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1、,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,,*,,*,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,,第二級,,第三級,,第四級,,第五級,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,,第二級,,第三級,,第四級,,第五級,,*,,*,Unit 4,International Risks,,,Warm-up Activities,I. Pair works,,,What do you know about international risks? Think about the types of international risks and with yo

2、ur partner.,II. Group work,,,Work in small groups, discussing what international risk is the most serious one in international business.,,,III,．,Think about and then make a list of international risks you know in the world today.,Background Information,Risks in International Trade are the major barr

3、iers for the growth to the same. International trade has been a much debated topic. Economists have differed on the real benefits of international trade. The increase in the export market is highly beneficial to an economy, but on the other hand the increase in imports can be a threat to the economy

4、 of that country. It has been the worry of the policy makers to strike the right balance between free trade and restrictions.,,Economic risks,,? Risk of concession in economic control,,? Risk of insolvency of the buyer,,? Risk of non-acceptance,,? Risk of protracted default i.e. the failure of t

5、he buyer to pay off the due amount after six months of the due date,,? Risk of Exchange rate,Political risks,,? Risk of non- renewal of import and exports licenses,,? Risks due to war,,? Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the delivery of the goods,,? Surrendering of political soverei

6、gnty,,Buyer Country risks,,? Changes in the policies of the government,,? Exchange control regulations,,? Lack of foreign currency,,? Trade embargoes Commercial risk,,? A bank's lack of ability to honor its responsibilities,,? A buyer's failure pertaining to payment due to financial limitati

7、ons,,? A seller's inability to provide the required quantity or quality of goods,,Others Risks,,? Cultural differences e.g., some cultures consider the payment of an incentive to help trading is absolutely lawful,,? Lack of knowledge of overseas markets,,? Language barriers,,? Inclination to co

8、rrupt business associates,,? Legal protection for breach of contract or non-payment is low,,? Effects of unpredictable business environment and fluctuating exchange rates,,? Sovereign risk - the ability of the government of a country to pay off its debts,,? Natural risk,–,due to the various kind

9、s natural catastrophes, which cannot be controlled,,,Notes of Text,,,1.,exchange,rate,:,,In finance, an exchange rate (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the va

10、lue of one country,’,s currency in terms of another currency.,外匯率,,2.,Letter of credit:,,a document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking,信用證,Text analysis,1. Some of the rogue countries may have all the n

11、atural minerals but the risks involved in doing business in those countries exceed the benefits.,,有些國家擁有天然礦產(chǎn)，但和這些國家進行貿(mào)易，風(fēng)險大于收益。,,,rogue,,n. 流氓；小淘氣；兇猛的離群獸；〔尤指植物的〕劣種,,vi. 游手好閑；去劣；流浪,,vt. 欺詐；去劣,,adj. 〔野獸〕兇猛的,,例: Washington insists its shield plan is not directed against Russia but threats from "rogue s

12、tates" such as Iran.,,但美國堅持說，其防御方案不是針對俄羅斯，但威脅來自“無賴國家〞如伊朗。,,Washington says the facilities are not directed against Russia but are needed to protect against what it calls rogue states, particularly Iran.,,華盛頓方面稱，這些設(shè)備并不直接指向俄羅斯，但卻是對抗所謂“流氓國家〞，尤其是伊朗所必須的。,,The key factor for Chinese shares now is not the

13、subprime crisis or more rogue traders, they believe, but how the government responds.,,他們認(rèn)為，中國股市目前的關(guān)鍵因素不是次貸危機或更多流氓交易員，而是政府如何反響。,,mineral,,n. 礦物；〔英〕礦泉水；無機物；蘇打水〔常用復(fù)數(shù)表示〕,,adj. 礦物的；礦質(zhì)的,,例：The country possesses rich mineral resources.,,這個國家有豐富的礦產(chǎn)資源。,,Or they could be trained to use weeds as indicators of

14、 the soil's mineral properties to help them manage nutrients.,,或者可以訓(xùn)練他們使用雜草作為土壤礦物屬性的指示器，從而幫助他們管理營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。,,When these surfaces came into contact with the magnetite, an oxygen atom could be transferred from quartz to magnetite, forming a new mineral, hematite.,,當(dāng)這些外表和磁鐵礦一接觸，氧原子就能從石英砂轉(zhuǎn)移到磁鐵礦，形成了一種新的礦物，赤鐵礦。

15、,,,,Phrase,,mineral green石綠；孔雀石綠；銅綠；碳酸銅,,mineral paragenesis[礦物] ? 礦物共生,,radioactive mineral [礦物] ? 放射性礦物； [礦物] ? 放射礦物； [礦物] ? 輻射性礦物,,antistress mineral反響力礦物,,normative mineral標(biāo)準(zhǔn)礦物；尺度礦物,,artificial mineral人造礦物,,saturated mineral飽和礦物,,mineral crystal礦物晶體；天然水晶；礦石水晶；礦物水晶,,Mineral Oils礦油；礦物油,,exceed,,vt

16、. 超過；勝過,,vi. 超過其他,,例：Exports yearly exceed imports.,,輸出每年超過輸入。,,The goals of compliance should not be to reach the minimum requirements but to exceed them.,,遵從性的目標(biāo)不應(yīng)該是到達(dá) 最低要求，而是超過 最低要求。,,The number of results sets actually returned must not exceed this number.,,實際返回的結(jié)果集的數(shù)量一定不能超過這個數(shù)字。,,,Phrase,,Super

17、 Exceed豪華超越；奢華逾越；豪華逾越,,exceed in超過,,Exceed Future香港超越前程；逾越前程,,Exceed Ourself超越自我,,exceed overdraft透支過期,,Exceed Plate超越牌,,Exceed Standard超標(biāo),,Cloaking Exceed偽裝強化,Text analysis,2. Porter defines them as: threat of new entrants in the industry, threat of substitute goods and services, intensity of compe

18、tition within the industry, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of consumers.,,波特將他們定義為：對于該產(chǎn)業(yè)新進入者的威脅、對于替代品和效勞的威脅、該產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭強度、供給商的議價能力以及消費者的議價能力。,,,entrant,,n. 進入者；新會員；參加競賽者；新工作者,,例：That's because only a few system calls can be safely called inside signals. Only calls that are re-entrant

19、 or not interruptible by signals can be called safely.,,那是因為只有一些系統(tǒng)調(diào)用可以平安地調(diào)用內(nèi)部信號：只有可重入的〔re-entrant〕或者不被信號中斷的調(diào)用才可以被平安地調(diào)用。,,Small, local organizations -- churches, temples, mosques, service clubs -- may offer money each year with few takers, or at least none as brilliant as your entrant.,,小規(guī)模、當(dāng)?shù)亟M織--教堂、

20、寺廟、清真寺、效勞型社團--每年會向一些人提供資金，至少你得競爭者沒有你這么聰明。,,So many companies were eligible for this as a result of brutal mass sackings in the past few months that the judges decided it would be unfair to single out any individual entrant.,,過去幾個月期間大量的野蠻裁員行為導(dǎo)致許多公司都有資格獲取本獎項，鑒于此，評委們認(rèn)為挑出某個單獨的入圍者有失公允。,,Phrase,,unauthori

21、zed entrant,未獲授權(quán)進境者；擅自入境者,,quota entrant,配額內(nèi)的入境者；配額外的入境者,,entrant firm[,貿(mào)易,] [,經(jīng),],,,新公司,,entrant pump,進料泵,,Single entrant,單次,,entrant recruit,新會員,,entrant Routing,運行重布線,,Professional Entrant,公開組,,entrant into,進入,,substitute,,n.,代用品；代替者,,vi.,替代,,vt.,代替,,例：,Nothing could,substitute,for mother's milk.

22、,,什么也替代不了母乳。,,But efficiency is no,substitute,for pleasure.,,但效率是不快樂的替代品。,,It's okay to,substitute,vegetable oil for butter.,,用植物油代替黃油也一樣。,,,Phrase,,substitute for,代替，取代,,substitute fuel,代用燃料,,substitute material,代用材料，代用品,,substitute teacher,代課老師,,blood substitute [,醫(yī),],血液代用品,,,intensity,,n. 強度；強烈；[

23、電子] 亮度；緊張,,例：When a surface is perpendicular to the rays, their intensity is at its maximum.,,當(dāng)外表與射線垂直時，射線的強度最大。,,Now at any point in the day starting at 5 in the morning, there can be that same level of intensity and pressure to get something out.,,現(xiàn)在，在一天中從早晨5天開始的的任何時刻，找出一些有意義的事物那種強度和壓力的程度可能是相同的。,,

24、And they can help us understand more about the frequency, intensity and duration of storms.,,它能幫助我們更好的了解暴風(fēng)雨天氣的頻率、強度和持續(xù)時間。,,,Phrase,,high intensity adj. 高強度的 n. 高強度,,labor intensity 勞動強度，勞力投入密集度,,light intensity 光強度,,stress intensity 應(yīng)力強度,,intensity distribution 強度分布；強度分析；亮度分布,Text analysis,3. This i

25、s caused by the assets and financial capital that aid in the day-to-day business operations.,,這是由日常貿(mào)易操作中的資產(chǎn)和金融資本造成的。,,,asset,,n.,資產(chǎn)；優(yōu)點；有用的東西；有利條件,,例：,You then need to categorize the,asset,in the next screen.,,然后在下一個屏幕中，需要對資產(chǎn)進行分類。,,On the other hand, your debt is an,asset,to the bank, but it is your

26、liability.,,在另一方面，你的債務(wù)是銀行的一種資產(chǎn)，但它卻是你的債務(wù)。,,You could prefix the configuration names with abbreviations for the,asset,registry to which they belong.,,您可以將這些配置的名稱的前綴設(shè)定為它們所屬的資產(chǎn)注冊的縮寫。,,,,Phrase,,asset management,資產(chǎn)管理,,fixed asset [,經(jīng),],固定資產(chǎn),,intangible asset n.,無形資產(chǎn),,asset value [,經(jīng),],資產(chǎn)價值,,fixed asset i

27、nvestment,固定資產(chǎn)投資,,financial asset,金融資產(chǎn),,net asset,凈資產(chǎn),,capital asset,資本資產(chǎn)；固定資產(chǎn),,asset class,資產(chǎn)類別；資產(chǎn)種類,,net asset value,資產(chǎn)凈值，財產(chǎn)凈價值,,asset valuation,資產(chǎn)估價，資產(chǎn)估值,,,aid,,n. 援助；幫助；助手；幫助者,,vt. 援助；幫助；有助于,,vi. 幫助,,例：We had to berth our ship without the aid of tugboats.,,我們只好在沒有拖船幫助的情況下使我們的船停到泊位。,,We will aid

28、their struggle against violent repression.,,我們將幫助他們對抗殘暴的壓迫。,,While in the past we stressed aid, now we stress economic cooperation.,,我們過去側(cè)重提供援助， 現(xiàn)在強調(diào)經(jīng)濟合作。,,,Phrase,,with the aid of 在…的幫助下，在…援助下,,give aid to 給…予幫助,,first aid 急救；急救護理,,aid in 幫助；幫助〔在...給予幫助〕,,financial aid 經(jīng)濟援助；助學(xué)金；財政補助,Text analysis,4

29、. The breakdown of machineries, supply and demand of the resources and products, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of production.,,機械故障、原材料和產(chǎn)品的供給與需求、產(chǎn)品和效勞的短缺、庫存短缺都會導(dǎo)致低效生產(chǎn)。,,,breakdown,,n. 故障；崩潰；分解；分類；衰弱；跺腳曳步舞,,例：This shows you the r

30、esponse time breakdown for each page element.,,這將針對每個頁面元素顯示響應(yīng)時間分解。,,Small shippers are most often disserviced by transportation breakdown.,,小件托運者往往因運輸故障而受損。,,To capture response time breakdown data, you must enable it in a test or schedule, and configure the amount of data to be captured.,,為了捕獲響應(yīng)時間分

31、解數(shù)據(jù)，您必須在一個測試或者調(diào)度中啟動它，然后配置將要捕獲的數(shù)據(jù)的信息。,,Phrase,,breakdown voltage [,電,],擊穿電壓,,work breakdown,工作分解,,work breakdown structure,工作分解結(jié)構(gòu),,nervous breakdown,精神崩潰,,breakdown strength,破壞強度；擊穿強度,,,machinery,,n.,機械；機器；機構(gòu)；機械裝置,,例：,We should send a man to superintend the erection of,machinery,.,,我們應(yīng)派一個人去監(jiān)督機器的安裝。,,

32、China will host an exhibition of international garment,machinery,.,,中國將主辦國際服裝機械展覽會。,,This factory has phased in new,machinery,for increased automation.,,這家工廠已開始逐漸使用新機器以提高自動化程度。,,,Phrase,,machinery and equipment,機器及設(shè)備,,construction machinery,建筑機械；施工機械,,agricultural machinery,農(nóng)業(yè)機械,,textile machinery,紡

33、織機械,,machinery parts,機件，零件,,processing machinery,加工機械,,machinery plant,機器制造廠,,machinery equipment,機器設(shè)備,,electrical machinery,電力機械,,,,,,shortfall,,n. 差額；缺少,,例：A list is generated for each region that identifies the endangered parts, the names of the suppliers in that region that supply them, and the

34、size of the likely shortfall.,,對于存在上述有危險的零件的每個地區(qū)，該作業(yè)生成一個列表，其中包括那個地區(qū)提供這些零件的供給商的名稱和預(yù)計短缺的數(shù)量。,,,,Phrase,,Expected Shortfall期望損失；期望虧空；預(yù)期損失；望的尾部損失,,Power shortfall電力短缺,,Capability shortfall能力缺乏處理,,shortfall freight虧艙運費；虧艙運,,Mean Shortfall平均短缺,,market shortfall市場供給缺乏,,Shortfall Constraint損失下限,,average shor

35、tfall平均欠額,,funding shortfall資金缺乏,,logistic,,adj. 后勤學(xué)的；[數(shù)] 符號邏輯的,,例：Increased field coordination of technical, operational and logistic support is likewise needed.,,同樣需要增加對技術(shù)、業(yè)務(wù)和后勤支持的現(xiàn)場協(xié)調(diào)。,,UNICEF is carrying out social mobilization activities, raising awareness of the disease in the community and al

36、so providing additional logistic support and equipment.,,聯(lián)合國兒童基金會正在開展社會發(fā)動活動，提高社區(qū)對該病的認(rèn)識，并且還提供補充后勤支持和設(shè)備。,,The strategy of ring vaccination emerged and was validated, vastly simplifying operational and logistic demands.,,環(huán)帶免疫戰(zhàn)略的產(chǎn)生和驗證，極大地簡化了操作和物流需求。,,,Phrase,,logistic management 物流管理；后勤管理；運籌管理,,logistic

37、 regression 邏輯回歸；羅吉斯回歸,,,inventory,,n. 存貨，存貨清單；詳細(xì)目錄；財產(chǎn)清冊,,例：This concept appears in manufacturing where they count both scrap and inventory.,,此概念會出現(xiàn)在制造業(yè)，在其中會計算廢料和存貨。,,Some of the information in these rows is either duplicate or irrelevant for inventory projection.,,在這些行中，有些信息是重復(fù)的，或者與庫存反映無關(guān)。,,If one

38、of the manufacturing points operates too quickly, it will build up an inventory for the next station to consume.,,如果其中一個制造點運作的太快，那么就將生成需要下一個崗位來消耗的存貨。,,,Phrase,,inventory management 存貨管理,,inventory control 存貨控制；存貨管理,,take inventory 實地清點盤存；編制...清單,,inventory cost 存貨本錢,,inventory system 庫存系統(tǒng)；盤存制度；存儲系統(tǒng),

39、,inventory level 庫存量；存貨水準(zhǔn),,inventory accounting 存貨會計；存貨核算,,inventory turnover 存貨周轉(zhuǎn),,physical inventory 實際庫存；實地盤存；盤點數(shù)量,,,Exercise:,,I. Answer the following questions according to the text:,1. What is the main topic of the passage?,,The topic of the passage is Risks in International Business.,,2. What

40、 do you know about the international risks?,,,,Just as there are reasons to get into global markets, and benefits from global markets, there are also risks involved in locating companies in certain countries. Each country may have its potentials; it also has its woes that are associated with doing b

41、usiness with major companies. Some of the rogue countries may have all the natural minerals but the risks involved in doing business in those countries exceed the benefits.,,3. Can you give some examples of international risks?,,1) Strategic Risk 2) Operational Risk 3) Political Risk 4) Country R

42、isk 5) Technological Risk 6) Environmental Risk 7) Economic Risk 8) Financial Risk 9) Terrorism Risk,,4. What is strategic risk?,,,Strategic risk is the ability of a firm to make a strategic decision in order to respond to the forces that are a source of risk.,,,5,. What are the reasons for op

43、erational risk?,,,This is caused by the assets and financial capital that aid in the day-to-day business operations. The breakdown of machineries, supply and demand of the resources and products, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of

44、 production.,,6. What,’,s the relationship between political actions and instability and operation of a company?,,The political actions and instability may make it difficult for companies to operate efficiently in these countries due to negative publicity and impact created by individuals in the top

45、 government.,,7. What,’,s the influence of culture and instability of a country on operating a company?,,The culture or the instability of a country may create risks that may make it difficult for multinational companies to operate safely, effectively, and efficiently.,,8. How to manage internationa

46、l risks?,,Do your homework before entering a foreign market. Do not enter any nation without being fully aware of the unique risks and issues presented by that nation. Asses political risks and the legal environment as well as the business and competitive environment, and develop strategies to minim

47、ize or circumvent these risks. Study the histories of local and international companies in the specific country and industry to gain deeper insight into what your own experience may be like. Pay careful attention to exchange rates, including their histories and expected future actions. Utilize the s

48、ervices of local consulting firms specializing in international investment. These firms will have thorough knowledge of the challenges and opportunities presented to international businesses in their specific country. Accept only letters of credit from trusted banks.,,9. What does effective cooperat

49、ion strategies include?,,Effective cooperation strategies include joint ventures, licensing agreements, and contracts with local suppliers or customers.,,10. What’s the effect of international business insurance policy?,,Insurance policies covering political risk, terrorism risk, global property dam

50、age and liability, and international credit transactions are available to companies with exposure to international markets. According to castlerockinternational , international coverage for additional issues such as auto insurance, medical expenses, and workers’ compensation can be included as we

51、ll.,Word Practice,,Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. The initial letter of each word has been supplied for you,.,1. The new government e________ his estate for military purposes.,,2. They opened an office abroad in order to c________ the tax laws.,,3. She has cried the blues a

52、bout its financial w________.,,4. Ancient artworks were r________ from the US to Greece.,,5. There will soon be a s________ in supply of qualified young people.,1. expropriated 2. circumvent 3. woes 4. repatriated 5. shortfall,6. The t________ in his life has come from accidents and illness.,,7. H

53、e carefully drew a bead on the r________ elephant and shot it dead.,,8. The fire at the factory was caused by s________.,,9. Their h________ looks showed that he was unwelcome.,,10. He applied for e________ to university 3 years ago.,6. turbulence 7. rogue 8. sabotage 9. hostile 10. entrant,,Fil

54、l in the blanks with the appropriate words or phrases given in the box. Change the forms where necessary.,,associate with lack of due to lead to stem from pay attention to specialize in pull out of deal with couple... with,,,1,. All our achievements are ________ his support.,,2. We

55、 should ________ every case on its merits.,,3. In given conditions, a bad thing can ________ good results.,1. due to 2. deal with 3. lead to,4. From the ground, we could see the plane ________ its steep descent.,,5. Her interest in flowers ________ her childhood in the country.,,6. Many students _

56、_______ engineering.,,7. Mother warned the boys not to ________ bad companions.,,8. No ________ his advice.,,9. We ________ the pump ________ the engine.,,10. The flowers are wilting for ________ water.,4. pull out of 5. stem from 6. specialize in 7. associate with 8. pay attention to 9. coupl

57、ed…with 10. lack of,Translation,,Translate the following sentences into English:,1.,我們達(dá)成了增加工資的新協(xié)議。,,2.,組織饑荒救濟工作涉及繁重的安排協(xié)調(diào)問題。,,3.,在犯罪偵查中,,,刑事警察主要的策略有主動干預(yù)偵查與被動干預(yù)偵查兩種。,,4.,希望在她的新崗位上，她的才干能夠比以往得到更好的發(fā)揮。,,5.,她的許多煩惱使她受到壓抑。,,1. We bargained a new wage increase.,,2. Organizing famine relief presents huge lo

58、gistic problems.,,3. When investigating crime, the main choice of strategies has been presented as between reactive and,proactive,policing.,,4. It is to be hoped that in her new job her talents will be better utilized than before.,,5. She was oppressed by her many woes.,V. Reading comprehension,,Rea

59、d the text carefully, and choose the best answer.,As concern about swine flu sweeps the globe, the best way to protect yourself from contracting it or other infectious diseases is with a dose of common sense: Wash your hands frequently, cover your coughs and sneezes and stay home from work or school

60、 if you feel ill.,,These guidelines may seem basic, but they’re effective in warding off the spread of infections. Richard Besser, acting director of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said, “Control of an outbreak of infectious disease is a shared responsibility. It’s importan

61、t that individuals realize they have a key role to play in reducing their own likelihood of getting infected.〞,,Specifically, people are wise to wash their hands often with soap and warm water for 15 to 20 seconds at a time or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if water isn’t accessible. The CDC al

62、so recommends avoiding touching your eyes, nose and mouth to prevent the spread of germs.,,Symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of regular seasonal influenza. People with swine flu often get a fever, headache, cough, sore throat, body aches, chills and fatigue. Some also have gastrointestinal

63、symptoms such as diarrhea or vomiting.,,Swine flu is a virus that usually affects pigs but appears to have acquired the ability to pass from person to person, though it’s unclear how easily it can be transmitted this way.,,If you become sick, stay home for the period of infection, which is typically

64、 seven days, although children may be contagious for longer. Once on the mend, don’t return to work or school until at least a day after symptoms have disappeared, Besser said.,,“Wearing a face mask when out in public isn’t warranted in most cases,〞 he said. “I know some people feel more comfortable

65、 having a mask, and there are certain circumstances where that may be of value, but I would rather people really focus on hand-washing, as well as covering coughs and sneezes.〞,,Other social practices may need to be adjusted, such as the salutary kiss that’s customary in some regions.,,“If you’re in

66、 an affected area or you have the swine flu, it’s probably best not to give a kiss,〞 Besser said. “But we’re not recommending the end of affection during the period.〞,1. To protect yourself from swine flu, it is a good idea to __________.A) have baths frequently B) cover your coughs and sneezesC) stay home from work or school if you feel tired D) eat an apple every day,,2. The underlined phrase “warding off〞 in the second paragraph can be replaced by “_______〞.A) investigating B) increa