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1、,,,,,,,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,,第二級,,第三級,,第四級,,第五級,,,*,argumentation,writing,*,,議論文寫作方法,提出議題，辨明自己的態(tài)度，觀點(diǎn)鮮明，開門見山。,,提出正反兩方面的觀點(diǎn)，形成對照的對比法。,,列出錯(cuò)誤的觀點(diǎn)，逐條批駁的駁論法。,,用推理法、歸納法得出結(jié)論。,,,,*,,寫作類型及寫作模板,現(xiàn)象闡釋型,問題解決型,對比選擇型,觀點(diǎn)論證型,利弊評述型,*,,,I.,觀點(diǎn)論證型,要求根據(jù)題目所給的論點(diǎn)，按照題目要求通過擺事實(shí)、講道理的方式對該論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證或反駁。,,,基本結(jié)構(gòu)：,,1. 提出要論證或反駁的論點(diǎn)；,,2

2、. 提出論據(jù)對其進(jìn)行論證或反駁；,,,3. 表明自己的立場和看法。,,*,,觀點(diǎn)論證型,,,2015年6月六級,真題,,題目,1,：,,write an essay commenting on the saying,“Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.”,You can cite one example or two to illustrate your point of view.,,題目,2,：,",I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious,

3、.",*,,,第一段,：引出論題,用核心詞引入+帶出引言+引言的目的,,,In this constantly changing world, how to,put the knowledge acquired every day into reality,has intrigued numerous people.,As a proverb goes,, “ Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.” Apparently, this saying,aims to,deliver the message that if w

4、e truly want to master the knowledge we learn, we ought not to stop practicing it.,*,,,第二段,：,解釋引言,,中心句+兩個(gè)原因+舉例,（,舉例應(yīng)用對比法,）,,,There are several reasons accountable for this statement.,To begin with,, human being are forgetful beings; therefore, only when we use knowledge, make mistakes, and try to us

5、e it again will we be able to remember it by our heart.,Moreover,,knowledge has become growingly complicated and we can seldom genuinely grasp the essence of it if we do not practice it and ponder it over again and again.,*,,,,For instance,,there used to be simple diseases, such as the cold and meas

6、les, and a doctor might have the knowledge to treat all the common ones.,However,,with our living environment becoming ever increasingly harsher, the diseases have evolved into weird, irremediable, and unpredictable ones.,Therefore,,the medication has been divided into numerous branches, and doctors

7、 of each one have to practice for years only in order to cure the diseases belonging to the similar sort.,*,,,第三段,：,總結(jié),,該引言的合理+兩個(gè)理由+,提出建議,,Practicing,,to sum up,,is of greatest importance for those who are determined to learn knowledge well.,Not only,does it assist people to remember knowledge bette

8、r,,but,we are able to catch up with the speed of the evolution of knowledge.,As a student, I hope that,the young can focus,more,attention on practicing what they learn,than,on remembering it blindly,so that,the knowledge will become our real treasure and make our life more splendid.,*,,,"I have no s

9、pecial talents. I am only passionately curious.",,,The above saying,from Einstein vividly echoes a piece of quotation: stay hungry; stay foolish, which is put forward by Steven Jobs, the late CEO of Apple Inc. Undoubtedly, both of the two great men attach importance to curiosity. To some extent,,we

10、may safely maintain that without curiosity, without success,.,*,,觀點(diǎn)論證型,,,,,,In the first place,,curiosity is the premise of innovation, which can be seen as the key to success.,Besides Einstein, a case in point is,Steven Jobs, who always keeps curious, devoted to innovation.,So, there is no exaggera

11、tion to say that,the success of Apple Inc doesn’t su,rprise,us at all.,In the second place,,the quality of being curious provides us with the drive to go forward.,To put it another way,,where there is curiosity, there is advancement.,For example,,if a scientist desires to make progress in his resear

12、ch,field,, he must,possess,a curious,mind,;,otherwise,, his research will eventually go into a corner.,SAMPLE,*,,觀點(diǎn)論證型,,,In conclusion,,it is not too much to say that curiosity plays an indispensable role both in personal and corporate success. So, it is wise for us to bear in mind,the,great men’s s

13、ayings concerning curiosity and practice them as much as possible.,*,,,II.,現(xiàn)象闡述型,對某一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋說明，分析其原因并加以評論,,,,基本結(jié)構(gòu)：,,1.描述現(xiàn)象并說明其現(xiàn)狀；,,2.分析這種現(xiàn)象的原因或,批駁,；,,3.最后提出建議或總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。,,,*,,2014,年,12,月六級作文,,W,rite an essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with,a brief description of the picture and

14、 then discuss what qualities an employer should look for in job applicant.,You should give sound arguments to support your views .,*,,,,According to the picture,,an employer turns down a job applicant, for his degree is less advanced than the other applicants, even though he has a good resume.,Actua

15、lly, what’s behind the cartoon is the tendency that,employers focus on,the applicants',academic performance when hiring.,*,,,,No one disputes that a college or higher degree opens doors.,Despite that,,I firmly believe that,academic degree should not,be the primary criteria in selecting talents.,Firs

16、t of all,,academic degrees only represent the applicants’ proficiency in their school work, and cannot demonstrate their personality or other abilities.,For instance,,the responsibility of a human resources manager is to deal with people,,and thus,it requires advanced,personal,skill which is by no m

17、eans shown in the diploma.,*,,Second,,emphasis on degrees may,hinder,the development of the company. They will lose real talents if they judge people only by their educational background,,while it is often the case that,college drop-outs like Bill Gates, Michael Dell, Steve Jobs, etc., run wildly su

18、ccessful enterprises.,,,Therefore, instead of,running after applicants with higher degrees,,companies should,become more concerned about what it takes to do the job and what a college education actually provides.,*,,Ⅲ,對比選擇型,比較兩種觀點(diǎn)或兩種做法，進(jìn)而表明自己對問題或事物的態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)。,,,,基本結(jié)構(gòu)：,,,1.,對要評價(jià)的事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行整體介紹；,,2.,陳述兩種不同的觀

19、點(diǎn)或做法及其理由；,,3.,表明自己的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。,,,,*,,2014,年,12,月六級作文,You should start your essay with,a brief description of the picture and then discuss whether there is a shortcut to learning,.,*,,,,As is depicted in the cartoon, a student,is asking a librarian whether there is a book on how to perform well in school

20、without learning, and the librarian tells the student that to do well in school without studying only happens in fictions.,Undoubtedly, the cartoonist aims at reminding us of a fact that,there is no shortcut to learning.,*,,,The rapid living tempo influences our life deeply, but while running after

21、high-efficiency,,we should hold a correct attitude toward learning,,because learning requires long-term and pains-taking effort and diligence.,In fact,,hardly can we achieve success without,persisitent,learning attitude. As competition in all lines of work grows increasingly fierce, we must defeat o

22、ur rivals through diligent learning.,Numerous examples available can be given, but a case in point is,Thomas Edison, who in 1879, after more than 1,000 trials, eventually invented an inexpensive alternative to candles: the lamp.,Edison’s story vividly echoes a well-known proverb——Rome is not built i

23、n one day.,*,,,,Hence, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from the above picture. For one thing,,we should frequently use it to enlighten the young.,For another,, we should cultivate their awareness that correct,and,proper learning attitude carries great importance. Only by doing so,

24、 can the younger generation become winner,s,in the face of learning and life.,*,,議論文段落總結(jié),引入段（Introductory Paragraph）,,,1、背景,,,1）直接引入法,,,2）提問或名言警句,,2、觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá),*,,,some methods of introduction:,(1)?? Begin with a broad, general statement of your top,i,c and narrow it down to your thesis statement;,,(2)??

25、 Start with an idea or a situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop;,,(3)?? Explain the importance of your topic to the reader;,,(4)?? Use an incident or a brief story;,,(5)?? Ask one or more questions;,,(6)?? Use a quotation.,,,,——摘自《美國大學(xué)英語寫作》,*,,主體段（,Body Paragraph,）,主題句（Topic Sent

26、ence）－>論證點(diǎn),,,,支撐句（Supporting S,.,）－>論據(jù),,兩類論據(jù)：,,,,分析性論據(jù) 實(shí)例性論據(jù),*,,段落發(fā)展方式,1,）分類,,,Books are an important part of many people’s lives in the world today. Within the wide variety of topics that books are written, they,can be broadly classified into fiction and non-fiction,. These two types eac

27、h have their own merits and it would not be fair to only read about “real events, real people”, when there can be so much to learn from imaginary events and imaginary people.,*,,2,）舉例,,But too much sport, or improper guidance, can be harmful. Being too involved usually results in the child feeling t

28、ired all the time, or having sports taking up too much time that was originally meant for study or play. Children can easily get too worked up in competitions and if this goes without steering, the child may develop wrong views towards winning and losing, and life in general. It may also be harmful

29、towards a child’s body.,Gymnastics, for instance,,is known to be harsh towards the gymnasts, bodies usually ending them up small and short. Many sports are dangerous, and children may be crippled when injured in the course of game.,*,,,3,）對比,,Dissatisfaction and a permanent need or want starts at a

30、very young age. Even while we are babies, we want this toy, and that doll, and no matter how many of them we have we ask for more. Scientists say that when a baby is given a familiar toy, he or she will play with it, but after a while, he or she will get used to it and become less enthusiastic.,Whil

31、e on the other hand,,when a baby is given a new toy, he or she will have to play with it for a couple of days, and he or she will be very interested until again he or she will get accustomed to it and a new toy will take its place. Things that we do not own or did not see before look more attractive

32、 to us than the ones that we have.,*,,4,）問答,,,,Why do some people think that working with objects or machines is more advantageous than working with people?,For one thing,, objects or machines are easier to deal with. Since both objects and machines have no wills, they do not argue with us. On the c

33、ontrary, they are always ready to follow our directions.,For another,,objects or machines are reliable. Unlike people who sometimes hurt our feelings, they never cheat us. In addition, I suppose, these people cannot adapt themselves to the human world of competition.,*,,5,）因果,,People vary, and that

34、is why you often find various approaches to life. For those who are content with the direction their life is heading, the idea of change would probably send shivers through them.,This is due to the fact that,they are at a point where they are satisfied with the way they have maximized their God-give

35、n potential. That is a positive reason for dreading change.,*,,6,）類比,,,The perfect short story is written with a poet’s sensitivity for language, with a poet’s precision. The shape and sounds and rhythms of the words are more commonly part of the effect that they usually are in the novel.,Just as in

36、 a poem,,the bare words themselves are never the complete meaning. They interact with each other. Their sounds do things. How they are placed on the page matters. The poem tries to create a piece of truth, an insight into being human, and the form is so tight, so sparse that we can argue over exact

37、meanings long into the night.,*,,7,）定義,,,A computer is a machine,designed to perform work mathematically and to store and select information that has been fed into it. It is run by either mechanical or electronic means. These machines can do a great deal of complicated work in a very short time.,*,,

38、結(jié)尾段,（,Concluding Paragraph,）,Some,methods of conclusion:,,(1)?? End with a summary and final thought;,,(2)?? Include a thought-provoking question or short series of questions, such as:,,,A.??? Why the subject of your paper is important;,,,B.??? What might happen in the future;,,,C.??? What should be

39、 done about the subject;,,,D.??? Which choice should be made,.,,(3)?? End with a prediction or recommendation.,,,——摘自《美國大學(xué)英語寫作》,*,,Group BrainstormingChoose either of the two topics:,Topic,1： write an essay commenting on the remark,“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed”,. You may cite some examples support you view.,,Topic 2,：,",Smile is the shortest distance between two people,",.,*,,Writing Assignments One:www.pigai.org,第490375號作文,*,,