在外殼與空心軸的連接處加個(gè)套筒,套筒直徑選用80mm,長(zhǎng)度15mm。在外殼與前、后蝸桿軸的聯(lián)接處加墊片,以減少之間的摩擦。在蝸桿與差速器殼處也用墊片。安裝時(shí),我們把外殼與空心軸用花鍵聯(lián)接好,然后把前、后蝸桿軸套在外殼中,再來安裝好蝸輪軸最后用外殼、用螺栓擰緊。如圖六
圖六
九.參考車型相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)
裝載重量:2.5t,汽車總重量:7.94t,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大功率:P/n=99.36/3000KW;發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩:T/n=360∽380/1200∽1400Nm;主減速器傳動(dòng)比:6.17;輪胎尺寸:子午線輪胎11-18-4;變速器傳動(dòng)比:Ⅰ.5.31,Ⅱ.4.31,Ⅲ.2.45,Ⅳ.1.54,Ⅴ.1.00,R.7.66;分動(dòng)器傳動(dòng)比:高檔:1.08,低檔:2.05;最高車速:80km/h。
十.設(shè)計(jì)心得
經(jīng)過2個(gè)星期的托森差速器的設(shè)計(jì),我從中學(xué)習(xí)到了許多東西,讓我感受很深,使我受益匪淺。
在這次設(shè)計(jì)中,由于所有的設(shè)計(jì)說明都要在電腦上完成,首先一點(diǎn)就是讓我更加熟悉對(duì)Word 文檔的使用程度,同時(shí)我也學(xué)會(huì)了怎樣利用公式編輯器來編入我需要輸入的公式.同時(shí)對(duì)我的打字速度也有了一定的提高.
其次,讓我又重新復(fù)習(xí)了一下我剛學(xué)過的《機(jī)械工程底盤》以及大三時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)的《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》和《機(jī)械原理》課程,同時(shí)也復(fù)習(xí)了一些《材料力學(xué)》以及大一時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)的《畫法幾何》的知識(shí),還有大二時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)的《CAD制圖技術(shù)》等,可以說通過這次設(shè)計(jì),使我對(duì)現(xiàn)在和以前的課程和專業(yè)知識(shí)又復(fù)習(xí)了一遍,又鞏固了一遍,可以說溫故而知新啊!增強(qiáng)了專業(yè)知識(shí),使我更加熟悉差速器的工作原理和設(shè)計(jì)過程.對(duì)托森差速器也有了更深刻的了解。并對(duì)差速器有了很深的了解,差速器有三大功用: 把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)出的動(dòng)力傳輸?shù)杰囕喩希?充當(dāng)汽車主減速齒輪,在動(dòng)力傳到車輪之前將傳動(dòng)系的轉(zhuǎn)速減下來 將動(dòng)力傳到車輪上,同時(shí),允許兩輪以不同的輪速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。差速器就是一種將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出扭矩一分為二的裝置,允許轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)輸出兩種不同的轉(zhuǎn)速。
在現(xiàn)代轎車或貨車,包括許多四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車上,都能找到差速器。這些四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車的每組車輪之間都需要差速器。同樣,其兩前輪和兩后輪之間也需要一個(gè)差速器。這是因?yàn)槠囖D(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),前輪較之后輪,走過的距離是不相同的。
部分四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車前后輪之間沒有差速器。相反的,他們被固定聯(lián)結(jié)在一起,以至于前后輪轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)能夠以同樣的平均轉(zhuǎn)速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。這就是為什么當(dāng)四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)忙碌時(shí),這種車輛轉(zhuǎn)向困難的原因。
不同車速下轉(zhuǎn)彎
我們將從最簡(jiǎn)單的一類差速器——開式差速器,講起。首先,我們需要了解一些技術(shù):下圖就是一個(gè)開式差速器部件。
當(dāng)一輛轎車沿著一條路直線行駛時(shí),兩側(cè)車輪以同一轉(zhuǎn)速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。輸入小齒輪帶動(dòng)螺旋錐齒輪和殼體。殼體內(nèi)的小齒輪都不轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),兩邊的齒都有效的將殼體鎖住。
注意到輸入小齒輪的齒比螺旋錐齒輪的齒小。如果主減速比為4.10,螺旋錐齒輪的齒數(shù)就要比輸入小齒輪的齒多4.10倍。更多關(guān)于傳動(dòng)率的信息請(qǐng)參閱齒輪是如何工作的。
當(dāng)一輛汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),車輪必須以不同的轉(zhuǎn)速旋轉(zhuǎn)。
殼體內(nèi)的小齒輪在車輛轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)開始轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。以此實(shí)現(xiàn)兩側(cè)車輪以不同的轉(zhuǎn)速旋轉(zhuǎn)。內(nèi)側(cè)車輪要比殼體轉(zhuǎn)得慢。但外側(cè)車輪就要轉(zhuǎn)得相對(duì)快點(diǎn)。
在薄冰上行駛
開式差速器一般都是將相同大小的扭矩分配到兩側(cè)車輪上。有兩個(gè)因素決定分配到車輪扭矩的多少:設(shè)備及牽引力。在干燥的環(huán)境、有充足的牽引力的情況下,分配到車輪的扭矩受到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及齒輪的限制;在牽引力較小的情況下,諸如在冰面上行駛。在這種情況下,扭矩的大小受限于車輪不至于打滑。所以,即使一輛車可以產(chǎn)生更大的扭矩,同樣需要足夠的牽引力用以將這些扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩傳輸?shù)降孛嫔?。如果?dāng)車輪開始打滑時(shí),你用力睬油門,只會(huì)使車輪轉(zhuǎn)得更快。
如果你曾經(jīng)在冰面上開過車,你可能知道使加速變得容易的方法。那就是你不以一檔起步而是二檔起步,甚至是三檔。因?yàn)樽兯倨骼锏臋n位越高,傳到車輪上的扭矩會(huì)變的更少。這樣就會(huì)讓車輪在不轉(zhuǎn)的情況下加速更快。
當(dāng)一個(gè)汽車主動(dòng)輪在附著系數(shù)較高的路面上,而另一個(gè)主動(dòng)輪卻在冰面上時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)生什么情況呢?這就是開式差速器的問題所在。
記住,開式差速器總是運(yùn)用于兩輪轉(zhuǎn)矩相等的情況下,最大扭矩受限于最大防滑系數(shù)的限制。他并不會(huì)給在冰面上的車輪以更大的扭矩。而且牽引力好的那個(gè)車輪僅獲得很少量的扭矩。此時(shí),你的車就不能正常運(yùn)行。
除此之外,開式差速器可能在你越野的時(shí)候給你帶來麻煩。如果你有一輛前后都有差速器的四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車或越野車,你可能被卡住。
開式差速器一般都是給兩輪傳遞相等的扭矩。如果一側(cè)前輪及一側(cè)后輪陷入地中,兩輪只能在空無助的旋轉(zhuǎn),汽車根本無法移動(dòng)。
這類問題只能通過防滑式差速器(LSD)來解決,有時(shí)也叫做“positraction”。防滑差速器使用多種機(jī)械技術(shù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)常規(guī)差速器使車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎的行為。當(dāng)一側(cè)車輪打滑時(shí),提供更多的扭矩給不打滑的輪子。
由于托森差速器是一新的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)在以前書本很難查找到,因此在設(shè)計(jì)過程中,我們大量的翻閱了書籍和網(wǎng)頁,并在遇到難關(guān)時(shí)得到老師的幫助,再發(fā)揮自己的想象力和書本上學(xué)過的知識(shí)終于設(shè)計(jì)出了結(jié)果。
最后就是讓我感悟到,作為一名技術(shù)員或設(shè)計(jì)員,一定要有專業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)和設(shè)計(jì)精神,要有不怕苦,不怕累,勇于創(chuàng)新,敢于接受新挑戰(zhàn),要有耐心,不能浮躁,做事要穩(wěn)重,要有恒心和堅(jiān)定的信心。腳踏實(shí)地的精神。特別是作為一名設(shè)計(jì)人員一定要有細(xì)心,不能有半點(diǎn)馬虎,有認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的精神。
通過這次設(shè)計(jì),為以后工作增加了大量的設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn),為以后自己的發(fā)展鋪下基石。同時(shí)也要感謝薛龍老師對(duì)我的指導(dǎo)和幫助!
十一.參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛.《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》.高等教育出版設(shè).
[2]申永勝.《機(jī)械原理教程》.清華大學(xué)出版社.
[3]胡寧.《現(xiàn)代汽車底盤構(gòu)造》.上海交通大學(xué)出版社.
[4]席振鵬.《汽車底盤結(jié)構(gòu)與維修》.哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社.
[5]王錦俞,閔思鵬.《圖解英漢汽車技術(shù)詞典》.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版設(shè).
[6]紀(jì)常偉,馮能蓮.《汽車構(gòu)造》.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.
[7]吳文琳.《圖解汽車底盤構(gòu)造》.化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.
[7]洪家娣,李明,黃興元.《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)》.江西高校出版社.
[8]張文春.《汽車?yán)碚摗?機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.
[9]唐振科.《工程機(jī)械底盤設(shè)計(jì)》.黃河水利出版社.
設(shè)計(jì)者:王德龍 20
Failure analysis of an automobile differential pinion shaft
Abstract
Differential is used to decrease the speed and to provide moment increase for transmitting the movement coming from the engine to the wheels by turning it according to the suitable angle in vehicles and to provide that inner and outer wheels turn differently. Pinion gear and shaft at the entrance are manufactured as a single part whereas they are in different forms according to automobile types. Mirror gear which will work with this gear should become familiar before the assembly. In case of any breakdown, they should be changed as a pair. Generally, in these systems there are wear damages in gears. The gear inspected in this study has damage as a form of shaft fracture.
n this study, failure analysis of the differential pinion shaft is carried out. Mechanical characteristics of the material are obtained first. Then, the microstructure and chemical compositions are determined. Some fractographic studies are carried out to asses the fatigue and fracture conditions.
Keywords: Differential; Fracture; Power transfer; Pinion shaft
Introduction
By ordinary differential planetary gear, the planet round rack (differential shell) and half axle gears, etc parts. By the power of the engine, direct drive shaft into differential planetary wheel frame, again by the planets wheel drive left, right, two half shaft are respectively driven wheels left and right. Differential design requirements meet: (left) + (right shaft speed shaft speed) = 2 (planets wheel frame speed). When the automobile moher, left, right wheel and planetary wheel frame three speed equal in balance, while in the car when turning three equilibrium state is destroyed, cause the medial wheel speed decreases, and the lateral wheel RPM increases.
Automotive differential is driven axle Lord pieces. Its function is to both sides half shaft transmission power, while allowing both sides half shaft in different speed rotating, satisfy both sides wheel as pure rolling forms do isometric driving, reducing tire and the surface friction.
Differential this adjustment is automatic, here involves "minimal energy consumption principle", namely earth all objects are inclined to consumption minimum state. For example a grain of beans into a bowl, beans will automatically stays in the bowl bottom and never stay in bowl wall, because bowl bottom is lowest energy position (potential), it automatically select static (minimum) without constantly kinetic energy movement. In the same way, Wheel in cornering would also automatically tendency of the lowest energy consumption in accordance with state, automatically turning radius adjusting right wheels speed.
1 Below is a brief introduce two differential
1 . Off differential
The structure of the Cherokee open-die differential is typical of planetary gear set structure, only the sun wheel and the number of teeth gear ring outside are the same. In this planetary gear set, active wheel is the planet frame, passive round is two SUNS chakra. Through the planetary gear set transmission properties we know, if planet shelf as ZhuDongZhou, two SUNS rounds of speed and rotation direction is uncertain, even two SUNS rounds of rotation direction is the opposite.
Vehicle condition, this differential went to feature is two and a half shaft transmission torque is same. In a drive wheels impending cases, if transmission shaft is uniform rotation, have the drive wheels is no adhesion of driving force transmission speed rotation, if there is the driving wheels, adhesion driving wheels Angle acceleration is equal to the impending product and moment of inertia.
Vehicle turn tires don't skid condition, differential connection of two and a half shaft torque direction is instead, give the vehicle driving forward, only the inside of the wheel, the planet shelf and medial sun round by constant transmission between became deceleration transmission, driving sensation is accelerated speed curve more powerful than straight.
The advantages of open differential is installed in the pavement turned the best effect. Driving Weakness is in a drive wheels, under the situation of loss of adhesion another no driving force.
2. Limited slip differential
Limited slip differential used for parts make up open-die differential transmission in off-road defects, it is in the open differential institution improved, and the differential shell side increase friction between gear piece, corresponding to the planetary gear set speaking, is the planet shelf and the sun round between increased friction slices, increase the sun wheel and planet shelf free rotating resistance torque.
Limited slip differential provide additional torque, and friction slices transfer of power and two driving wheel rotation difference of concerned.
In open-die differential structure to improve on LSD, cannot produce 100% limited slip, because the limited slip coefficient, the higher the vehicles to the characteristics of the poor.
LSD have open-die differential transmission characteristics and mechanical structure. Advantage is to provide certain limited slip torque, defect is turning performance becomes poor, friction slices limited life.
LSD is the suitable scope paving road surface and mild off-road. Usually used for the drive. Former drove generally does not installed, because LSD interfere steering, limited slip coefficient, the greater the steering the more difficult.
The final-drive gears may be directly or indirectly driven from the output gearing of the gearbox. Directly driven final drives are used when the engine and transmission units are combined together to form an integral construction. Indirectly driven final drives are used at the rear of the vehicle being either sprung and attached to the body structure or unsprung and incorporated in the rear-axle casing. The final-drive gears are used in the transmission system for the following reasons [1]:
(a) to redirect the drive from the gearbox or propeller shaft through 90_ and,
(b) to provide a permanent gear reduction between the engine and the driving road-wheels.
In vehicles, differential is the main part which transmits the movement coming from the engine to the wheels. On a smooth road, the movement comes to both wheels evenly. The inner wheel should turn less and the outer wheel should turn more to do the turning without lateral slipping and being flung. Differential, which is generally placed in the middle part of the rear bridge, consists of pinion gear, mirror gear, differential box, two axle gear and two pinion spider gears.
A schematic illustration of a differential is given in Fig. 1. The technical drawing of the fractured pinion shaft is also given in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows the photograph of the fractured pinion shaft and the fracture sectionis indicated.
In differentials, mirror and pinion gear are made to get used to each other during manufacturing and the same serial number is given. Both of them are changed on condition that there are any problems. In these systems, the common damage is the wear of gears [2–4]. In this study, the pinion shaft of the differential of aminibus has been inspected. The minibus is a diesel vehicle driven at the rear axle and has a passenger capacity of 15 people. Maximum engine power is 90/4000 HP/rpm, and maximum torque is 205/1600 Nm/rpm. Its transmission box has manual system (5 forward, 1 back). The damage was caused by stopping and starting the minibus at a traffic lights. In this differential, entrance shaft which carries the pinion gear was broken. Various studies have been made to determine the type and possible reasons of the damage.
These are:
_ studies carried out to determine the material of the shaft;
_ studies carried out to determine the micro-structure;
_ studies related to the fracture surface.
There is a closer photograph of the fractured surfaces and fracture area in Fig. 4. The fracture was
caused by taking out circular mark gear seen in the middle of surfaces.
Fig. 1. Schematic of the analysed differential.
2. Experimental procedure
pecimens extracted from the shaft were subjected to various tests including hardness tests and metallographic and scanning electron microscopy as well as the determination of chemical composition. All tests were carried out at room temperature.
2.1. Chemical and metallurgical analysis
Chemical analysis of the fractured differential material was carried out using a spectrometer. The chemical composition of the material is given in Table 1. Chemical composition shows that the material is a low alloy carburising steel of the AISI 8620 type.
Hardenability of this steel is very low because of low carbon proportion. Therefore, surface area becomes hard and highly enduring, and inner areas becomes tough by increasing carbon proportion on the surface area with cementation operation. This is the kind of steel which is generally used in mechanical parts subjected do torsion and bending. High resistance is obtained on the surface and high fatigue endurance value can be obtained with compressive residual stress by making the surface harder [5–7].
In which alloy elements distribute themselves in carbon steels depends primarily on the compound- and carbide-forming tendencies of each element. Nickel dissolves in the a ferrite of the steel since it has less tendency to form carbides than iron. Silicon combines to a limited extent with the oxygen present in the steel to form nonmetallic inclusions but otherwise dissolves in the ferrite. Most of the manganese added to carbon steels dissolves in the ferrite. Chromium, which has a somewhat stronger carbide-forming tendency than iron, partitions between the ferrite and carbide phases. The distribution of chromium depends on the amount of carbon present and if other stronger carbide-forming elements such as titanium and columbium are absent. Tungsten and molybdenum combine with carbon to form carbides if there is sufficient carbon present and if other stronger carbide-forming elements such as titanium and columbium are absent. Manganese
and nickel lower the eutectoid temperature [8].
Preliminary micro structural examination of the failed differential material is shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the material has a mixed structure in which some ferrite exist probably as a result of slow cooling and high Si content. High Si content in this type of steel improves the heat treatment susceptibility as well as an improvement of yield strength and maximum stress without any reduction of ductility [9]. If the microstructure cannot be inverted to martensite by quenching, a reduction of fatigue limit is observed. There are areas with carbon phase in Fig. 5(a). There is the transition boundary of carburisation in Fig. 5(b) and (c) shows the matrix region without carburisation. As far as it is seen in these photographs, the piece was first carburised, then the quenching operation was done and than tempered. This situation can be understood from blind martensite plates.
2.2. Hardness tests
The hardness measurements are carried out by a MetTest-HT type computer integrated hardness tester. The load is 1471 N. The medium hardness value of the interior regions is obtained as 43 HRC. Micro hardness measurements have been made to determine the chance of hardness values along the cross-section because of the hardening of surface area due to carburisation. The results of Vickers hardness measurement under a load of 4.903 N are illustrated in Table 2.
2.3. Inspection of the fracture
The direct observations of the piece with fractured surfaces and SEM analyses are given in this chapter. The crack started because of a possible problem in the bottom of notch caused the shaft to be broken completely. The crack started on the outer part, after some time it continued beyond the centre and there was only a little part left. And this part was broken statically during sudden starting of the vehicle at the traffic lights. As a characteristic of the fatigue fracture, there are two regions in the fractured surface. These are a smooth surface created by crack propagation and a rough surface created by sudden fracture. These two regions can be seen clearly for the entire problem as in Fig. 4. The fatigue crack propagation region covers more than 80% of the cross-section.
Shaft works under the effect of bending, torsion and axial forces which affect repeatedly depending on the usage place. There is a sharp fillet at level on the fractured section. For this reason, stress concentration factors of the area have been determined. Kt = 2.4 value (for bending and tension) and Kt = 1.9 value (for torsion) have been acquired according to calculations. These are quite high values for areas exposed to combined loading.
These observations and analysis show that the piece was broken under the influence of torsion with low nominal stresses and medium stress concentration [10].
The scanning electron microscopy shows that the fracture has taken place in a ductile manner (Fig. 6). There are some shear lips in the crack propagation region which is a glue of the plastic shear deformations. Fig. 7 shows the beach marks of the fatigue crack propagation. The distance between any two lines is nearly 133 nm.
3. Conclusions
A failed differential pinion shaft is analysed in this study. The pinion shaft is produced from AISI 8620 low carbon carburising steel which had a carburising, quenching and tempering heat treatment process. Mechanical properties, micro structural properties, chemical compositions and fractographic analyses are carried out to determine the possible fracture reasons of the component. As a conclusion, the following statements can be drawn:
_ The fracture has taken place at a region having a high stress concentration by a fatigue procedure under
a combined bending, torsion and axial stresses having highly reversible nature.
_ The crack of the fracture is initiated probably at a material defect region at the critical location.
_ The fracture is taken place in a ductile manner.
_ Possible later failures may easily be prevented by reducing the stress concentration at the critical
location.
Acknowledgement
The author is very indebted to Prof. S. Tasgetiren for his advice and recommendations during the study.
References
[1] Heisler H. Vehicle and engine technology. 2nd ed. London: SAE International; 1999.
[2] Makevet E, Roman I. Failure analysis of a final drive transmission in off-road vehicles. Eng Failure Anal 2002;9:579–92.
[3] Orhan S, Aktu¨rk N. Determination of physical faults in gearbox through vibration analysis. J Fac Eng Arch Gazi University
2003;18(3):97–106.
[4] Tas_getiren S, Aslantas_ K, Ucun I. Effect of press-fitting pressure on the fatigue damages of root in spur gears. Technol Res: EJMT
2004;2:21–9.
[5] Nanawarea GK, Pableb MJ. Failures of rear axle shafts of 575 DI tractors. Eng Failure Anal 2003;10:719–24.
[6] Aslantas_ K, Tas_getiren S. A study of spur gear pitting formation and life prediction. Wear 2004;257:1167–75.
[7] Savas_ V, O¨ zek C. Investigation of the distribution of temperature on a shaft with respect to the deflection. Technol Res: EJMT
2005;1:33–8.
[8] Smith FW. Principles of materials science and engineering. 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Series; 1996. p. 517–18.
[9] ASM metal handbook, vol. 1. Properties and selection, irons, steels, and high performance alloys; 1991.
[10] Voort GFV. Visual examination and light microscopy. ASM handbook metallography and microstructures. Materials Park
(OH): ASM International; 1991. p. 100–65.
汽車差速器小齒輪軸的失效分析
摘要
差速器被用于減少的速度并且提供傳輸運(yùn)動(dòng)中的力矩。
從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)到輪子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)它根據(jù)適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌仍谲囕v和提供內(nèi)部和外部的車輪轉(zhuǎn)是不同的。小齒輪嚙合和軸在入口處是作為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的部分而制造它們是在不同的形式根據(jù)車輛的類型。鏡子齒輪將工作用這個(gè)前齒輪應(yīng)該熟悉組裝。如有任何故障,他們應(yīng)該被改變成雙。一般來說,在這些系統(tǒng)中有磨損的齒輪。齒輪檢查這方面的研究以有一種軸斷裂作為齒輪被破壞。
在這項(xiàng)研究中,失效分析型差動(dòng)齒輪軸被執(zhí)行。材料力學(xué)特性獲得第一。然后,材料的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)成分已經(jīng)決定了。一些顯微研究學(xué)者進(jìn)行疲勞斷裂條件的分析
關(guān)鍵詞:差速器;斷裂,動(dòng)力裝置,齒輪軸
一 介紹
對(duì)于整車的結(jié)構(gòu)體系來說,差速器只是裝在兩個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)半軸之間的一個(gè)小軸承??此莆⒉蛔愕?,但如果沒有它,兩個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)半軸之間以剛性連接,左右車輪的轉(zhuǎn)速保持一致,汽車將只能直線行駛,不能轉(zhuǎn)彎。自從一百年前雷諾汽車公司的創(chuàng)始人路易斯·雷諾發(fā)明出差速器后,它就在汽車上發(fā)揮著巨大作用?,F(xiàn)在每輛汽車上都裝有差速器。
顧名思義,差速器的作用就是使兩側(cè)車輪轉(zhuǎn)速不同。當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),例如左轉(zhuǎn)彎,彎心在左側(cè),在相同的時(shí)間內(nèi)右側(cè)車輪要比左側(cè)車輪走過的軌跡要長(zhǎng),所以右側(cè)車輪轉(zhuǎn)的要更快一些。要達(dá)到這個(gè)效果,就得通過差速器來調(diào)節(jié)。差速器由差速器殼、行星齒輪、行星齒輪軸和半軸齒輪等機(jī)械零件組成。
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力經(jīng)變速器從動(dòng)軸進(jìn)入差速器后,直接驅(qū)動(dòng)差速器殼,再傳遞到行星齒輪,帶動(dòng)左、右半軸齒輪,進(jìn)而驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪,左右半軸的轉(zhuǎn)速之和等于差速器殼轉(zhuǎn)速的兩倍。當(dāng)汽車直線行駛時(shí),行星齒輪,左、右半軸齒輪和驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪三者轉(zhuǎn)速相同。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),由于汽車受力情況發(fā)生變化,反饋在左右半軸上,進(jìn)而破壞差速器原有的平衡,這時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)速重新分配,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)側(cè)車輪轉(zhuǎn)速減小,外側(cè)車輪轉(zhuǎn)速增加,重新達(dá)到平衡狀態(tài),同時(shí),汽車完成轉(zhuǎn)彎動(dòng)作。
以下簡(jiǎn)介兩種差速器:
一. 開式差速器
切諾基的開式差速器的結(jié)構(gòu),是典型的行星齒輪組結(jié)構(gòu),只不過太陽輪和外齒圈的齒數(shù)是一樣的。在這套行星齒輪組里,主動(dòng)輪是行星架,被動(dòng)輪是兩個(gè)太陽輪。通過行星齒輪組的傳動(dòng)特性我們知道,如果行星架作為主動(dòng)軸,兩個(gè)太陽輪的轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向是不確定的,甚至兩個(gè)太陽輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向是相反的。
車輛直行狀態(tài)下,這種差速器的特性就是,給兩個(gè)半軸傳遞的扭矩相同。在一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪懸空情況下,如果傳動(dòng)軸是勻速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),有附著力的驅(qū)動(dòng)輪是沒有驅(qū)動(dòng)力的,如果傳動(dòng)軸是加速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),有附著力的驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的驅(qū)動(dòng)力等于懸空車輪的角加速度和轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量的乘積。
車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎輪胎不打滑的狀態(tài)下,差速器連接的兩個(gè)半軸的扭矩方向是相反的,給車輛提供向前驅(qū)動(dòng)力的,只有內(nèi)側(cè)的車輪,行星架和內(nèi)側(cè)的太陽輪之間由等速傳動(dòng)變成了減速傳動(dòng),駕駛感覺就是彎道加速比直道加速更有力。
開式差速器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是在鋪裝路面上轉(zhuǎn)行行駛的效果最好。缺點(diǎn)就是在一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪喪失附著力的情況下,另外一個(gè)也沒有驅(qū)動(dòng)力。
開式差速器的適用范圍是所有鋪裝路面行駛的車輛,前橋驅(qū)動(dòng)和后橋驅(qū)動(dòng)都可以安裝。
二. 限滑差速器
限滑差速器用于部分彌補(bǔ)開式差速器在越野路面的傳動(dòng)缺陷,它是在開式差速器的機(jī)構(gòu)上加以改進(jìn),在差速器殼的邊齒輪之間增加摩擦片,對(duì)應(yīng)于行星齒輪組來講,就是在行星架和太陽輪之間增加了摩擦片,增加太陽輪與行星架自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的阻力力矩。
限滑差速器提供的附加扭矩,與摩擦片傳遞的動(dòng)力和兩驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的轉(zhuǎn)速差有關(guān)。
在開式差速器結(jié)構(gòu)上改進(jìn)產(chǎn)生的LSD,不能做到100%的限滑,因?yàn)橄藁禂?shù)越高,車輛的轉(zhuǎn)向特性越差。
LSD具備開式差速器的傳動(dòng)特性和機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)。優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是提供一定的限滑力矩,缺點(diǎn)是轉(zhuǎn)向特性變差,摩擦片壽命有限。
LSD的適用范圍是鋪裝路面和輕度越野路面。通常用于后驅(qū)車。前驅(qū)車一般不裝,因?yàn)長(zhǎng)SD會(huì)干涉轉(zhuǎn)向,限滑系數(shù)越大,轉(zhuǎn)向越困難。
最后一級(jí)齒輪(也就是輸出齒輪)可以直接或間接被變速箱齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng),當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)裝置結(jié)合在一起形成便成為一個(gè)完整的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),采用直接驅(qū)動(dòng)器驅(qū)動(dòng)。間接驅(qū)動(dòng)最終驅(qū)動(dòng)器在車尾處的彈簧連接車身結(jié)構(gòu)或者非懸掛并納入后軸套管中。最后的驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪應(yīng)用在傳輸系統(tǒng)中有下列原因:
(1)從變速箱和傳動(dòng)軸驅(qū)動(dòng)改變90度重新定向驅(qū)動(dòng)
(2)提供在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和驅(qū)動(dòng)輪之間的永久的齒輪減速
在車輛中,差速器是主要部分用于傳送從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)到車輪的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
里面的的輪子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的少,外面的輪子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的多就沒有側(cè)向的滑移和猛沖。差速器通常被放置在后橋的中部,由小齒輪嚙合,鏡子齒輪,齒輪箱,兩軸差和兩個(gè)小三角齒輪組成。
圖1為差速器的原理圖,圖二為斷裂齒輪軸的技術(shù)圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)。通過圖三的照片表明了齒輪軸的斷裂。在差速器,鏡子和小齒輪嚙合中存在的問題,從而提出了適應(yīng)彼此生產(chǎn)過程、相同的序號(hào)的算法。他們倆在改變的情況下,會(huì)有很多問題。在這些系統(tǒng)中,常見的損傷是,磨損的齒輪[2 - 4]。在這項(xiàng)研究中,對(duì)齒輪軸的差速進(jìn)行了檢查。小型巴士是柴油車輛驅(qū)動(dòng)后橋的,載客能力的有15人。最高的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)為每分鐘4000轉(zhuǎn),功率為90匹,當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到每分鐘1600轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),輸出最大扭距力為205頓米。它有手操作的傳動(dòng)箱系統(tǒng)(5前面,1后部)。而導(dǎo)致的破壞和起動(dòng)小巴停在紅綠燈處。這個(gè)差速器、輸入軸攜帶的有小齒輪軸斷了。已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了很多不同的研究來確定類型和可能的原因損壞的地方。
這些是:
研究確定了軸的材料;
實(shí)驗(yàn)確定了研究微觀結(jié)構(gòu);
研究相關(guān)的斷裂表面。
有一個(gè)更近的照片和斷裂區(qū)骨折的表面。
2 實(shí)驗(yàn)過程
在標(biāo)本中提取的軸在受到各種試驗(yàn)包括硬度測(cè)試、金相和掃描電鏡以及化學(xué)成分的測(cè)定。所有的測(cè)試都是在室溫條件下進(jìn)行的。
2.1化工和冶金分析
化學(xué)分析裂隙微分材料進(jìn)行了用分光計(jì)。材料的化學(xué)成分是表1規(guī)定的數(shù)值?;瘜W(xué)成分表明,該材料是一種低合金鋼板8620類型。
淬硬鋼是非常低的,因?yàn)閷?duì)低碳的比例。因此,通過增加表面積碳比例的操作會(huì)使表面面積會(huì)變硬,高度耐用,及內(nèi)部變的越加的堅(jiān)硬。這是這種鋼是受到普遍采用的機(jī)械部分做扭轉(zhuǎn)和彎曲。高阻表面上是獲得耐力值和高疲勞,可獲得壓殘余應(yīng)力使表面更加困難[5 - 7]。
在那些的合金元素分布主要取決于炭素鋼的復(fù)合,化學(xué)和碳化依賴于每個(gè)元素。鎳溶于鐵素體中后形成碳化物比鐵有更少的趨勢(shì)。硅結(jié)合是有限的程度與氧氣存在于非金屬夾雜物在鋼形成溶于鐵素體,但除此之外。大部分的錳添加到碳素鋼溶于鐵素體。鉻,它有一個(gè)趨勢(shì)比鐵稍微要強(qiáng)的元素,它的劃分于鐵素體和碳化物合金階段。鉻的分布依賴于碳量的百分比,如果其他更強(qiáng)的元素,如鈦和銅都沒有。鎢、鉬結(jié)合碳形成碳化物,如果有充足的碳的百分比,現(xiàn)在和如果其他更強(qiáng)的元素,如鈦和銅都沒有。錳和鎳的在低溫下回形成共熔體。初步的微結(jié)構(gòu)檢測(cè)失敗的微分資料被顯示在圖5??梢钥闯?該材料具有的一種混合結(jié)構(gòu),其中一些鐵氧體存在或許由于緩慢降溫和高硅含量。高硅含量在這種類型的鋼提高熱處理敏感性進(jìn)行改進(jìn)的屈服強(qiáng)度和最大應(yīng)力,沒有任何減少延性[9] 如果不能倒置的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)由淬火馬氏體,減少了疲勞極限是觀察到的現(xiàn)象。在一些領(lǐng)域與碳相圖5(a)。有滲碳結(jié)構(gòu)鋼過渡邊界在圖5(b)和(c)顯示核基質(zhì)附著區(qū),無需滲碳結(jié)構(gòu)鋼矩陣。從圖片5可以看出該材料是一種有鐵素體存在的混合結(jié)構(gòu)。這種高硅含量的鋼可以改善鋼熱處理時(shí)易受損的狀態(tài),同時(shí)也可以在沒有任何延展性減小的情況下改善屈服和最大應(yīng)力。如果顯微結(jié)構(gòu)的不能夠通過淬火使馬氏體得到轉(zhuǎn)換,也會(huì)較少它的疲勞界限。在圖片5a中顯示的是碳含量階段,圖片5b中顯示的都是滲碳劑的過度界限,圖片c中顯示的都是在沒有滲碳劑的模型。
2.2硬度測(cè)試
硬度測(cè)量是執(zhí)行的一種MetTest-HT型計(jì)算機(jī)集成硬度計(jì)。載荷1471:中等硬度值的內(nèi)部地區(qū)獲得43個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。取得了微硬度的測(cè)量方法來確定硬度值的機(jī)會(huì)沿截面由于硬化由于滲碳結(jié)構(gòu)鋼表面積。維氏硬度測(cè)量的結(jié)果4.903載荷作用下的N是說明表2。
2.3檢測(cè)斷裂
在本章中直接地給出了觀察和掃描電鏡(SEM)片與斷裂表面。裂紋開始因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)可能的問題引起的底部軸切口完全被打破。裂紋開始在外層,在經(jīng)過若干時(shí)間它不斷超越本中心只有很小一部分離開了。和這部分?jǐn)嗔遂o態(tài)的突然開始在飛行器在紅綠燈處。為特征的疲勞斷裂,有兩個(gè)地區(qū)斷裂表面。這些是光滑的表面由裂紋擴(kuò)展和粗糙的表面由突然斷裂。這兩個(gè)區(qū)域可以被清晰地看到整個(gè)問題作為圖4中。疲勞裂紋擴(kuò)展的區(qū)域包括了80%以上的斷面。軸功向下彎曲、扭轉(zhuǎn)和軸力的影響取決于反復(fù)使用一個(gè)地方。在斷裂層的表面上一個(gè)快尖銳的切片。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因,所以斷定了該區(qū)域的應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)值。Kt = 2.4價(jià)值(彎刀和張力)和Kt = 1.9%的價(jià)值(扭力)已獲得根據(jù)計(jì)算的結(jié)果。這些都是相當(dāng)高的價(jià)值為區(qū)域暴露在聯(lián)合加載中。這些觀察和分析表明,該塊斷了的影響下,以較低的公稱應(yīng)力和扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力集中[10]所聚集的媒介。
掃描電鏡顯示,這也發(fā)生在斷裂韌性的方式(圖6)。有一些切變裂痕在裂紋擴(kuò)展區(qū),這是一種膠塑性剪切變形。圖7顯示貝殼狀裂紋擴(kuò)展的一個(gè)標(biāo)志。任何兩線之間的距離是近133納米。
3.結(jié)論
在這項(xiàng)研究中分析了出現(xiàn)故障的差速器小齒輪軸,這個(gè)小齒輪軸是AISI8620的經(jīng)過滲碳,淬火和回火的熱處理程序的低滲碳鋼。通過力學(xué)性能,微觀結(jié)構(gòu)特性,化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)組成以及金屬斷面的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)觀察以確定組件可能斷裂的原因。以下部分是本次試驗(yàn)的結(jié)論:經(jīng)過疲勞程序在組合撓度,轉(zhuǎn)矩和軸向力變大時(shí),斷裂的區(qū)域發(fā)生在應(yīng)力集中較高的地方,斷裂的裂紋一開始可能是在材料的臨界狀態(tài)位置,該斷裂在發(fā)生一定程度的延展。通過在關(guān)鍵部位減少壓應(yīng)力集中能夠很容易的避免以后可能出現(xiàn)的故障。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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