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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,#,Chapter 4,By:J.W.,Chapter 4By:J.W.,1.What is syntax?,Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.,Sentence:,A set of words expressing a statement,a question or an order,usually containing a subject and a

2、verb.(-X-ford),1.What is syntax?Syntax is a b,2,2.What is phrase stucture rule?,The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase stucture rule.,The phrase stucture rule for NP,VP,AP,and pp.,NP,(Det),N,(PP),the,pretty,girl,V

3、P,(Qual),V,(NP),often,dream,a dream,AP,(Deg),A,(PP),very,careful,about you,PP,(Deg),P,(PP),in the middle,of,the river,2.What is phrase stucture rule,3,3.What is category?How to determine a words category?,Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a

4、 particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb.,Word level categories are divided into two kinds:,major lexical categories:,Noun,verb,Adjective.Prepositon.,minor lexical categories:Determiner.,Degreee words.Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction.,To determine a words category,three criteri

5、a are usually employed,namely,meaning,inflection and distribution.,3.What is category?How to det,4,4.What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?,Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as,and,or,or.,Such phras

6、esare called,coordinate structures.,Coordination exhibitsthe followfor important properties:,There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.,A category at any levelcan be ccoordinated.,Coordinated categories must be of the same type.,The category t

7、ype of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.,4.What is coordinate structure,5,5.What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?,Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called,phrases,.,A phrase can

8、 contain,specifiers,head,complements and Modifiers.,Specifiers,:The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.,Head,:The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head.,Complemen,t:The words on the right side of the heads are complements.,Modifiers,which specifies o

9、ptionally expressible properties of head.,xp (spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod),The Expanded XP rule,5.What elements does a phrase,6,6.What is deep structure and what is surface structure?,Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorization properties,is called,deep structure(or D-struc

10、ture).,Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which resultsfrom appreopriate transformations is called,surface structure(or S-structure).,6.What is deep structure and w,7,7.Indicatte the category of each word in the following sentences.,The old lady got off the bus carefully.,The

11、car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.,The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.,This cloth feels quite soft.,Det.Adj.N.V.P Det.N.Adv.,Det.N.Adv.V.P Det.Adj.N.,Det.Adj.N.Aux V.P Adj P Det N.,Det.N.V.Deg Adj.,7.Indicatte the category of ea,8,8.The following phrases include a h

12、ead,a complement,and in some cases a specifier.Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.,a)rich in minerals.,b)often read detective stories.,c)the argument against the proposals,d)already above the window.,8.The following phrases includ,9,a),rich,in minerals,.,V P N,PP,VP,rich,in minerals

13、,complement,head,xp(Specifier)X(complement),a)rich in minerals.V,10,b),often,read,detective stories.,Deg.V.Adj N.,VP,NP,xp(Specifier)X(complement),b),often,read,detective stories.,head,b)often read detective storie,11,c),the,argument,against the proposals,Det N V Det N,NP,NP,VP,c),the,argument,again

14、st the proposals,xp(Specifier)X(complement),head,c)the argument against the pr,12,d,)already,above,the window.,A P Det N,NP,PP,d,)already,above,the window.,xp(Specifier)X (complement),head,d)already above the window.,13,9.The following sentences contain modifiers of various types.For each sentence,f

15、irst identify the modifier(s),then draw the tree structures.,A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.,A huge moon hung in the black sky.,The man examined his car carefully yesterday.,Awooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm,9.The following sentences con,14,A,crippled,pa

16、ssenger landed the airplane with,extreme,caution.,Det.Adj N V Det N p Adj.N,NP,NP,NP,PP,VP,S,Mod,Mod,NP,VP,CP,C,Infl,Pst,A crippled passenger landed th,15,A,huge,moon hung in the,black,sky.,Det Adj N V P Det Adj N,Mod,Mod,NP,PP,NP,VP,S,Infl,NonPst,CP,C,A huge moon hung in the black,16,The man examined his car,carefully,yesterday,.,Det N V Det N Adv Adv,NP,NP,VP,VP,S,Infl,Pst,Mod,Mod,The man examined his car caref,17,A,wooden,hut near the lake callapsed in the storm,Det Adj N P Det N V P Det N,NP