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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),2019/12/5,#,Lingua franca,研,1302,小胖鼠和小兔兔,Contents,1.Brief Introduction,2.Characteristics of Lingua franca,3.Origions of Lingua franca,4.Examples of Lingua Franca,5.Similarities and Dissimilarities among Pidgin,Creole and Lingua franca,6.Current situation of

2、lingua franca,1.Brief Introduction,Lingua franca,is,a language,used for communication between different groups of people,each speaking a,different language,.,2.Characteristics of Lingua franca,It could be an,internationally,used language of communication,It could be the,native language,of one of the

3、 groups,It could be a language which is,not spoken natively,by any of the group but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often,a mixture of two or more language.,Internationally used language,Native language,Nonnative and mixed language,Lingua franca,3.Origions of Lingua franca,

4、The term lingua franca(Italian for,Frankish tongue,)originated in the,Mediterranean region,in the Middle Ages among crusaders and traders of,different language backgrounds,in Western Africa,India,Kenya.,It appeared in the Holy Land around the 13th Century.Piracy and naval warfare brought it in the 1

5、6th century to the Barbary Coast,where,it came to be used in official records,on account of trade contacts,.By the 19th century,European settlers and the opening of regular schools threatened this once widespread informal jargon.,As an instinctive adaptation of a basic Italian/Spanish lexicon to a s

6、implified Arabic syntax,Lingua Franca,does occasionally appear even today.,4.Examples of Lingua Franca,Latin,and,Greek,were the lingua francas of the Roman empire;,Akkadian,and then,Aramaic,remained the common languages of a large part of Western Asia through several earlier empires.,In certain coun

7、tries the lingua franca is also used as the national language;e.g.,Urdu,is the lingua franca of Pakistan as well as the national language,Examples of lingua francas remain numerous,and exist on every continent.The most obvious example as of the early 21st century is,English,.,There are many other li

8、ngua francas centralized on particular regions,such as,Arabic,Chinese,French,Portuguese,Russian,and,Spanish,.,5.Similarities and Dissimilarities among Pidgin,Creole and Lingua franca,is a simplified language that develops,as a means of communication,between two or more groups that,do not have a lang

9、uage in common,.A pidgin is,not the native language of any speech community,but is instead learned as a second language.,Pidgin,A,language,that developed historically from a,Pidgin.,Sometimes the pidgin becomes stable and established and comes to be spoken as a,mother tongue,by children:the language

10、 has then become a,creole,which quickly develops in complexity and is used in all functional settings.,Creole,Lingua franca is a functionally defined term.Though,Pidgins,and,Creoles,often function as lingua fracas,many such languages are neither pidgins nor creoles.,Lingua franca,pidgin,Creole,Lingu

11、a franca,It used as mother tongue of a speech community,It is accepted by members of its own speech community as communication language to be learned and used,6.Current situation of lingua franca,English as Lingua franca,6.1 Current situation of English,English is now the dominant or official langua

12、ge in over 60 countries and is represented in every continent.From this fact,it can be understood that the English language is,a vital means of communication,for millions of people around the world.,During the,twentieth century,numerous technological inventions and developments,such as the telephone

13、,fax,electronic mail,internet,etc have facilitated communication between people from all walks of life and the language that,is used most is English,as the following quote proves.Most of the scientific,technological and academic information in the world is expressed in English and over 80%of all the

14、 information stored in electronic retrieval systems is in English.,6.2 Reasons for this situation,English as a,future lingua franca has three characteristics,:the status of official language in several countries;a priority in countries foreign-language teaching programme;being widely used all over t

15、he world.,The status of a language as a lingua franca in the 21st century is not determined,by its linguistic merits,or,the number of people,who speak the language,or,a countrys language policy,but the,combined effect of political,economic and cultural forces,.,6.3 The developing trend of English as

16、 Lingua franca,While in the process of globalization,English is also,localized,and gives birth to a lot of,new varieties,.These varieties called,World English,.,e.g.tofu,豆腐,tea,茶,tai chi,太極,chopstick,筷子,Reasons for this tendency,Because language is a tool for its,users to express their identity,and since they can be,indentified,when speaking,nativized variety of English,rather than,native English,in international communication,the nativized form will be adopted.,summary,Mandarin,Lingua franca al