機(jī)電外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯--車內(nèi)空氣污染研究綜述【中文5860字】【中英文WORD】,中文5860字,中英文WORD,機(jī)電,外文,文獻(xiàn),翻譯,空氣污染,研究,綜述,中文,5860,中英文,WORD 譯文標(biāo)題 車內(nèi)空氣污染研究綜述 原文標(biāo)題 Study Summary of Pollutants Inside Vehicles 作 者 William P. Hastings 譯 名 威廉姆.哈斯汀 國 籍 美國 原文出處 United States Patent 摘要：汽車在現(xiàn)代社會中扮演著重要的角色,同時,車內(nèi)污染也可能是現(xiàn)代社會中人體健康的最主要的威脅之一。世界各國對汽車內(nèi)的污染開展了不少研究,研究結(jié)論表明:汽車行駛在尾氣排放“隧道”的中央,車內(nèi)的人受害最重,加之汽車內(nèi)置材料可能釋放出的有害氣體,內(nèi)外夾擊的車內(nèi)污染會給人體健康帶來嚴(yán)重威脅。污染物包括可吸入顆粒物、霉菌、種類繁多的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。污染與汽車的型號、使用年限、燃料、交通擁擠狀況、天氣和海拔高度等諸多因素有關(guān)。為了減少污染帶來的危害,一些健康駕駛的建議被提出 關(guān)鍵詞：汽車內(nèi)部 空氣污染 健康駕駛 1各國對于空氣污染研究的投入 參加車內(nèi)污染研究的部門,從科研機(jī)構(gòu)、大學(xué),到政府環(huán)保、衛(wèi)生健康機(jī)構(gòu);被考察的車輛從私人轎車、公共交通車、到學(xué)校專用車、交通警車;被考察的人群從路旁行人、騎自行車的人,到駕駛員、乘客,以及特殊人群如兒童、終日在汽車上工作的人員;開展研究的地區(qū)從美國英國、到澳大利亞、新西蘭以及亞洲國家。 由于此項(xiàng)研究直接關(guān)系到廣大人群的健康和生活質(zhì)量,研究成果除了見諸于學(xué)術(shù)期刊、政府機(jī)構(gòu)報(bào)告,也在因特網(wǎng)上廣為傳播。例如:愛爾蘭的汽車網(wǎng)站http :PPi rishcar. comPICCstuffPICCsitePenvirPfordmondeoad. htm , 加拿大網(wǎng)站www. hc2sc. gc. caPhecs - sescPt sriP researchPtsri 551htm ,美國環(huán)保局室內(nèi)空氣網(wǎng)站http :PPwww. epa. govPiaq ,美國加州環(huán)保局網(wǎng)站http :PPwww. calepa. ca. govP,美國生產(chǎn)催化轉(zhuǎn)化器的Corning 公司網(wǎng)站http :PPwww. corning. comPEnvironmentalTechnologiesP,綠色和平組織網(wǎng)站www.fish. comP～ jymPgreenpeacePpollution2inside2cars. html ,清潔駕駛橫跨德克薩斯州網(wǎng)站http :PPwww. drive2cleanacrosstexas. org ,澳大利亞政府的環(huán)境與遺產(chǎn)部網(wǎng)站http :PPwww. deh. gov. auPi ndex. html ,美國聯(lián)邦公路局的網(wǎng)站http :PPwww. fhwa. dot . govPenvironmentPaqfactbkPfacttoc. htm。http :PPwww. breathingsafely.comPnozonePj sp 網(wǎng)站把家庭污染、學(xué)校污染、工作場所污染和車內(nèi)污染單獨(dú)列項(xiàng),作為室內(nèi)污染的內(nèi)容。香港網(wǎng)站http :PPwww. cleartheair. org. hk 在介紹汽車內(nèi)污染時調(diào)侃,由于車內(nèi)污染更為嚴(yán)重,在車 內(nèi)不要忘記帶防毒面具! 在澳大利亞,除了研究機(jī)構(gòu)的參與,還有社會上個人的參入,例如在阿德萊德、悉尼、摩爾本、佩思有50 名志愿者參加苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(BETX) 污染的研究。另有200 名參加者攜帶小型檢測儀器進(jìn)行夏天和冬天各5 天的監(jiān)測。2001 年澳大利亞的研究機(jī)構(gòu)CRISO ,發(fā)表了他們兩年的研究結(jié)果,國產(chǎn)的新車的可揮發(fā)有機(jī)物濃度嚴(yán)重超標(biāo),新車使用者出現(xiàn)各種病狀。 由于巡警每天駕車時間長達(dá)9 h ,2001 年由美國環(huán)保局、北卡羅萊那州高速公路巡警隊(duì)、教堂山市北卡羅萊那大學(xué)共同開展一個合作項(xiàng)目,在12條高速公路上日常執(zhí)勤的巡邏隊(duì)進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)為期6周的污染物暴露情況的研究,并對其健康后果進(jìn)行評估?？蒲腥藛T還對12 名正常執(zhí)勤的巡警進(jìn)行監(jiān)測,以確定他們在執(zhí)勤前、執(zhí)勤過程中、及完成執(zhí)勤任務(wù)后的心、肺功能及其他指標(biāo)。 在美國環(huán)保局和汽車工業(yè)的資助下,馬薩諸塞州波士頓市的健康影響因素研究所在新澤西州、德克薩斯州、加利福尼亞州各地的城市進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)包括對17 種羰基化合物在汽車內(nèi)濃度分析的研究監(jiān)測。 2001 年在《柴油燃料新聞》雜志上發(fā)表了“兒童乘坐柴油和天然氣燃料車時中毒的研究”的文章。加州空氣資源署花費(fèi)50 萬美元,研究孩子們在等車、乘坐校車時受到的污染。研究結(jié)果用于作為未來制定關(guān)于兒童的空氣質(zhì)量法規(guī)的依據(jù)。 在2001年度日本室內(nèi)環(huán)境研討會上,吉田俊明報(bào)告了對一種日產(chǎn)的新車污染的檢測結(jié)果。 2003 年加拿大Carleton 大學(xué)的Karman 研究了街道角落、汽車內(nèi)部、停車庫頂部的微環(huán)境污染。兩個公交車和兩個義務(wù)小轎車被使用,在2 月和7月里,雇傭研究生和助教采樣,然后在實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行分析。 2003 年香港大學(xué)Chan 報(bào)道了對于3 種通風(fēng)模式、4 種不同路況下的一氧化碳、氮氧化物的車內(nèi)和車外濃度的關(guān)系,使用了一輛輕型貨車,開展了為時5 個月行駛80 次的監(jiān)測分析。 2003 年美國加州大學(xué)的Marion 在《暴露分析和流行病學(xué)雜志》上發(fā)表汽車內(nèi)可揮發(fā)有機(jī)物的最新研究結(jié)果。 2003 年國內(nèi)首例車內(nèi)環(huán)境污染案件在法院審理。深圳市計(jì)量質(zhì)量檢測研究院的檢測顯示,新車甲醛超標(biāo)嚴(yán)重,可達(dá)10 倍以上。中科國環(huán)環(huán)境技術(shù)研究中心廣州分中心對2 000 輛車進(jìn)行檢測, 9215 %的車輛都存在空氣質(zhì)量問題。北京聯(lián)合大學(xué)應(yīng)用文理學(xué)院室內(nèi)環(huán)境檢測中心在通過計(jì)量認(rèn)證,取得CMA 標(biāo)志后,隨即開始了汽車污染的有關(guān)的研究。 2004 年2 月北京勞動保護(hù)研究所室內(nèi)環(huán)境檢測中心,對52 輛新車和54 輛舊車的甲醛、苯系物和其他可揮發(fā)有機(jī)物進(jìn)行了檢測。汽車內(nèi)空氣污染嚴(yán)重,檢測的106 輛車中,甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯都不超標(biāo)的車輛僅有30 輛,超標(biāo)的車輛占72 %。 2研究的結(jié)論： 2.1車內(nèi)的人承受著更大的污染 在1983 年Tonkelaar 就指出,無論在城鎮(zhèn)或高速路上,汽車內(nèi)污染是離公路50～100 m 處污染的18 倍。1989 年Hickman 在研究人暴露在一氧化碳和氮氧化物環(huán)境中的文章里指出,來自英、歐、美的資料都顯示,駕駛員和乘客受到比騎自行車和行人高10 倍的污染。1991 年Chan 的研究表明,一氧化碳和氮氧化 物值超出了世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦安全值上限。一氧化碳值甚至超過了車外環(huán)境值的8 倍。1998 年加州環(huán)保局報(bào)告,洛杉磯地區(qū)車內(nèi)可吸入顆粒物為218～3616μgPm3 ,公交車內(nèi)濃度比固定監(jiān)測站報(bào)道值高3～5 倍。1997 年英國ETA 的綜述中指出,使用公路的人員都暴露在比城市本底空氣污染更高的水平上。和一般的看法相左,對比行人、騎自行車的人甚至乘坐公共交通車的人,小轎車駕駛員和乘車者會接觸更嚴(yán)重的污染。 2.2污染的種類 車內(nèi)污染包括可吸入顆粒物、數(shù)目繁多的有害氣體和霉菌等,它們來源于新的儀表盤、密封膠、地毯、泡沫軟墊、人造皮革等,材料老化或在加熱時也會有氣體釋出;除臭劑、清潔劑等也可能造成污染;此外還有燃料的泄漏和來自引擎排放的氣體和顆粒物。 美國聯(lián)邦公路局的網(wǎng)站報(bào)道了來自引擎噴發(fā)和燃料揮發(fā)兩種途徑的污染。汽車在行程1211 km測試過程中,汽車?yán)鋯赢a(chǎn)生413 g 可揮發(fā)有機(jī)物(VOC) , 行駛中尾氣排放613 gVOC ,在行駛過程和冷卻時候,由于燃料揮發(fā)逸出,還有213 gVOC 釋放出來。1995 年新澤西州的專題研討會上,科學(xué)儀器公司報(bào)告在一輛全新的林肯Continental 車內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了100 多種揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物,其中包括十二烷、苯乙 烯、苯酚等。兩個月后,濃度雖然大幅度下降,但還是不難檢測到。 澳大利亞和新西蘭環(huán)境保護(hù)會議(ANZECC) 認(rèn)為汽車污染化合物品種太多,選擇了28 種化合物作為優(yōu)先考慮的監(jiān)測化合物,見表2?？倱]發(fā)有機(jī)物為一大類化合物,其中包括丙烯醛、丙烯腈、苯、甲乙酮、苯乙烯、四氯乙烷、三氯乙烷、甲苯、二甲苯、甲苯基二異氰酸酯等等。 2.3關(guān)于一氧化碳和二氧化碳 一氧化碳是燃料不完全燃燒造成的,如前所述,很多研究報(bào)道了一氧化碳的嚴(yán)重超標(biāo)。2004 年檢測數(shù)據(jù)顯示,北京內(nèi)城街道路口的TVOV 超標(biāo)不嚴(yán)重,但是一氧化碳平均濃度超標(biāo)一般可達(dá)2～3倍,最高可達(dá)7 倍。戴的文章還指出,由于呼吸造成的二氧化碳的累計(jì)不可忽視。關(guān)閉的汽車內(nèi)部數(shù)分鐘后,二氧化碳就超過了011 %的限量值。人數(shù)越多,二氧化碳濃度上升的速率越快。幾十分鐘后二氧化碳甚至 超標(biāo)數(shù)十倍。一個坐著工作的人,每小時可呼出18 L二氧化碳, 轎車內(nèi)部體積通常約為2 000 ～3 000 L。汽車處于長時間的封閉狀態(tài),二氧化碳嚴(yán)重超標(biāo),造成駕駛員的神志恍惚,增大發(fā)生交通事故的可能性。在較低溫度下,人對于污濁空氣的敏 感度降低,車內(nèi)冷風(fēng)開啟時,有害氣體的超標(biāo)問題,更容易被忽視。 2.4關(guān)于可吸入顆粒物 對于直徑在10μm 以下的顆粒污染物質(zhì),1997年在加利福尼亞進(jìn)行的研究中,測得的濃度在2～110μgPm3 之間,低于美國環(huán)保局150μgPm3 的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是由技術(shù)評估國際中心于1995 年在阿姆斯特丹進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究中, 測得的濃度水平卻高達(dá)194μgPm3 。1998 年加州環(huán)保局報(bào)告汽車內(nèi)可吸入顆粒物濃度為218～3616μgPm3 ,靠近公路的濃度為017～715μgPm3 ;學(xué)校中濃度為019～515gPm3 。 2.5溫度和污染物的關(guān)系 車內(nèi)污染物濃度隨溫度升高而急劇增加,原因主要是車內(nèi)材料有害氣體的釋放隨溫度而增加。2004 年Marion 報(bào)告,從26 ℃上升到63 ℃時,TVOC濃度至少增加5 倍。2004 年戴的研究顯示溫度增加10 ℃,污染物濃度近乎上升1 倍。溫度很高時,即使是使用多年的車輛中,有害氣體的濃度也很高。 3健康駕駛的建議： 人們針對汽車的污染,提出了不少減少污染的建議,例如: ●對于購買新車的人,除了通常的性能考慮外,對于出廠汽車的環(huán)保指標(biāo)不可掉以輕心。 ●自己進(jìn)行汽車的后裝飾時,注意選擇無污染材料。 ●新車或新裝飾后的汽車,特別是在頭半年內(nèi)要注意通風(fēng)換氣,盡快使車內(nèi)可揮發(fā)氣體釋放干凈。必要時,到檢測部門進(jìn)行檢查。 ●合理地減少空調(diào)的使用,在開啟空調(diào)和暖風(fēng)時,使用車內(nèi)外空氣交流模式。盡量避免長時間使用車內(nèi)自循環(huán)模式。 ●不在車內(nèi)吸煙,如果吸煙了,要保證通風(fēng)良好。 ●在車身冷的時候灌滿油箱,以減少揮發(fā)。不要超量灌油,擰緊油箱蓋,避免油的泄漏。 ●車輪調(diào)整平行,保持輪胎充氣壓力合適。定期更換空氣過濾器和清理油路,修補(bǔ)車子的漏洞。 ●盡可能地平緩變速, 快速加速和急促停車導(dǎo)致耗油多出39 % ,節(jié)約時間僅為4 % ,應(yīng)當(dāng)避免野蠻駕駛。 ●在開一輛車時盡量多辦幾件事。合伙駕車,例如兩人駕車節(jié)約燃料30 % ,減少污染50 % 。不需要時,移走車頂行李架,拿出不必要的東西,以減少車的負(fù)載。 ●盡量使用公共交通、自行車或步行。少駕車,特別是在交通高峰時期和熱天里。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1 ] 　Tonkelaar D W. Exposure of Car Passengers to CO , NO , NO2 , Benzene , Toluene and Lead[R] . Netherlands : TNO Research Insti2 tute for Environmental Hygiene , Delft , 1983. [2 ] 　Dropkin D. Sampling of automobile interiors for organic emissions[R] . [ s. l. ] : U S Environmental Protection Agency , 1985. 58 北京聯(lián)合大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版) 2004年6月 [3 ] 　Witz S , Wood J , WadleyM. Toxic metal and hydrocarbon concentrations in automobile interiors during freeway transit [ Z] . Paper pre2 sented at the American Chemical Society National Meeting in Anaheim , CA ,1986. [4 ] 　Akland G, Ott W. Human exposure assessment : background concepts , purpose and overview of the Washington , DC2Denver , CO field studies[ Z] . The 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association , [ s. l. ] ,1987. [5 ] 　Chan C C , Ozkaynak H , Spengler J D , et al . Driver exposure to volatile organic compounds , ozone , carbon monoxide , and nitrogen dioxide under different driving conditions[J ] . Environmental Science and Technology ,1991 ,25 (5) :964 - 972. [6 ] 　Hickman A J . Personal Exposures to Carbon Monoxides and Oxides of Nitrogen , Research Report 206[R] . Berkshire : Transport and Road Research Laboratory ,1989. [7 ] 　Shikiya D C , Liu C S , Kahn M I , et al . In2vehicle air toxics characterization study in the south coast air basin[R] . El Monte , CA: South Coast Air Quality Management District , 1989. [8 ] 　Chan C C , Spengler J D , Ozkaynak H. Commuter exposures to VOCs in Boston , Massachusetts[J ] . J Air Waste Manage Assoc , 1991a , (41) : 1594 - 1600. [9 ] 　Chan C C , Ozkaynak H , Spengler J D , et al . Driver exposure to volatile organic compounds , CO , ozone , and NO2 under different driving conditions[J ] . Environ Sci Technol , 1991b , (25) : 964 - 972. [10 ] 　Wilson A. Air toxics micro - environment exposure and monitoring study[ R] . El Monte , CA: South Coast Air Quality Management District , 1991. [11 ] 　Weisel C P , Lawryk N J , Lioy P J . Exposure to emissions from gasoline within automobile cabins[J ] . J Expos Anal Environ Epide2 miol , 1992 , 2 (1) : 79 - 96. [12 ] 　Lawryk NJ , Lioy P J , Weisel C P. Exposure to volatile organic compounds in the passenger compartment of automobiles during peri2 ods of normal and malfunctioning operation[J ] . J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol , 1995 , 5 (4) : 511 - 531. [13 ] 　Jo W K, Choi SJ . Vehicle occupant’s exposure to aromatic volatile organic compounds while commuting in an urban2suburban route in Korea[J ] . J Air Waste Manage Assoc , 1996 , (46) : 749 - 754. [14 ] 　California Environmental Protection Agency. Measuring concentrations of selected air pollutants inside California vehicles[ R] . Cali2 fornia :California EPA , 1998b. [15 ] 　Jo W K, Park K H. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in the passenger side and the back seat [J ] . J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol , 1999 ,9 (3) :217 - 227. [16 ] 　Batterman S A , Braun J , Peng C , et al . Exposure to urban air toxics during commuting : a field study in the motor city[C] . Air & Waste Management Association 93rd Annual Meeting , Salt Lake City , 2000. [17 ] 　Assessment and standards division office of transportation and air quality US Environmental Protection Agency[A] . In :Control of Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Fuels[R] . [ s. l. ] :EPA , 2000. [18 ] 　Rodes C , Sheldon L , Whitaker D , et al . Measuring Concentrations of Selected Air Pollutants Inside California Vehicles[J ] . Journal of the Air and Waste Managem ent Association , 2001 , (51) : 809 - 847. [19 ] 　Marion J F , Brent D K. Measurement of volatile organic compounds inside automobiles[J ] . Journal of Exposure Analysis and Envir2 onmental Epidemiology , 2003 ,13 (1) :31 - 34. [20 ] 　Chan A T, Michael WC. Indoor2outdoor air quality relationships in vehicle : effect of driving environment and ventilation modes[L ] . Atmospheric Environmen , 2003 , (37) : 3795 - 3808. 8 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評 語 外文翻譯成績： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對譯文進(jìn)行評閱時應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面：①翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；②翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價值。 2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。 譯文標(biāo)題 車內(nèi)空氣污染研究綜述 原文標(biāo)題 Study Summary of Pollutants Inside Vehicles 作 者 William P. Hastings 譯 名 威廉姆.哈斯汀 國 籍 美國 原文出處 United States Patent FOUR-WHEEL ALIGNMENT SYSTEM Abstract: Automobile plays an important role in the modern society. Meanwhile, it is also one of the most serious threats to human health in modern society. The world of pollution in the car to carry out a lot of research, the conclusion of the study showed that vehicle emissions in the "tunnel" central, car people suffer the most harmful gas, combined with the automobile built material may be released from the inside and outside attack car pollution to human health caused a serious threat. Contaminants include inhalable particles, molds, and a wide variety of chemicals. Pollution is related to many factors such as the type of vehicle, service life, fuel, traffic congestion, weather and altitude. In order to reduce the harm caused by pollution, some suggestions for healthy driving are put forward Keywords: Automotive interior Air pollution Healthy driving 1 Investment in air pollution research by country In pollution of the car sector, from the scientific research institutions, universities, government, environmental health institutions; inspected vehicle school from the private car, public transport vehicles, special vehicles, traffic police to be investigated; people from the roadside pedestrians and cyclists, to drivers, passengers, and special people such as children, all work in the car on the staff; to carry out the study area from the United States, Britain, New Zealand and Australia to Asian countries. Since the study is directly related to people's health and quality of life, the research not only reflected in the report of academic journals, government agencies, also on the Internet spread. For example: Ireland website http: PPi rishcar. comPICCstuffPICCsitePenvirPfordmondeoad. auto HTM, Canada www. hc2sc. gc. caPhecs website - sescPt sriP researchPtsri 551htm, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency website: PPwww. epa. HTTP indoor air govPiaq, California Environmental Protection Bureau website: http PPwww. calepa. ca. govP, the production of catalytic converter: PPwww. corning. http Corning company website comPEnvironmentalTechnologiesP, green Greenpeace website www.fish. ~ jymPgreenpeacePpollution2inside2cars. HTML comP, clean driving across Texas website: http PPwww. drive2cleanacrosstexas. org, the Australian Government Department of the environment and heritage site: http PPwww. deh. Gov. auPi ndex. HTML, the Federal Highway Administration website: http PPwww. fhwa. dot govPenvironmentPaqfactbkPfacttoc. HTM. Http: PPwww. breathingsafely.comPnozonePj SP website, the school family pollution pollution, workplace pollution and pollution in the car as a separate item, the content of indoor pollution. Hongkong website http: PPwww. cleartheair. org. HK in the introduction of the car when the pollution ridicule, due to the more serious pollution in the car 附錄： Don't forget to wear a gas mask! In Australia, in addition to research institutions and social participation, personal participation, for example, in Adelaide, Sydney, Melbourne, Perth 50 volunteers participated in benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BETX) pollution research. Another 200 participants with a small test equipment for the summer and winter of each of the 5 days of monitoring. In 2001 Australia CRISO research institutions, published their findings for two years, the domestic car VOCs concentration seriously exceed the standard, new users appear all sorts of symptoms. The patrol every day driving time of up to 9 h in 2001 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, North Carolina highway patrol, Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University jointly launched a cooperation project, study on 12 highway patrol on duty daily for a period of 6 weeks of pollutant exposure, and evaluate the health consequences. The researchers also monitored 12 normal duty patrol officers to determine their heart, lung function and other indicators before duty, on duty, and on duty. In the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry under the support of city Factors Research Institute in New Jersey and Texas, California, Boston City, around the health effects of Massachusetts conducted a concentration of 17 carbonyl compounds in the car analysis monitoring. In 2001, in the Journal of diesel fuel news, the article published a study on the poisoning of children in diesel and gas fuel vehicles. The California air resources department spent $500 thousand to study the pollution of children waiting for buses and school buses. The results are used as a basis for future development of air quality regulations for children. At the 2001 annual indoor environment conference in Japan, Yoshida Jung reported the results of a test of a new Nissan car. In 2003 Carleton of the University of Karman in Canada studied the environmental pollution of the corner of the street, the interior of the car, and the top of the garage. Two buses and two voluntary cars were used in February and in the year of July, and graduate students and assistants were sampled and analyzed in the laboratory. University of Hong Kong in 2003 Chan reported for the relationship between the 3 kinds of ventilation mode, 4 different conditions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides concentration inside and outside of the car, using a van, to carry out monitoring and analysis of 80 driving for 5 months. In 2003, Marion of the University of California in the United States published the latest research results of volatile organic compounds in the Journal of exposure analysis and epidemiology. 2003 the first case of domestic environmental pollution cases in court. Shenzhen Institute of Metrology and quality testing show that the new car formaldehyde serious, up to 10 times. Central Branch of the National Center for environmental technology research center Guangzhou branch of the 2000 vehicles were detected, 9215% of the vehicles are air quality problems. College of Applied Arts and Sciences of Beijing Union University in the indoor environment test center through the measurement certification, CMA mark, then began to research about automobile pollution. In February 2004, the indoor environment testing center of Beijing Labor Protection Research Institute, the formaldehyde, benzene and other volatile organic compounds of 52 new cars and 54 old cars were tested. Serious air pollution in the car, the detection of 106 cars, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene and xylene are not exceeding the vehicle is only 30, exceeding the vehicle accounted for 72%. 2 Research conclusions： 2.1 People in the car are under greater pollution In 1983, Tonkelaar pointed out that, regardless of the city or the highway, the car is 50 times the pollution from the highway to 100 m pollution of 18 times. In 1989 Hickman of people exposed to carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in the environment in the article pointed out that from the British, European and American data show that the driver and passengers is 10 times higher than the bike and pedestrian pollution. 1991 Chan study showed that carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxidation The value of the material exceeds the WHO recommended safety limit. Carbon monoxide value even more than 8 times the value of the outside environment. 1998 California Environmental Protection Agency reported that the Losangeles area of respirable particulate matter in the car for 218 ~ 3616 gPm3, the concentration of the bus than the fixed station reported a high value of 3 to 5 times. In a 1997 review of the British ETA, the use of roads was exposed to higher levels of air pollution than urban background. And the general view at odds, comparison of pedestrians and cyclists to take public transportation or people, car drivers and passengers can contact more pollution. 2.2 Types of pollution Car pollution including PM10, the number of the harmful gases and mould, which comes from the new dashboard, sealants, foam cushion, carpet, artificial leather, material aging or in heating gas will be released; deodorant, cleaning agents may cause pollution; in addition to fuel the leak and from the gas engine emissions and particulate matter. The Federal Highway Administration's website reports two ways of pollution from engine eruptions and fuel evaporation. The car in the travel of 1211 km during the test, the car cold start to produce 413 g volatile organic compounds (VOC), vehicle emissions of 613 gVOC, in the process of moving and cooling time, since the fuel volatilizes, and 213 gVOC released. At the 1995 New Jersey symposium, Scientific Instruments Inc reported the discovery of more than 100 volatile organic compounds in a new Lincoln Continental, including the presence of twelve Alkenes, phenols, etc.. Two months later, although the concentration decreased significantly, but it is not difficult to detect. The Australian and New Zealand Conference on environmental protection (ANZECC) believes that there are too many varieties of automotive pollutants, and 28 compounds have been selected as the priority monitoring compounds, as shown in table 2. The total volatile organic compounds for a large class of compounds, including acrolein, acrylonitrile, benzene, styrene, methyl ethyl ketone, four chlorine ethane, three chlorine ethane, toluene, xylene, toluene diisocyanate based etc.. 2.3 About carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide is caused by incomplete combustion of fuel. As mentioned earlier, many studies have reported that carbon monoxide is seriously overweight. The 2004 test data show that Beijing city street TVOV exceed the standard is not serious, but the average concentration of carbon monoxide exceed the standard can reach 2 to 3 times, up to 7 times. Dai's article also pointed out that the accumulation of carbon dioxide due to breathing can not be ignored. Within minutes of closing the car, carbon dioxide exceeded the limit of 011 per cent. The greater the number, the faster the rate of carbon dioxide concentration rises. A few minutes later carbon dioxide Exceeded dozens times. A person sitting in the work, 18 L of carbon dioxide per hour can be exhaled, the car interior volume is usually about 2000 to 3000 L. The car is in the closed state for a long time, causing the driver of carbon dioxide seriously exceed the standard, trance, increasing the possibility of traffic accident. At low temperature, the air sensitive Sense of reduction, when the cold air in the car open, the problem of excessive harmful gases, easier to be ignored. 2.4 About inhalable particulate matter For particles with a diameter of less than 10 m, the concentration measured in California in 1997 was between 2 and 110 gPm3, which was lower than the standard of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) at 150 gPm3. But in a study conducted by the International Center for technology assessment in Amsterdam in 1995, the measured concentration was as high as 194 gPm3. 1998 California Environmental Protection Bureau reported that the concentration of respirable particulate matter in the car is 218 ~ 3616 gPm3, close to the highway concentration of 017 ~ 715 gPm3; school concentration of 019 ~ 515gPm3. 2.5 Relationship between temperature and pollutants The concentration of pollutants increased sharply with the increase of temperature. The main reason is that the release of harmful gases in the vehicle increases with the increase of temperature. 2004 Marion report, from 26 to DEG C, the concentration of TVOC increased by at least 5 times. In 2004, the study showed that the temperature increased by 10 degrees C, the concentration of pollutants increased nearly 1 times. When the temperature is high, even if the vehicle used for many years, the concentration of harmful gases is also high. 3 Recommendations for healthy driving People put forward many suggestions to reduce pollution, such as automobile pollution: - for the purchase of a new car, in addition to the usual performance considerations, for the environmental protection index of the factory car can not be let down. - their car after decoration, attention to the selection of non polluting materials. - a new car or a new car after decoration, especially in the first half of this year should pay attention to ventilation, as soon as possible so that the car can be volatile gas release clean. If necessary, check the inspection department. To reasonably reduce the use of air conditioning, in the open air and the warm air, the use of car air inside and outside communication mode. Try to avoid the long time use of the car from the cycle mode. - no smoking in the car, if smoking, to ensure good ventilation. - when the body cold tank, to reduce volatilization. Don't pour excess oil, tighten the fuel tank cap, to avoid oil leakage. The parallel wheel adjustment, maintain proper tire pressure. Regularly replace the air filter and clean up the oil circuit to repair the car's vulnerability. - as far as possible slows speed, fast acceleration and shortness of parking resulting in fuel consumption over 39%, saving time is only 4%, should avoid aggressive driving. When driving a car to do a few things. Partnership driving, such as two people driving to save fuel by 30%, reduce pollution by 50%. Do not need to remove the roof rack, take out unnecessary things to reduce the load of the car. - try to use public transport, bicycle or walking. Drive less, especially in the rush hour traffic and hot weather. US Patent References: [1 ] 　Tonkelaar D W. Exposure of Car Passengers to CO , NO , NO2 , Benzene , Toluene and Lead[R] . Netherlands : TNO Research Insti2 tute for Environmental Hygiene , Delft , 1983. [2 ] 　Dropkin D. Sampling of automobile interiors for organic emissions[R] . [ s. l. ] : U S Environmental Protection Agency , 1985. 58 北京聯(lián)合大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版) 2004年6月 [3 ] 　Witz S , Wood J , WadleyM. Toxic metal and hydrocarbon concentrations in automobile interiors during freeway transit [ Z] . Paper pre2 sented at the American Chemical Society National Meeting in Anaheim , CA ,1986. [4 ] 　Akland G, Ott W. Human exposure assessment : background concepts , purpose and overview of the Washington , DC2Denver , CO field studies[ Z] . The 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association , [ s. l. ] ,1987. [5 ] 　Chan C C , Ozkaynak H , Spengler J D , et al . Driver exposure to volatile organic compounds , ozone , carbon monoxide , and nitrogen dioxide under different driving conditions[J ] . Environmental Science and Technology ,1991 ,25 (5) :964 - 972. [6 ] 　Hickman A J . Personal Exposures to Carbon Monoxides and Oxides of Nitrogen , Research Report 206[R] . Berkshire : Transport and Road Research Laboratory ,1989. [7 ] 　Shikiya D C , Liu C S , Kahn M I , et al . In2vehicle air toxics characterization study in the south coast air basin[R] . El Monte , CA: South Coast Air Quality Management District , 1989. [8 ] 　Chan C C , Spengler J D , Ozkaynak H. Commuter exposures to VOCs in Boston , Massachusetts[J ] . J Air Waste Manage Assoc , 1991a , (41) : 1594 - 1600. [9 ] 　Chan C C , Ozkaynak H , Spengler J D , et al . Driver exposure to volatile organic compounds , CO , ozone , and NO2 under different driving conditions[J ] . Environ Sci Technol , 1991b , (25) : 964 - 972. [10 ] 　Wilson A. Air toxics micro - environment exposure and monitoring study[ R] . El Monte , CA: South Coast Air Quality Management District , 1991. [11 ] 　Weisel C P , Lawryk N J , Lioy P J . Exposure to emissions from gasoline within automobile cabins[J ] . J Expos Anal Environ Epide2 miol , 1992 , 2 (1) : 79 - 96. [12 ] 　Lawryk NJ , Lioy P J , Weisel C P. Exposure to volatile organic compounds in the passenger compartment of automobiles during peri2 ods of normal and malfunctioning operation[J ] . J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol , 1995 , 5 (4) : 511 - 531. [13 ] 　Jo W K, Choi SJ . Vehicle occupant’s exposure to aromatic volatile organic compounds while commuting in an urban2suburban route in Korea[J ] . J Air Waste Manage Assoc , 1996 , (46) : 749 - 754. [14 ] 　California Environmental Protection Agency. Measuring concentrations of selected air pollutants inside California vehicles[ R] . Cali2 fornia :California EPA , 1998b. [15 ] 　Jo W K, Park K H. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in the passenger side and the back seat [J ] . J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol , 1999 ,9 (3) :217 - 227. [16 ] 　Batterman S A , Braun J , Peng C , et al . Exposure to urban air toxics during commuting : a field study in the motor city[C] . Air & Waste Management Association 93rd Annual Meeting , Salt Lake City , 2000. [17 ] 　Assessment and standards division office of transportation and air quality US Environmental Protection Agency[A] . In :Control of Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Fuels[R] . [ s. l. ] :EPA , 2000. [18 ] 　Rodes C , Sheldon L , Whitaker D , et al . Measuring Concentrations of Selected Air Pollutants Inside California Vehicles[J ] . Journal of the Air and Waste Managem ent Association , 2001 , (51) : 809 - 847. [19 ] 　Marion J F , Brent D K. Measurement of volatile organic compounds inside automobiles[J ] . Journal of Exposure Analysis and Envir2 onmental Epidemiology , 2003 ,13 (1) :31 - 34. [20 ] 　Chan A T, Michael WC. Indoor2outdoor air quality relationships in vehicle : effect of driving environment and ventilation modes[L ] . Atmospheric Environmen , 2003 , (37) : 3795 - 3808. 9 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評 語 外文翻譯成績： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對譯文進(jìn)行評閱時應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面：①翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；②翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價值。 2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。