重型貨車(chē)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋設(shè)計(jì)【整體式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋】
重型貨車(chē)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋設(shè)計(jì)【整體式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋】,整體式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋,重型,貨車(chē),驅(qū)動(dòng),設(shè)計(jì),整體,總體
附 錄A
The structure of driving axle
The driving axle is in the power power transmission the terminal, its basic function increases the torque which transmits by the drive shaft or the transmission gearbox, and power reasonable assignment for left and right driving gear, moreover also withstands the function vertical sets up, the longitudinal force and the transverse force between the road surface and the frame or the automobile body.The driving axle generally by the main gear box, the differential device, the wheel transmission device and the driving axle shell and so on is composed.
1.Driving axle design：
The driving axle design must satisfy following basic request:
1). Choice main reduction gear ratios ought to be able to guarantee the automobile has the best power and the fuel economy.
2). External dimensions must be small, guaranteed has the necessity ground clearance.
3). Gears and other transmission piece works do steadily, the noise is small.
4). Has the high transmission efficiency under each kind of rotational speed and the load.
5). Under the guarantee enough intensity, the rigidity condition, should make every effort the quality to be small, under the reed the quality should be as far as possible small in particular, improves the automobile smoothness.
6). Coordinated with the suspension fork guidance organization movement, regarding changes the driving axle, but also should coordinate with the rotation gear movement.
7). Structures are simple, the processing technology capability is good, the manufacture is easy, disassembling, the adjustment is convenient.
2.Driving axle classification
The driving axle minute non-separation type with separates the type two big kinds.
1).Non-separation type driving axle
The non-separation type driving axle also is called the integral-type driving axle, its rear axle drive pipe and main gear box shell with shaft casing rigidly connected whole Liang, thus the both sides rear axle and the driving gear swing related, passes the elastic part and the frame is connected.It by the driving axle shell 1, the main gear box, the differential device and the rear axle is composed.
2). Separation type driving axle
The driving axle uses the independent suspension fork, namely the main gear box shell fixes on the frame, the both sides rear axle and the driving gear can be opposite in the rolling plane in the chassis have the relative motion to be called the separation type driving axle.
In order to coordinates with the independent suspension fork, fixes the main gear box shell in the frame (or automobile body) on, the driving axle shell partition and through the hinge joint, or no longer has the driving axle shell other parts besides the main gear box shell.In order to meet the need which about the driving gear independence beats, between the differential device and between wheel rear axle each section connects with the universal joint.
3.Drive axle of composition
Mainly by the reducer drive, and half axle and drive axle shell, etc.
1) .Main reducer
The speed reducer is usually used to change the direction of transmission, reduce speed and increase torque, guarantee cars have enough force and appropriate speed. Main reducer, have more single type, double, double speed reducer, wheel edges.
a). Single main reducer
By a reduction gear reducer realization of single reducer, called. Its simple structure, light weight, dongfeng BQl090, light, medium sized truck was widely used in automobile.
b). Double main reducer
In some large trucks, load demand is bigger than the slow, with single main reducer drive, driven gear diameter increases, affect to the ground clearance drive, so using twice. Usually called doublestage reducer. Two groups of double reduction gear reducer, increasing torsional twice slowdown.
To improve the tapered gear pair of meshing smoothness and strength, the level of spiral bevel gears reduction gear pair is. Second gear pair is helical gears for support.
Active tapered gear rotating, drive driven circular gear rotating, thus completing silver. Level Article 2 the initiative of cylindrical gears and driven tapered gear coaxial and rotate together, and bring about a follower of cylindrical gears rotate, 2. Because a follower of cylindrical gears installed in differential shell, so, when a follower of cylindrical gears turning, through the differential and half shaft is driven wheel rotation.
2).Differential
Around half shaft are used to connect differential wheel, can make the sides with different velocity rotating torque simultaneously. Ensure the normal scroll wheel. Some more, in the car driver bridge or in the breakthrough of thansfer transmission shaft with differential between, also called the bridge between differential. Its role in the car is in turn or flat road to drive wheels, and generate differential between the role.
Current domestic cars and other cars are adopted symmetric bevel gear ordinary differential. Symmetrical type gear differential planetary gear, half of planetary gear axle shaft gear, or a cross (direct axis) and differential shell, etc.
Most current car using differential planetary gear, ordinary bevel gear differential by two or four conical planetary gear and planetary gear axle, two cone half shaft gear and differential shell, etc.
3). Half axle
Half shaft are coming to the differential wheel, drive torque to move the car wheel rotation, the solid shaft. Due to the different structure, installation of hub axial force and the different also. Therefore, half shaft are divided into the floating, use, three/four floating three types.
a). Howo fou-point suspending half axle
General big, medium-sized cars are adopted the floating structure. Half of the spline shaft inside with the half shaft with differential gears connected to the end of the half shaft are forging flanges, bolts and wheel connection. Hub through two far apart WenCheng tapered roller bearings in half a collar. Half a collar and driving axle shell pressure to drive, composition. Use this form, half shaft bearing no direct link with the bridge housing, half shaft driving torque and not only bear any moment under this half shaft are called "the floating" half axle. The so-called "float" means half shaft are not bending load.
The float, the half axle shaft for lugs and made one. But there are some heavy trucks to lugs, and made the individual parts of the spline shaft in the half. Therefore, both ends of the spline shaft is used, can HuanTou.
b). Use half axle
Use of half axle within the same with the client, not withstand float bending-torsional. The client through a direct bearing on the inside of half axle shell. This means that will support the half axle under bending moment. Therefore, the half sleeve torque, except under bending moment, local use half shaft is called. This structure is mainly used for certain.
The red flag brand limousines CA7560 type of thing. The half shaft are not bending moment, the client will inherit all external use, so called bending support.
c). 3/4 floating half axle
Three-quarters of floating half shaft are short of bending degree between use and the floating. This type of half axle currently used in XiaoWoChe, only on individual applications, such as M20 type car. Warsaw,
4). The bridge housing
a). Integral bridge housing
Integral bridge housing for the intensity and rigidity, and facilitate the good performance of the installation, adjustment and maintenance, and widely used. Integral bridge housing for manufacturing methods, which can be divided into different midway through the whole cast type, the steel casting and stamping steel welding etc.
b). Drive axle shell segmented
Section type bridge housing generally fall into two, one will DuanLianCheng two by bolts. Bridge housing is segmented to casting and machining.
附 錄B
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的構(gòu)造
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋處于動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系的末端，其基本功能是增大由傳動(dòng)軸或變速器傳來(lái)的轉(zhuǎn)矩，并將動(dòng)力合理的分配給左、右驅(qū)動(dòng)輪，另外還承受作用于路面和車(chē)架或車(chē)身之間的垂直立、縱向力和橫向力。驅(qū)動(dòng)橋一般由主減速器、差速器、車(chē)輪傳動(dòng)裝置和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼等組成。
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的設(shè)計(jì)：
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)當(dāng)滿足如下基本要求：
選擇的主減速比應(yīng)能保證汽車(chē)具有最佳的動(dòng)力性和燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
?。?）外形尺寸要小，保證有必要的離地間隙。
?。?）齒輪及其他傳動(dòng)件工作平穩(wěn)，噪聲小。
?。?）在各種轉(zhuǎn)速和載荷下具有高的傳動(dòng)效率。
（5）在保證足夠的強(qiáng)度、剛度條件下，應(yīng)力求質(zhì)量小，尤其是簧下質(zhì)量應(yīng)盡量小，以改善汽車(chē)平順性。
（6）與懸架導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)，對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，還應(yīng)與轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)相協(xié)調(diào)。
?。?）結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，加工工藝性好，制造容易，拆裝、調(diào)整方便。
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的分類
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋分非斷開(kāi)式與斷開(kāi)式兩大類。
1、非斷開(kāi)式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋
非斷開(kāi)式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋也稱為整體式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，其半軸套管與主減速器殼均與軸殼剛性地相連一個(gè)整體梁，因而兩側(cè)的半軸和驅(qū)動(dòng)輪相關(guān)地?cái)[動(dòng)，通過(guò)彈性元件與車(chē)架相連。它由驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼1，主減速器，差速器和半軸組成。
2、斷開(kāi)式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋采用獨(dú)立懸架，即主減速器殼固定在車(chē)架上，兩側(cè)的半軸和驅(qū)動(dòng)輪能在橫向平面相對(duì)于車(chē)體有相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的則稱為斷開(kāi)式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。
為了與獨(dú)立懸架相配合，將主減速器殼固定在車(chē)架（或車(chē)身）上，驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼分段并通過(guò)鉸鏈連接，或除主減速器殼外不再有驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼的其它部分。為了適應(yīng)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪獨(dú)立上下跳動(dòng)的需要，差速器與車(chē)輪之間的半軸各段之間用萬(wàn)向節(jié)連接。
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的組成
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋主要由主減速器、差速器、半軸和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼等組成。
1、主減速器
主減速器一般用來(lái)改變傳動(dòng)方向，降低轉(zhuǎn)速，增大扭矩，保證汽車(chē)有足夠的驅(qū)動(dòng)力和適當(dāng)?shù)乃倨ぁＶ鳒p速器類型較多，有單級(jí)、雙級(jí)、雙速、輪邊減速器等。
?。?）單級(jí)主減速器
由一對(duì)減速齒輪實(shí)現(xiàn)減速的裝置，稱為單級(jí)減速器。其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，重量輕，東風(fēng)BQl090型等輕、中型載重汽車(chē)上應(yīng)用廣泛。
（2）雙級(jí)主減速器
對(duì)一些載重較大的載重汽車(chē)，要求較大的減速比，用單級(jí)主減速器傳動(dòng)，則從動(dòng)齒輪的直徑就必須增大，會(huì)影響驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的離地間隙，所以采用兩次減速。通常稱為雙級(jí)減速器。雙級(jí)減速器有兩組減速齒輪，實(shí)現(xiàn)兩次減速增扭。
為提高錐形齒輪副的嚙合平穩(wěn)性和強(qiáng)度，第一級(jí)減速齒輪副是螺旋錐齒輪。二級(jí)齒輪副是斜齒因拄齒輪。
主動(dòng)圓錐齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)，帶動(dòng)從動(dòng)圓銀齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)，從而完成一級(jí)減速。第二級(jí)減速的主動(dòng)圓柱齒輪與從動(dòng)圓錐齒輪同軸而一起旋轉(zhuǎn)，并帶動(dòng)從動(dòng)圓柱齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)，進(jìn)行第二級(jí)減速。因從動(dòng)圓柱齒輪安裝于差速器外殼上，所以，當(dāng)從動(dòng)圓柱齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，通過(guò)差速器和半軸即驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
2、差速器
差速器用以連接左右半軸，可使兩側(cè)車(chē)輪以不同角速度旋轉(zhuǎn)同時(shí)傳遞扭矩。保證車(chē)輪的正常滾動(dòng)。有的多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車(chē)，在分動(dòng)器內(nèi)或在貫通式傳動(dòng)的軸間也裝有差速器，稱為橋間差速器。其作用是在汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)彎或在不平坦的路面上行駛時(shí)，使前后驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輪之間產(chǎn)生差速作用。
目前國(guó)產(chǎn)轎車(chē)及其它類汽車(chē)基本都采用了對(duì)稱式錐齒輪普通差速器。對(duì)稱式錐齒輪差速器由行星齒輪、半軸齒輪、行星齒輪軸（十字軸或一根直銷(xiāo)軸）和差速器殼等組成。
目前大多數(shù)汽車(chē)采用行星齒輪式差速器，普通錐齒輪差速器由兩個(gè)或四個(gè)圓錐行星齒輪、行星齒輪軸、兩個(gè)圓錐半軸齒輪和左右差速器殼等組成。
3、半軸
半軸是將差速器傳來(lái)的扭矩再傳給車(chē)輪，驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)，推動(dòng)汽車(chē)行駛的實(shí)心軸。由于輪轂的安裝結(jié)構(gòu)不同，而半軸的受力情況也不同。所以，半軸分為全浮式、半浮式、3／4浮式三種型式。
?。?）全浮式半軸
一般大、中型汽車(chē)均采用全浮式結(jié)構(gòu)。 半軸的內(nèi)端用花鍵與差速器的半軸齒輪相連接，半軸的外端鍛出凸緣，用螺栓和輪轂連接。輪轂通過(guò)兩個(gè)相距較遠(yuǎn)的圓錐滾子軸承文承在半軸套管上。半軸套管與后橋殼壓配成一體，組成驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼。用這樣的支承形式，半軸與橋殼沒(méi)有直接聯(lián)系，使半軸只承受驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩而不承受任何彎矩，這種半軸稱為“全浮式”半軸。所謂“浮”意即半軸不受彎曲載荷。
全浮式半軸，外端為凸緣盤(pán)與軸制成一體。但也有一些載重汽車(chē)把凸緣制成單獨(dú)零件，并借花鍵套合在半軸外端。因而，半軸的兩端都是花鍵，可以換頭使用。
（2）半浮式半軸
半浮式半軸的內(nèi)端與全浮式的一樣，不承受彎扭。其外端通過(guò)一個(gè)軸承直接支承在半軸外殼的內(nèi)側(cè)。這種支承方式將使半軸外端承受彎矩。因此，這種半袖除傳遞扭矩外，還局部地承受彎矩，故稱為半浮式半軸。這種結(jié)構(gòu)型式主要用于小客車(chē)。
圖示為紅旗牌CA7560型高級(jí)轎車(chē)的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。其半軸內(nèi)端不受彎矩，而外端卻要承受全部彎矩，所以稱為半浮式支承。
?。?）3／4浮式半軸
3／4浮式半軸是受彎短的程度介于半浮式和全浮式之間。此式半軸目前應(yīng)用不多，只在個(gè)別小臥車(chē)上應(yīng)用，如華沙M20型汽車(chē)。
?。?）橋殼
1） 整體式橋殼
整體式橋殼因強(qiáng)度和剛度性能好，便于主減速器的安裝、調(diào)整和維修，而得到廣泛應(yīng)用。整體式橋殼因制造方法不同，可分為整體鑄造式、中段鑄造壓入鋼管式和鋼板沖壓焊接式等。
2） 分段式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼
分段式橋殼一般分為兩段，由螺栓1將兩段連成一體。分段式橋殼比較易于鑄造和加工。
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