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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,Unit 8,Teaching Vocabulary,By Xu Zhijian,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-?英語教學(xué)法?,Aims of this unit,What are some of the assumptions about vocabulary?,What does knowing a word involve?,H

2、ow can we present new vocabulary items?,What are some effective ways to consolidate vocabulary?,How do we help students develop vocabulary learning?,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,IUnderstanding vocabulary and vocabulary learning.,Although grammar is usually integrated with the teaching of vocabulary,we still

3、 consider it necessary to introduce ways to present and consolidate vocabulary.,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,The teaching of vocabulary has been studied for many decades,there are still many uncertainties regarding:,What constitutes a vocabulary item;,Which vocabulary items should be ta

4、ught and learned;,How vocabulary can be taught and learned most effectively.,(or similar questions of Task 1on P117.),Vocabulary does not just mean single words:compounds,phrases and even on occasion,whole sentences can be items of vocabulary.,Most words in one language can be translated into anothe

5、r language,but not every single word and an equivalent.The article“the in English,for example,has no exact equivalent in Chinese.,Students can be consciously taught about ways of learning vocabulary so that they become keenly aware of every opportunity for vocabulary expansion.,Task 2,If teachers an

6、d students know the difference between active and passive vocabulary,they can treat them differently.,Translation is not the best way to explain new words.,English-English explanation is better than translation,but again it is not the best for vocabulary teaching.There are many other more effective

7、ways.,An English-English dictionary can be very helpful,though beginners may find it more comfortable to use a bilingual dictionary.,It is more effective when words of related meaning are taught and learned together.,Studying vocabulary in language contexts are more effective.,Forgetting is inevitab

8、le.But if words are frequently used,they are less easy to forget.,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,II.What does knowing a word involve?,knowing a word means knowing:,its pronunciation and stress;,its spelling and grammatical properties;,its meaning;,how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.,(四會),龍

9、巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,1.What does it mean to know a word?,Learning a word involves learning more than just the word itself.,e.g.,post office,mother-in-law,There are multi-word units,such as:,phrasal verbs,compound words,According to Hedge(2000),vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of mean

10、ing:,the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning;,understanding the sense relations among words,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,Denotative meaning外延/指代意義,Denotative meaning of a word or a lexical item refers to those words that we use to label things as regards real objects,such as name or a si

11、gn,etc.in the physical world.E.g.apple,connotative meaning內(nèi)涵/隱涵意義,A connotative meaning of a word refers to the attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or readers interpretation of the word.This words that may express a positive or negat

12、ive attitude or subtle feelings towards something.,E.g.running-dog,dragon,big apple.,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,collocations,Collocations refers to words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words.It is believed that teaching word collocations is a more effective

13、 way than just teaching one single word at a time.,synonyms,antonyms,hyponyms,haiponimi(詞義之間的)下義關(guān)系,Synonyms refer to items that mean the same,or nearly the same.Antonyms refer to items that mean the opposite of a word.Hyponyms refer to words which can be grouped together under the same superordinate

14、(高一層的)concept.,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,Receptive and productive vocabulary,Receptive/Passive vocabulary/,:,the words one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing.,Productive/Active vocabulary,:,the words one is not only able to r

15、ecognize but also able to use in speech and writing.,龍巖學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,精品課程-英語教學(xué)法,Native speaker:,Passive vocabulary,:up to 100,000 words,Active vocabulary,:between 10,000 and 20,000.,Learners,of intermediate to upper intermediate level,Active vocabulary:,3000 to 5000 words,Passive vocabulary:,5000 to 10,00

16、0 words,For the teacher,:,guide and help students to add active vocabularies.At the beginning of language learning,all the words which are taught must be acquired for active use,later,for passive use,.,Task 3,The implications of the English lexical system,Both denotative and connotative meaning need to be learned:,Words are better understood in context.,A group of related words is likely to be more memorable than a list of unrelated items,i.e.words learned with synonyms,antonyms or hyponyms;,Kno