減速器-二級圓柱斜齒輪減速器設計【含箱體】【F=1660N V=1.5ms D=230mm】,含箱體,F=1660N V=1.5ms D=230mm,減速器-二級圓柱斜齒輪減速器設計【含箱體】【F=1660N,V=1.5ms,D=230mm】,減速器,二級,圓柱,齒輪,設計,箱體,ms,mm,妹妹 機械設計基礎課程設計 二級減速器計算說明書 題 目 指導教師 院 系 班 級 學 號 姓 名  摘 要 機械設計課程設計主要是培養(yǎng)理論聯(lián)系實際的設計思想。本次設計包括的主要內容有：決定傳動裝置的總體設計方案；選擇電動機；計算傳動裝置的運動和動力參數(shù)；傳動零件、軸的設計計算；軸承、聯(lián)接件、潤滑密封和聯(lián)軸器及校驗計算；機體結構及其附件的設計；繪制裝配圖及零件工作圖；編寫計算說明書以及進行設計答辯。 設計的一般過程為：首先明確設計任務，制定設計任務書；其次，提供方案并進行評價；再次，按照選定的方案進行各零部件的總體布置，運動學和零件工作能力計算，結構設計和繪制總體設計圖；然后，根據(jù)總體設計的結果，考慮結構工藝性等要求，繪出零件工作圖；然后，審核圖紙；最后，整理設計文件，編寫說明書。 39 目 錄 目 錄 3 第1章 設計任務書 4 第2章 傳動方案擬定 5 第3章 電動機的選擇 6 3.1選擇電動機類型 6 3.2選擇電動機的容量計算 6 3.3電動機轉速選擇及型號確定 6 第4章 傳動裝置總體設計 8 4.1計算傳動比及分配各級傳動比總傳動比 8 4.2計算傳動裝置的運動和動力參數(shù) 8 第5章 齒輪傳動設計 10 5.1高速級齒輪傳動設計 10 5.2 低速級齒輪傳動設計 14 第6章 軸的設計 19 6.1高速軸(I)的設計 19 6.2中速軸(II)的設計 22 6.3低速軸(Ⅲ)設計 25 第7章 軸的校核 29 第8章 軸承的選擇和校核計算 31 8.1高速軸Ⅰ上的軸承選擇與計算 31 8.2中速軸Ⅱ上的軸承選擇與計算 31 8.3低速軸Ⅲ上的軸承選擇與計算 32 第9章 鍵連接的選擇與校核計算 33 第10章 減速器附件設計 35 第11章 潤滑方式及密封形式的選擇 36 第12章 箱體設計 37 第13章 總結 38 參考文獻 39  第1章 設計任務書 項目 內容 結果 1.1工作條件 見附圖 1.2加工條件 中等規(guī)模機械廠，可加工7~8級精度齒輪。 1.3設計工作量 ◆減速器裝配圖1張（A0或A1） ◆零件圖3張，箱體圖，輸出軸，齒輪圖 ◆設計說明書1份 1.4設計參數(shù) ◆運輸帶工作拉力F()： ◆運輸帶工作速V()： ◆卷筒直徑D()：  第2章 傳動方案擬定 傳動方案擬定 兩級分流式圓柱斜齒輪減速器  第3章 電動機的選擇 項目 內容 結果 3.1選擇電動機類型 按已知工作條件和要求查[1]表12-1，選用Y系列1般用途的3相異步電動機 3.2選擇電動機的容量計算 (1)求, 卷筒所需總功率 卷筒的轉速 r/min (2)求 電動機至滾筒之間傳動裝置的總效率為： 式中，， 分別為傳動系統(tǒng)中聯(lián)軸器、每對軸承、圓柱齒輪傳動的效率，查[1]表1-7的 =0.99、=0.99、=0.97 =0.99 =0.99 =0.97 (3)求 所需電動機的功率： 查[1]表12-1取額定功率： 3.3電動機轉速選擇及型號確定 (1)求 該傳動系統(tǒng)為分流式圓柱齒輪傳動，查閱[2]表2-3傳比為 卷筒轉速 電動機轉速可選范圍 (2)確定型號 可見同步轉速為1500r/min ，3000r/min的電動機都符合，這里初選同步轉速為1500r/min ，3000r/min的兩種電動機進行比較，如下表3-1 表3-1電動機技術數(shù)據(jù)比較 方案 電動機型號 額定功率 電動機轉速 質量/kg 同步轉速 滿載轉速 1 Y100L-2 3 3000 2880 2.2 33 2 Y100L2-4 3 1500 1440 2.2 38 綜合考慮電動機和傳動轉至尺寸、重量、價格和帶傳動、減速器傳動比，選擇Y100L2-4型電動機。電動機的外形、安裝尺寸見表2 表3-2電動機的外形、安裝尺寸 型號 A B C D E F G H Y100L2-4 216 178 89 80 10 33 132 K AB AC AD HD BB L 12 280 270 210 315 200 475 Y100L2-4  第4章 傳動裝置總體設計 項目 內容 結果 4.1計算傳動比及分配各級傳動比總傳動比 (1)總傳動比 (2)分配傳動比 由[2]得分流式減速器中取,這里取高速級傳動比,則低速級傳動比為 4.2計算傳動裝置的運動和動力參數(shù) (1)各軸轉速 電動機軸為軸,減速器高速級軸為軸Ⅰ,中速軸為軸Ⅱ,低速級軸為軸Ⅲ，滾筒軸為軸Ⅴ，則 卷筒轉速在運輸帶允許誤差之內，合適 (2)各軸功率 (3)各軸轉矩  第5章 齒輪傳動設計 項目 內容 結果 5.1高速級齒輪傳動設計 (1)選擇材料、精度及參數(shù) 按圖1所示傳動方案，選用斜齒圓柱齒輪傳動，帶式運輸機為1般工作機器，速度不高，故選用7級精度（GB10095-88） 查圖表[3]表11-1，選擇: 小齒輪材料為40Cr（調質），硬度為217~286HBS， 大齒輪材料為45鋼（調質），硬度為197~286HBS。 初選小齒輪齒數(shù)， 則大齒輪齒數(shù),取 初選螺旋角： 查[3]表11-5 取,.，齒輪彎曲疲勞許用應力 則=（+）/2 =（700+600）/2=650MPa 齒輪接觸疲勞許用應力 小齒輪材料為40Cr（調質），硬度為260HBS 大齒輪材料為45鋼（調質），硬度為220 HBS (2)按齒面接觸強度設計 依式計算 1)確定公式內各計算數(shù)值 a．載荷系數(shù) 初選載荷系數(shù) b．小、大齒輪齒數(shù)、，齒數(shù)比 初選小齒輪齒數(shù)， 則大齒輪齒數(shù),取 實際齒數(shù)比: C．小齒輪傳遞的轉矩 其中 d．選、 查[3] (P171)選取節(jié)點區(qū)域系數(shù) 查[3]表11-4彈性系數(shù) e．螺旋角及其系數(shù) 初選螺旋角： 螺旋角系數(shù)： f．齒寬系數(shù) 由[3]表11-6知，軟齒面、對稱分布取：- g計算小齒輪分度圓直徑 按式①計算小齒輪分度圓直徑 2)計算圓周速度 =3.14×30.78×1420/（60×1000）m/s =2.29m/s 3)計算齒寬b及模數(shù) 4)計算載荷系數(shù) 根據(jù)有輕微沖擊,使用系數(shù); 根據(jù)V=1.64 m/s，7級精度查[4]圖9-23得動載系數(shù); 查[4]表10-4接觸疲勞齒向載荷分布系數(shù) 的值與直齒輪相同得：; 查[4]圖10-13得彎曲強度計算齒向載荷系數(shù)：; 查[4]表10-3得齒間載荷分布系數(shù)： 則載荷系數(shù) 5)按實際載荷系數(shù)校正所得分度圓直徑 由式得: (3)按齒根彎曲疲勞強度設計 按式計算 1)確定公式內各計算數(shù)值 a.載荷系數(shù) b.計算當量齒數(shù)、 c.齒形系數(shù) 查[3]圖11-8 ， d.齒根修正系數(shù) 查[3]圖11-9 ， e.計算大小齒輪的并加以比較 =2.66×1.61/336=0.01275 =2.23×1.78/252=0.01575， 0.01275<0.01575 大齒輪值大 f.計算模數(shù) 由[3]表4-1取 (4)幾何尺寸計算 1)中心距 將中心距圓整為112mm 2)修正螺旋角 按圓整的中心距修正螺旋角 因值改變不多，故參數(shù) ， ，等不必修正 3)計算大小齒輪的分度圓直徑、 4)計算齒輪寬度、 由于需要2個齒輪分開處理，這樣太薄強度不夠，故意數(shù)據(jù)取得大一些。 圓整后取 ， (5)驗算齒面接觸強度 將各參數(shù)代入[3]式(11-8)得 安全 安全 (6)齒輪的圓周速度 對照[3]表11-2選7級精度是適宜的 適宜 (7)結構設計 由小齒輪做成齒輪軸， 由160mm<<500mm ，大齒輪采用腹板式結構 5.2 低速級齒輪傳動設計 (1)選擇材料、精度及參數(shù) 按圖1所示傳動方案，選用斜齒圓柱齒輪傳動，帶式運輸機為1般工作機器，速度不高，故選用8級精度（GB10095-88） 查圖表[3]表11-1，選擇: 小齒輪材料為40Cr（調質），硬度為217~286HBS， 大齒輪材料為45鋼（調質），硬度為197~286HBS。 初選小齒輪齒數(shù)， 則大齒輪齒數(shù),取 初選螺旋角： 查[3]表11-5 取,.，齒輪彎曲疲勞許用應力 則=（+）/2 =（700+600）/2=650MPa 齒輪接觸疲勞許用應力 小齒輪材料為40Cr（調質），硬度為260HBS 大齒輪材料為45鋼（調質），硬度為220 HBS (2)按齒面接觸強度設計 依式計算 1)確定公式內各計算數(shù)值 a.載荷系數(shù) 初選載荷系數(shù) b.小、大齒輪齒數(shù)、，齒數(shù)比 初選小齒輪齒數(shù)， 則大齒輪齒數(shù),取 實際齒數(shù)比: c.小齒輪傳遞的轉矩 d.選、 查[3] (P171)選取節(jié)點區(qū)域系數(shù) 查[3]表11-4彈性系數(shù) e．螺旋角及其系數(shù) 初選螺旋角： 螺旋角系數(shù)： f.齒寬系數(shù) 由[3]表11-6知，軟齒面、對稱分布?。? g.計算小齒輪分度圓直徑 計算小齒輪分度圓直徑 2)計算圓周速度 3)計算齒寬b及模數(shù) 4)計算載荷系數(shù) 根據(jù)有輕微沖擊,使用系數(shù)：; 根據(jù)V=0.83m/s，7級精度查[4]圖9-23得動載系數(shù)：; 查[4]表10-4接觸疲勞齒向載荷分布系數(shù)： ; 查[4]圖（圖10-13）彎曲強度計算齒向載荷系數(shù)得; 查[4]表（表10-3）得齒間載荷分布系數(shù) 則載荷系數(shù) 5)按實際載荷系數(shù)校正所得分度圓直徑 由式得: 6)模數(shù) (3)按齒根彎曲疲勞強度設計 式計算 1)確定公式內各計算數(shù)值 a.載荷系數(shù) b.齒形系數(shù) 查[3]圖11-8 ， c.齒根修正系數(shù) 查[3]圖11-9 ， d.計算大小齒輪的并加以比較 =2.6×1.63/336=0.01261 =2.25×1.77/252=0.01580， 0.01261<0.01580 大齒輪值大 e.計算模數(shù) 由以上計算結果對比，由齒面疲勞接觸強度計算的法面模數(shù)大于由齒根彎曲疲勞接觸強度計算的法面模數(shù)，取，已可滿足彎曲強度 (4)幾何尺寸計算 1)中心距 將中心距圓整為182mm 2)修正螺旋角 按圓整的中心距修正螺旋角 因值改變不多，故參數(shù) ， ，等不必修正 2)計算大小齒輪的分度圓直徑、 3)計算齒輪寬度、 圓整后取 ， (5)驗算輪齒彎曲強度 由[3]式11-5 安全 (6)齒輪的圓周速度 對照[3]表11-2選8級精度是適宜的 適宜 (7)結構設計 小齒輪（齒輪3）采用實心結構，大齒輪（齒輪4）采用腹板式結構 各齒輪參數(shù)見表6-1 表6-1各齒輪參數(shù) 模數(shù)m 齒數(shù)Z 分度圓直徑d 中心距a 高速級小齒輪 2 22 45.63 112 高速級大齒輪 86 178.37 低速級小齒輪 3 30 93.33 182 低速級大齒輪 87 270.67 第6章 軸的設計 6.1高速軸(I)的設計 項目 內容 結果 已知 高速軸傳遞功率，轉速，轉矩，每個齒輪傳遞轉矩 齒輪1和分度圓直徑齒寬 1. 求作用在齒輪上的力 圓周力、徑向力及軸向力的方向如圖7-3所示 圖7-3 圓周力 ，徑向力及軸向力的方向 2.定軸的最小直徑 先按式 初步估算軸的最小直徑。選取軸的材料為45號鋼r，調質處理。查[3]圖表14-2，取，得 該軸直徑，有1個鍵槽，軸頸增大5%～7%,安全起見，取軸頸增大5%則 ，圓整后取。輸入軸的最小直徑是安裝大帶輪處的直徑?？紤]到該段軸徑取得太小，軸承的壽命可能滿足不了減速器預期壽命的要求，初定軸段①的直徑d1=30mm。 3.軸結構設計 擬定軸上零件的裝配方案如圖所示7-4根據(jù)軸向定位的要求確定軸的各段直徑和長度 圖7-4高速軸上零件的裝配方案 (1) 帶輪和軸段① 軸段①的直徑d1=30mm，帶輪輪彀的寬度為（1.5~2.0）d1=45~60mm，取帶輪輪彀的寬度L帶輪=58mm，軸段①的長度應略小于彀孔的寬度，取L1=55mm L帶輪 =58mm L1=55mm (2) 密封圈與軸段② 在確定軸段②的軸徑時，應考慮帶輪的軸向固定及密封圈的尺寸。用軸肩定位，軸肩高度h=(0.07~0.1)d1=(0.07~0.1) ×30=2.1~3mm。軸段②的軸徑d2=d1+2×(2.1~3)=34.2~36mm，其最終由密封圈確定。該處軸的圓周速度小于3m/s，可選用氈圈油封，查參考文獻[1]中表7-12選氈圈 35，則d2=35mm d2=35mm (3)軸承與軸段③及軸段⑦ 該傳動方案沒有軸向力，高速軸轉速較高，載荷不大，故選用深溝球軸承。根據(jù)，查GB/T276-1994初步取0組游隙，0級公差的深溝球軸承6008，其尺寸為 d×D×B=40mm×68mm×15mm ，內圈定位軸肩直徑，外圈定位內徑，故取軸段③的直徑。軸承用脂潤滑，需要用擋油環(huán)阻止箱體內潤滑油濺入軸承座。為補償箱體的鑄造誤差和安裝擋油環(huán)，軸承靠近箱體內壁的端面距箱體內壁距離取，齒輪2左端面與箱體內壁距離與齒輪2＇右端面與箱體內壁距離均取為，則 通常1根軸上的兩個軸承應取相同相同的型號，則 (4)齒輪與軸段④和⑥ 該段④、⑥上安裝齒輪1和1＇，為便于齒輪的安裝，應略大于，可初定，則由參考文獻[1]中表4-1知該處鍵的截面尺寸為b×h=12mm×8mm,由于54＜2×42故該軸設計成齒輪軸，則有， (5)軸段⑤ 由、低速小齒輪齒寬，則： 該軸段直徑可略大于軸承定位軸肩的直徑，則 (6)軸段②的長度 該軸段的長度除與軸上的零件有關外，還與軸承座寬度有關及軸承端蓋等零件有關。軸承座的寬度為：，由參考文獻[1]中表11—1知，下箱座壁厚：，取。由參考文獻1中表15—1知：地腳螺釘直徑 ，取地腳螺栓為M18。，則取軸承旁螺栓直徑為M14，查參考文獻[1]中表11—2知， 則箱體軸承座寬度 取。， 則取機蓋與機座連接螺栓直徑為M10。 ，則取軸承端蓋直徑為M8。，則取軸承端蓋凸緣厚度，取軸承端蓋與軸承座間的調整墊片厚度為mm。為方便在不拆卸帶輪的條件下，可以裝拆軸承端蓋連接螺栓，取帶輪凸緣端面距軸承端面表面距離，帶輪采用腹板式，螺栓的裝拆空間足夠。則 (7)軸上力作用點的間距 軸承反力的作用點距軸承外圈大端面的距離a3=31.8mm，則由圖7-4所示可得軸的支點及受力點間的距離為 4．軸上零件的周向定位 帶輪與軸段①間采用C型普通平鍵連接， 按L1=55mm 查[1]圖表4-1取各鍵的尺寸為： 軸段①選鍵：b×h×L=C10mm×8mm×45mm 滾動軸承的周向定位靠過渡配合來保證，選公差為m6 5.確定軸上圓角和倒角尺寸 查[1]表1-27，取軸端倒角為1.5×，各軸肩處圓角半徑為R1 6.2中速軸(II)的設計 已知 中速軸的傳遞功率，轉速， 轉矩，齒輪2和分度圓直徑，齒輪寬度，齒輪3分度圓直徑，齒輪寬度 1．求作用在齒輪上的力 軸上力的方向如下圖7-1所示 圖7-1軸上力的方向 2．初步確定軸的最小直徑 根據(jù)式初步確定軸的最小直徑，選取軸的材料為45鋼，調質處理。查[3]圖表14-2，取，得 該軸直徑，有1個鍵槽，軸頸增大5%～7%,安全起見，取軸頸增大5%則 ， 該軸的最小直徑為安裝軸承處的直徑，取為 3．軸的結構設計 擬定軸上零件的裝配方案如圖7-2所示根據(jù)軸向定位的要求確定軸的各段直徑和長度 圖7-2中速軸上零件的裝配方案 (1)軸承與軸段①及軸段⑥ 由于配對的斜齒輪相當于人字齒，軸II相對于機座固定，故初步選取0組游隙，0級公差6009軸承，其尺寸為d×D×B=45mm×75mm×16mm,內圈定位軸肩直徑，外圈定位內徑，故取軸段①和軸段⑥的直徑 (2)齒輪2、2＇、軸段②和軸段⑤的設計 軸段②上安裝齒輪2，軸段⑤上安裝齒輪2＇，為了便于齒輪的安裝，和應分別大于和，可取 齒輪2左端采用軸肩定位，右端采用套筒定位，套筒外徑取60mm。寬度取b=10mm，齒輪2＇左端采用軸肩定位右端采用套筒定位 (3)齒輪3和軸段③ 由于齒輪3的直徑比較小，采用實心式，由為了齒輪3便于安裝取。取其輪轂寬度與齒輪寬度相等，右端采用軸肩定位，左端采用套筒定位固定。為使套筒端面能夠頂?shù)烬X輪端面，軸段③的長度應比相應齒輪的輪轂略短，故取。 (4)軸段②和軸段⑤的長度 因為 ， (5)軸段④ 齒輪2＇左端采用軸肩定位，根據(jù) 則： ， ，取 ，取 (6)箱體內壁之間距離 軸段①和⑥長度 齒輪2左端面與箱體內壁距離與齒輪2＇右端面與箱體內壁距離均取為則箱體內壁之間的距離為： 該減速器齒輪的圓周速度小于3m/s，故軸承采用脂潤滑，需要用擋油環(huán)阻止箱體內潤滑油濺入軸承座，軸承內端面距離箱體內壁的距離取為，中間軸上兩個齒輪的固定均有擋油環(huán)完成，擋油環(huán)軸孔寬度初定為 軸段①的長度為： 軸段⑥的長度為： 7)軸上零件的周向定位 齒輪的周向定位都采用普通平鍵型鍵連接按: ，； ，； ，。 查[1]圖表4-1取各鍵的尺寸為： 軸段②和⑤選鍵：b×h×L=14mm×9mm×40mm 軸段③選鍵：b×h×L=16mm×10mm×70mm 滾動軸承的周向定位靠過渡配合來保證，選公差為m6 (8)確定軸上圓角和倒角尺寸 查[1]表1-27，取軸端倒角為1.5×，各軸肩處圓角半徑為R1 6.3低速軸(Ⅲ)設計 項目 內容 結果 已知 已知低速軸的傳遞功率，轉速，轉矩 齒輪4分度圓直徑，齒輪寬度 1．求作用在齒輪上的力 2．初步確定軸的最小直徑 根據(jù)式初步確定軸的最小直徑，選取軸的材料為45鋼，調質處理。查[3]圖表14-2，取，得 該軸直徑，有2個鍵槽，軸頸增大5%～7%,安全起見，取軸頸增大10-5%則 3．軸的結構設計 擬定軸上零件的裝配方案如圖所示7-5根據(jù)軸向定位的要求確定軸的各段直徑和長度 圖7-5低速軸上零件的裝配方案 (1)聯(lián)軸器和軸段⑧ 該軸的最小直徑為安裝聯(lián)軸器處的直徑，選取聯(lián)軸器的型號。查[3] 圖 表17-1，取=1.5 ，則 根據(jù)，查[1]表8-7標準GB/T5014-2003考慮到帶式運輸機運轉平穩(wěn)，帶具有緩沖的性能，選用LX4型彈性柱銷聯(lián)軸器, J型軸孔,選取軸孔直徑d=50mm，其軸孔長度L=84mm，則軸的最小直徑，相應的軸端①的直徑，取長度略小于轂空寬度取 (2) 密封圈與軸段⑦ 在確定軸段⑦的軸徑時，應考慮聯(lián)軸器的軸向固定及軸承蓋密封圈的尺寸。聯(lián)軸器用軸肩定位，軸肩高度 。軸段⑦的軸徑，最終由密封圈確定。該處軸的圓周速度小于3m/s，可選用氈圈油封，查參考文獻[1]中表7-12選氈圈 60，則d7=60mm (3)軸承與軸段①和⑥ 根據(jù)軸上受力及軸頸，初步選用0組游隙，0級公差的深溝球軸承6013，其尺寸為d×D×B=65mm×100mm×18mm，內圈定位軸肩直徑，外圈定位內徑故 軸承采用脂潤滑，需要用擋油環(huán)，擋油環(huán)寬度初定為B1=22mm， 故 (4)軸段⑦長度 軸段⑦的長度除與軸上零件有關外，還與軸承座寬度及軸承端蓋等零件有關。軸承端蓋連接螺栓為M8×25，其安裝圓周大于聯(lián)軸器輪轂外徑，輪轂外徑不與端蓋螺栓的拆裝空間干涉，故聯(lián)軸器輪轂端面的距離為。由軸承端蓋凸緣厚度，取軸承端蓋與軸承座間的調整墊片厚度為mm則有 (4)齒輪與軸段③ 該段上安裝齒輪4，為便于齒輪的安裝，應略大于，可初定，齒輪4輪彀的寬度范圍為（1.2~1.5）d3=84~105mm，取其寬度為，其右端采用軸肩定位，左端采用套筒固定。為使套筒端面能夠頂?shù)烬X輪端面，軸段⑤的長度應比輪彀略短，故取 (5)軸段④ 齒輪4右端采用軸肩定位 ，取 軸段④的軸徑，取 (6)軸段②和⑤ 軸段①軸承采用套筒定位，取， 軸段⑥軸承用軸肩定位，于是取 (7)軸上力作用點的間距 由圖7-5所示可知軸的支點及受力點間的距離為 (8)軸上零件的周向定位 齒輪的周向定位都采用普通平鍵型鍵連接 查[1]圖表4-1取各鍵的尺寸為： 軸段③選鍵：b×h×L=20mm×12mm×70mm 軸段⑧選鍵：C b×h×L=16mm×10mm×70mm 滾動軸承的周向定位靠過渡配合來保證，選公差為m6 (9).確定軸上圓角和倒角尺寸 查[1]表1-27，取軸端倒角為1.5×，各軸肩處圓角半徑為R1  第7章 軸的校核 項目 內容 結果 已知 (1)求支承反力 垂直面支承反力 水平面支承反力 F力在支點產生的反力 (2)求彎矩 垂直面彎矩 水平面彎矩 F力在支點產生彎矩圖 F在a-a截面力產生的彎矩為： a-a截面總彎矩 支點2總彎矩 (3)求軸傳遞的轉矩 (4)彎矩和扭矩圖 彎矩和扭矩見圖8-1 (5)按彎扭合成應力校核軸的強度 由圖8-1g可見a-a截面最危險，其當量彎矩 對危險截面進行校核，認為軸扭轉切應力是脈動循環(huán)變應 力，取折合系數(shù)α=0.6，軸的計算應力 前已選定軸的材料為45鋼，調質處理， 查[3]表14-3得因此，故軸安全。 安全 圖8-1彎矩和扭矩圖 另外兩個軸的校核方法類似，經校核安全  第8章 軸承的選擇和校核計算 8.1高速軸Ⅰ上的軸承選擇與計算 項目 內容 結果 由軸I的設計知，初步選用深溝球軸承6008，由于受力對稱，只需要計算1個，其受力，=0，ε=3 ，轉速n=654.54r/min (1) )查表 查[1]表6-1滾動軸承樣本知深溝球軸承6008的基本額定動載荷，基本額定靜載荷 (2)求軸承當量動載荷P 因為=0，徑向載荷系數(shù)X=1，軸向載荷系數(shù)Y=0， 則 (3)驗算軸承壽命 因工作情況平穩(wěn)，查[3]表16-8取查[3]表16-9，取=1.2 故所選用軸承滿足壽命要求。確定使用深溝球軸承6008 滿足要求 8.2中速軸Ⅱ上的軸承選擇與計算 項目 內容 結果 由軸II的設計知，初步選用深溝球軸承6013，由于受力對稱，只需要計算1個，其受力 =0，ε=3 ，轉速 (1) )查表 查[1]表6-1知深溝球軸承6009的基本額定動載荷，基本額定靜載荷 (2)求軸承當量動載荷P 因為=0，徑向載荷系數(shù)X=1，軸向載荷系數(shù)Y=0，，則 (3)驗算軸承壽命 驗算軸承壽命因工作情況平穩(wěn)，查[3]表16-8取 查[3]表16-9，取=1.2 故所選用軸承滿足壽命要求。確定使用深溝球軸承6009 滿足要求 8.3低速軸Ⅲ上的軸承選擇與計算 由軸IV的設計知，初步選用深溝球軸承6013，由于受力對稱，只需要計算1個，其受力，=0，ε=3 ，轉速n=70.1/min (1)查表 查[1]表6-1知深溝球軸承6013的基本額定動載荷 ，基本額定靜載荷 (2)求軸承當量動載荷P 因為=0，徑向載荷系數(shù)X=1，軸向載荷系數(shù)Y=0 則 (3)驗算軸承壽命 查[3]表16-8取查[3]表16-9，取=1.2 故所選用軸承滿足壽命要求。確定使用深溝球軸承6013 滿足要求  第9章 鍵連接的選擇與校核計算 項目 內容 結果 1．帶輪與高速軸I的鍵連接 (1) 已知 由高速軸I的設計知初步選用c型鍵： (2)校核鍵連接的強度 鍵和軸材料都是鋼，輪轂的材料是鑄鐵，查[3]表10-10得許用應力：=50~60MPa，取=55MPa。 鍵的工作長度 由式可得 可見連接的強度足夠，選用 滿足要求 2．齒輪2、與中速軸II的鍵連接 (1) 已知 由中速軸II的設計知初步選用A型鍵：， (2)校核鍵連接的強度 鍵、軸和輪轂的材料都是鋼，查[3]表10-10得許用應力：=100-120MPa，取。 鍵的工作長度：。 由式可得 可見連接的強度足夠，選用鍵 滿足要求 3．齒輪3與中速軸II的鍵連接 (1) 已知 由中速軸II的設計知初步選用A型鍵: (2)校核鍵連接的強度 鍵、軸和輪轂的材料都是鋼，查[3]表10-10得許用應力： =100-120MPa，取。 鍵的工作長度：。 由式可得 可見連接的強度足夠，選用鍵 滿足要求 4．齒輪4與低速軸III的鍵連接 (1)已知 由低速軸III的設計知初步選用A鍵： (2)校核鍵連接的強度 鍵、軸和輪轂的材料都是鋼，查[3]表10-10得許用應力=100-120MPa，取。 鍵的工作長度：。 由式可得： 可見連接的強度足夠，選用鍵 滿足要求 5．聯(lián)軸器與低速軸III的鍵連接 (1)已知 由低速軸III的設計知初步選用C型鍵： (2)校核鍵連接的強度 鍵、軸和輪轂的材料都是鋼，查[3]表10-10得許用應力=100-120MPa，取。 鍵的工作長度：。 由式可得 可見連接的強度足夠，選用鍵 滿足要求  第10章 減速器附件設計 項目 內容 結果 1．視孔蓋 查[1]表11-4選用的視孔蓋。 2．通氣器 查[1]表11-5選用通氣罩M18×1.5 M18×1.5 3．油面指示器 查[1]表7-10選用桿式油標M16 M16 4．油塞 查[1]表7-11選用M18×1.5型油塞和墊片 M18×1.5 5．起吊裝置 查[1]3-18箱蓋選用A型吊耳環(huán)M20 GB/T 825-1988 M20 6．定位銷 查[1]表4-4選用圓柱銷GB/T119.1 8 m6×30 M6×30 7．起蓋螺釘 查[1]表3-16選用螺釘M8×18 GB/T68-2000 M8×18  第11章 潤滑方式及密封形式的選擇 項目 內容 結果 1．齒輪的潤滑 采用浸油潤滑，由于高速級大齒輪浸油深度不小于10mm，取為油深h=50mm。查[1]表7-1，選用全損耗系統(tǒng)用油(GB/T 443-1989)L-AN22。 L-AN22 2．滾動軸承的潤滑 由于軸承值所以采用通用鋰基潤滑脂(GB 7321-1994)潤滑，選用ZL-2潤滑脂。 ZL-2潤滑脂 3．密封方法的選取 由于凸緣式軸承端蓋易于調整軸向游隙，軸Ⅰ、軸Ⅱ及軸Ⅲ的軸承兩端均采用凸緣式端蓋。由于采用脂潤滑，軸端采用間隙密封，用氈圈密封。 氈圈密封  第12章 箱體設計 根據(jù)[1]表11-1得箱體有關參數(shù)見表13-1 表13-1箱體有關參數(shù) 名稱 符號 設計依據(jù) 設計結果 箱座壁厚 9 箱蓋壁厚 8 箱座凸緣厚度 13.5 箱蓋凸緣厚度 12 箱座底凸緣厚度 22.5 地腳螺釘直徑 M18 地腳螺釘數(shù)目 4 軸承旁聯(lián)結螺栓直徑 14 蓋與座聯(lián)接螺栓直徑 10 軸承端蓋螺釘直徑和數(shù)目 , 8，4 窺視孔蓋螺釘直徑 6 定位銷直徑 8 、、至外箱壁距離 表11-2 20 至凸緣邊緣距離 表11-2 18 軸承旁凸臺半徑 18 凸臺高度 由軸承座外徑確定 50 外箱壁至軸承座端面距離 45 大齒輪頂圓距內壁距離 ?1 15 齒輪端面與內壁距離 ?2 12 箱蓋、箱座肋厚 、 10  第13章 總結 機械設計課程設計的過程是艱辛而又充滿樂趣的，期間我們不僅對機械的設計的基本過程有了1個初步的認識和了解，即初步接觸到了1個真機器的計算和結構的設計，也通過查閱大量的書籍，對有關于機械設計的各種標準有了1定的認識，也加強了對課本的學習和認識。在老師的指導下鍛煉了自己綜合運用工程圖學的理論，結合實際機件繪制標準機械圖樣的能力，并使所學知識得到進1步的鞏固和深化。  參考文獻 機械設計機械原理教學組.機械設計課程設計指導書[M].2009.12 濮良貴等.機械設計[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2006.5 孫桓等.機械原理[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2006.5 劉鴻文等.材料力學[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2004.1 鄧志平等.機械制造技術基礎[M].成都：西南交通大學出版社，2008.8 Introduction to the common speed reducer Device overview：Reducer is the prime mover and work machine independent closed between the transmission device, used to reduce speed and increase torque, in order to meet the job needs, also used for growth in some occasions, known as the accelerator. When choosing reducer should be according to the selection of working machine conditions, technical parameters, the performance of the engine, the factors such as economy, comparing the gabarite of different types and varieties of reducer, transmission efficiency and carrying capacity, quality, price, etc., choose the most suitable speed reducer. Reducer is a relatively sophisticated machinery, the use of its purpose is to reduce rotation speed, increase torque. Structural characteristics of Reducer is mainly composed of transmission parts (gear or worm), shaft, bearing, box and its accessories. Its basic structure has three parts: 1．gear, shaft and bearing combination Pinion and shaft made of an organic whole, gear shaft, this structure is used in the gear shaft and the diameter of the diameter of the weather related, if the diameter of the shaft is d, the gear tooth root circle diameter for df, when df - d 6 ~ 7 mn or less, this structure should be adopted. And when df - d > 6 ~ 7 mn, separated with gear and shaft for the two parts of the structure, such as low speed shaft and large gear. The gear and shaft circumferential fixed flat linkage, shaft parts shaft shoulder, shaft sleeve and bearing cover is used as the axial fixation. Two shaft adopts the deep groove ball bearings. This combination, the less used to bear radial load and axial load. When the axial load is larger, should adopt angular contact ball bearing, taper roller bearing and deep groove ball bearing and thrust bearing of composite structures. Bearing is the use of the gear rotates splashing through the thin oil, lubrication. Box medium oil pool of the lubricating oil, the rotation gear splash splash into the lid on the inner wall of the inner flow box side groove to points, through the oil flow into the bearing. Nu when oiled gear circumferential speed 2 m/s, or less grease lubricated bearings should be adopted, in order to avoid possible wash it splashing through the thin oil lubricating grease, the oil retaining ring can be used to separate it. To prevent loss of lubricating oil and dust into the trunk, between bearing end cover and outrigger shaft equipped with sealing element. 2． body Enclosure is the important part in the reducer parts. It is the base of the transmission parts, should have sufficient strength and rigidity. Cabinet is usually made of grey cast iron, for overloading or cast steel casing impact load reducer can also be used. Monomer production reducer, in order to simplify the process, to reduce the cost, can use steel plate welded box. Gray cast iron has good casting and vibration reduction performance. To facilitate the shafting parts installation and disassembly, made along the axis line horizontal split-casing box body. On the box cover and the lower box body with a bolt connection into a whole. The connecting bolt of the bearing should be close to the bearing hole, and the bearing seat at the side of convex set, should have enough supporting material surface, in order to place the connecting bolt, and to ensure that the wrench to tighten bolts need to space. In order to ensure the body has enough stiffness, plus support rib near the bearing hole. In order to ensure the stability and reduce as much as possible on the basis of speed reducer in the mechanical processing of base plane of the area, the case base is generally not used the complete plane. 3． reducer fittings In order to guarantee the normal work of the speed reducer, in addition to combination of gear, shaft, bearing and the structure design of box body is to give enough attention, also should be considered as reducer oil lubricating oil pool, oil discharge, check the oil level height, processing, maintenance when assembling and disassembling of the box cover and the box of accurate positioning, loading auxiliary parts and components, such as reasonable selection and design. 1) inspection to check the meshing condition of transmission parts, and to infuse lubricating oil contents, should be set in the appropriate location of the box body inspection hole. Inspection hole is located in the top lid can be observed directly on the gear mesh part. Normally, inspection hole of cover plate on the box cover with screws. 2) the ventilator speed reducer is working, the casing temperature, gas expansion pressure, to make overall thermal air free to discharge, to maintain pressure balance inside and outside, not make the lubricating oil or shaft extension along the points box surface seal leakage cracks and other, usually on the top of the box body installed ventilator. 3) bearing cover for the fixed shaft parts of axial position and carry axial load, the bearing hole on both ends with bearing cover closed. Bearing bore of flange type and embedded two kinds. Use hex bolt fixed on the box body, bearing cover is overhang shaft hole, which is equipped with sealing device. Flange type bearing cover has the advantage of tear open outfit, easy to adjust the bearing, but compared with the embedded bearing cover, the number of parts is bigger, the size is bigger, appearance is not smooth. 4) positioning pin every time in order to ensure the container cover, remained bearing hole processing accuracy, should be in before finishing the bearing hole, in the box cover and the box seats on the connecting flange of the locating pin. Placed vertically on both sides of the enclosure on the connecting flange, symmetrical body should be symmetrical arrangement, in order to avoid mistake. 5) oil level indicator to check the oil in the oil pool reducer hight, often maintain oil pool with just the right amount of oil, usually in the box body is convenient for observation, the oil level is relatively stable, installing the oil level indicator. 6) oil drain plug oil change, dirty oil and cleaner emissions, should be in the box seat, at the bottom of the oil pool of the lowest opening oil drain hole location, usually with a screw oil drain plug, oil drain plug and body joint face between gasket shall be leak proof. 7) seal screw for strengthening qi box, usually during assembly on housing subdivision surface coated with sodium silicate or sealant, when remove often due to the cementation close is difficult to open. So often the appropriate placement of the box cover connecting flange, work out ~ 2 screw holes, screwing in enlightening the box with a cylindrical side or flat side box screws. Gyration rev box screws can will cover on top. Small reducer also don't have rev. Cases of screw, when the lid with a screwdriver to pry out of the box cover, and the box can be the same as the size of the screw to the connecting bolt at the flange. Main load Machine with reducer connection work load condition is more complex, has much effect on the speed reducer, is one of the important factors, selection and calculation speed reducer the load state of the work machine (motivation) is the load condition, usually divided into three categories: (1) - even load; (2) - medium impact load; (3) - strong impact load. Design program A, the original design information and data 1． the type of prime mover, specifications, speed, power (or torque), the startup characteristic, short-term overload capacity, the moment of inertia, etc. 2． the type of machine, specifications, use, speed, power (or torque). Working system: the constant load or changing load and variable load load diagram; Rev., braking and short-time overload torque, start frequency; Shock and vibration levels; Direction of rotation, etc. 3．the prime mover for machine and connection way of the reducer, shaft and if there is a radial force and axial force. 4．installation type (reducer and prime mover, the relative position of working machine, vertical and horizontal). 5．transmission ratio and its error is allowed. 6．the size and weight requirements. 7．to the degree of service life, safety and reliability requirements. 8．environmental temperature, dust concentration, air velocity and environmental conditions such as ph value; (if there is a circulating lubrication and cooling conditions, lubrication station) and the limitation on the vibration and noise. 9．to the requirements of operation and control. 10． the source of material, blank, standard parts and inventory. 11．factory manufacturing capabilities. 12．on volume, cost and price requirements. 13, the delivery date. The article in the first four is a prerequisite, other aspects according to conventional design, such as the design life is generally! "Years. Used for important occasions, reliability should be higher. Second, select the type of gear reducer and installation type Three, set at the beginning of each process methods and parameters Selected performance level, set at the beginning of the main parts of the gear and the material, heat treatment, finishing methods, lubrication, and lubrication oil. Fourth, determine the transmission series According to the total transmission ratio, to determine the transmission series and all levels of the transmission ratio. Five, the initial geometry parameters Early calculate gear transmission center distance (or pitch diameter), modulus and other geometric parameters. Six, the overall design scheme Determine the structure of the reducer, shaft size, span and the bearing model, etc. Seven, check Check the strength of the gear, shaft, key load, calculation of bearing life. Eight, lubrication cooling calculation To determine the speed reducer and accessory Ten, gear carburized depth is determined When necessary for tooth form and tooth to fix quantity calculation process data. Eleven, drawing construction drawing In the design should implement national and industry related standards. Using the classification 1． reducer in use can be divided into two categories, general reducer and special reducer, design, manufacture and use of the two characteristics of each are not identical. 70-80 - s of the 20th century, reducer technology has made great development in the world, and closely integrated with the development of new technology revolution. The main types: gear reducer; Worm gear reducer; Gear - worm reducer; Planetary gear reducer. 2．general reducer has a helical gear reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, worm gear reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, cycloid pin wheel reducer, the worm gear and worm reducer, planetary friction type mechanical stepless variable speed machine, and so on. 1) cylindrical gear reducer Single stage level 2, level 2, level 2 above. Decorate a form: expansion, shunt type, coaxial type. 2) cone gear reducer Used for the input shaft and output shaft position into the intersection. 3) worm gear reducer Is mainly used for transmission ratio > 10 occasions, I drive more compact structure. Its defect is low efficiency. Wide application of Archimedes worm gear reducer. 4) gear - worm reducer If gear drive level at high speed, the structure is compact; If worm transmission at high speed, high efficiency. 5) planetary gear reducer With a range of high transmission efficiency, transmission ratio, transmission power is 12 w ~ 50000 kw, small volume and weight 3．common types of reducer 1) the main characteristics of worm gear and worm reducer is a reverse self-locking function, can have a large reduction ratio, the input shaft and output shaft is not in the same axis, is not in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high. 2) harmonic reducer harmonic drive is to use the elastic deformation of flexible components controlled to transfer movement and power, small size, high precision, but the disadvantage is that soft wheel life is limited, don't impact resistance, rigidity compared with metal parts. Input speed cannot be too high. 3) planetary gear reducer, its advantage is more compact in structure, return clearance is small, high precision, long service life, rated output torque can do a lot of. But the price a little expensive. Reducer: in short, generally after the machine power in design and manufacture, the rated power will not change, at this time, the greater the speed, the smaller is the torque (or torque); Speed is smaller, the greater the torque. The transmission ratio distribution principle 1． to make the bearing capacity of transmission at all levels are equal; 2． make all levels of transmission gear oil immersion depth is roughly similar in; 3．minimize the reducer for the shape of the size or weight, etc Model selection As far as possible choose close to ideal reduction ratio: Reduction ratio = / servo motor speed reducer output shaft speed Torque calculation: For the life of the reducer, torque calculation is very important, and should pay attention to the maximum torque value of the acceleration (TP), which is super Maximum load torque of reducer. Apply power is usually the servo on market model for power, the applicability of the speed reducer is very high, can remain above 1.2 coefficient of work, but in use can also with their own needs to decide: There are two main points: A. choose servo motor output maximum diameter of axle diameter of axle is not greater than form. B. If the computed torque, rotational speed can meet the normal operation, but in the net output servo have insufficient phenomenon, we can in the motor drive, do current limit control, or on the mechanical shaft torque protection, it is very necessary. Installation method The correct installation, use and maintenance of the reducer, it is an important link in ensure the normal operation of machinery and equipment. When you install reducer, therefore, please be sure to use related matters in strict accordance with the following installation, assembly and use seriously. The first step is to install before confirm the motor and reducer are intact, and strict inspection of motor and reducer connected each part size matches, here is the positioning convex table of the machine, input shaft and gear reducer groove size and tolerance, etc. The second step is to unscrew the gear reducer dustproof holes on flange lateral screw, adjust the clamping ring dustproof holes and side holes to make it align with each other, and insert the socket head screw. After taking the motor shaft key. The third step is to connect the motor and the reducer nature. Connection must be to ensure the output gear reducer input shaft and motor shaft concentricity is consistent, and the outer flange is parallel. Such as concentricity is inconsistent, can lead to broken motor shaft or reducer gear wear and tear. Check the maintenance Different lubricant mixed ban each other. Oil level screw, oil drain plug and the location of the ventilator is determined by the installation position. Their relative position refer to the installation drawing to determine that speed reducer. One, the oil level check Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling! Remove the oil level screw check filled with oil. Install the oil level screw. Second, the check of oil Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling! Open the oil plug, pick up sample. Check the oil viscosity index - if oil significantly turbidity, it is recommended that the replacement as soon as possible. To bring oil level screw speed reducer - check the oil level, whether qualified - the installation of oil level screw 3．the oil replacement After cooling oil viscosity increases with difficulty, reducer should be under the running temperature oil change. Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooled down no burning danger! Note: when an oil change speed reducer should still keep warm. Under the oil drain screw one by oil pan. Open the oil level screw, ventilator and oil drain plug. All the oil out. Install drain plug. Injection with brand new oil. Oil shall conform to the installation location. Check the oil level in the oil level screw. Tighten the oil level screw and ventilator. Failure to solve Speed reducer leakage oil cause analysis and solution Analysis of the causes 1．the pressure inside the tank In closed reducer, each pair of gears meshing friction will emit heat, according to the Boyle trails by specific law, as the lengthen of running time, the deceleration box temperature gradually raised, and the reduction volume inside the case, so the pressure increase, in the case of lubricating oil splash, sprinkle on the inner wall of the deceleration box. Because the permeability of oil is strong, the overall pressure, which a seal is lax and the oil bleeding out from where. 2．the structure of the speed reducer design is not reasonable cause oil leakage Such as design of reducer without ventilation hood, pressure reducer can not be achieved, in the pressure more and more high, oil leakage occurs. 3．amount to much Reducer in the process of operation, oil pool was badly agitation, lubricating oil splash around in the machine, if the amount is overmuch, make a lot of the place such as lubricating oil accumulation in the shaft seal, joint surface and lead to leakage. 4．improper maintenance technology In equipment maintenance, due to the combined surface dirt removal is not complete, or sealant improper selection, seal, not timely replacement of seals, etc way can also cause oil leakage. Treatment scheme Governance using polymer composite materials to repair speed reducer leakage oil, polymer composite materials based on polymer, metal or ceramic powder, fiber and other materials for, under the action of curing agent, curing catalyst of composite materials. All kinds of material in performance from each other each other, to produce synergistic effect, the comprehensive performance is better than the original ingredients of composite materials. Have extremely strong sticky relay, mechanical properties, and chemical corrosion resistance and other performance, and therefore is widely used in metal equipment, mechanical wear, scratches, pits, cracks, leakage, repair such as casting sand holes, and chemistry of chemical storage tank, reaction tank, pipe anti-corrosion protection and restoration. For reducer static seal leakage point can use the ka wah polymer composite materials and technology field leakage of governance, without disassembly, polymer composite materials in the leakage of external governance, save time and effort, the effect is immediate, the product has excellent adhesion, oil resistance, and 350% of the tensile strength, overcome the impact of reducer vibration, well solved for many years for the enterprise is unable to solve the problem. If reducer running in static seal leak, the oil level of emergency repairing adhesive available surface engineering technologies NianDu, so as to achieve the aim of eliminate oil leakage. Development trend 1．high level and high performance. Widely used cylindrical gear carburizing and quenching, grinding, carrying capacity increased by more than 4 times, small volume, light weight, low noise, high efficiency and high reliability. 2．modular combination design. Basic parameters using priority number, size, parts versatility and interchangeability, series of easy to expand and newer, conducive to tissue mass production and reduce cost. 3．style diversification, variant design. To get rid of the traditional single base installation, added a hollow shaft mounted, floating bearing base, motor and reducer one-piece, different types, such as multiple mounting surface for expanding the