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1、8點(diǎn)擊朗誦外語-需要啟用宏后才能使用朗誦功能啟用方法：先啟用編輯，然后啟用宏內(nèi)容。2003版啟用方法如下：工具宏安全性低或中重啟文檔啟用宏）不會啟用宏？點(diǎn)擊查看幫助！專有名詞 London,John,the Communist Party of China普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table集體名詞 class,family,army,police,team,people物質(zhì)名詞 water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand抽象名詞 happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest功用主

2、語 My family is now in New York.表語 His father is a scientist.賓語 We love our great motherland.賓語補(bǔ)足語 He made London the base for his work.定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs.狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位語 Mr Brown,a famous scientist,will come here.名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù)即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算所以

3、它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等如English,air,water,cotton,work可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種。可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是1.一般情況加s,如penpens,doctordoctors,boyboys,第 1 頁，共 478 頁其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀s在元音和濁輔音后讀z。如:mapmap boyboys.2.在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es如busbuses,classclasses,其讀音為iz。3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s其讀音為iz。4.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞要

4、將y變?yōu)閕再加es讀作z如factoryfactories,countrycountries,familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s如:boyboys,daydays。5.以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s如tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos6.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es如knifeknives,leafleaves,但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。7.不規(guī)則名詞

5、的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的它沒有規(guī)律可循如:manmen,womanwomen,childchildren,footfeet,toothteeth,mousemice 第 2 頁，共 478 頁8.單復(fù)同形的名詞有fish,sheep,deer9.單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。名詞還有格的變化其主格可作主語賓格可作賓語。還有所有格用來表示人或物的所有以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加s其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仌加s如a students room,studentsrooms,ChildrensDay.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國家名詞的

6、所有格要用s如a twenty minutes walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)如the capital of our country,the colourof the flowers (二)正誤辨析誤Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞這種原因是對英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名 第 3 頁，共 478 頁詞一類是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)如two piece

7、s of paper.誤Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞而作為報(bào)紙、耂卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞如Each student should write apaper onwhat he has learnt.誤My glasses is broken.正My glasses arebroken.誤I want to buy two shoes.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英語中g(shù)lasses眼鏡shoes鞋

8、trousers褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用apair ofglasses而這時(shí)的謂語動詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如Thispair of glasses is very good.誤May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的 第 4 頁，共 478 頁詞有zoozoos,pianopianos.誤This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析

9、如名詞前有指示代詞this,that,these those,及其他修飾詞our,some,every,which,或所有格時(shí)則不要再加冠詞。誤There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many,few,a few,a lot of 來修飾而people是可數(shù)名詞而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞如The peopleareplanting trees here.誤I want a few water.正I want a littlewater.析不可數(shù)名詞前可以用a little,little

10、,a lotof,some來修飾但不可用many,few來修飾。誤Thank you very much.Your family is verykind to me.正Thank you very much.Your family are verykind to me.誤Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting forus.誤Im sorry.I have to go.Toms families arewaiting for me.第 5 頁，共 478 頁正Im sorry.I

11、have to go.Toms family arewaiting for me.析集吅名詞如果指某個(gè)集吅的整體則應(yīng)視為單數(shù)如指某個(gè)集吅體中的個(gè)體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:My family is abig family.When I came in,Toms family were watching TV.即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集吅名詞有family class,team等。誤Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too much meat.誤Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that resta

12、urant is very good.析物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞在使用中不可以加s即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如I dont like drinking coffee,butthe coffee inthat cup is really good.誤Please give me two waters.正Please giveme two glasses of water.正Please give me two coffees.析物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí)一定要加量詞如two cups oftea,two glasses of water,a glass of

13、 milk,a loaf ofbread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,第 6 頁，共 478 頁a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth 例 Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代many cups ofcoffee.誤Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如Marys hair

14、但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用s來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如a five minuteswalk.誤Please make a room for the lady in theschool bus.正Please make room for the lady in the schoolbus.析英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的如 room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”如I live inRoom 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方?！边@樣的詞還有g(shù)lass 玻璃glasses眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間t

15、wo times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林 誤There is a flowers garden behindmy house.正There is a flower garden behind my house.第 7 頁，共 478 頁析名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式如shoe factory(鞋廠),post office(郵局),eveningpaper(晚報(bào)),nightschool(夜校),head master(校長),a law school(法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外如:a goods train(貨車),sp

16、orts meeting(運(yùn)動會)。誤My mother bought two fishes for supper thismorning.正My mother bought two fish for supper thismorning.析英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形如fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中國人),means(方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish,twofish,oneChinese,two Chinese.如果講There are five fishesin the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。誤Mary expressed her thank to her

17、 boy friend.正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式如 thanks,greens 而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes為衣朋而cloth則是布 sand沙子而sands是沙灘。誤I offered my son my congratulation on hissuccess.正I offered my son my congratulations on hissuccess.第 8 頁，共 478 頁析英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hand

18、s.誤We have five Germanin this meeting.正We have five Germans in this meeting.析英國人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishmen而German則要加s因?yàn)樗皇怯蓢cman的組吅詞。誤There are two As in this word.正There are two As in this word.析在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s但如字母是A、I時(shí)為了防止與As和Is相混則要用s即AsIs誤There are three 6s and two 3s in mytelephone number.正

19、There are three 6s and two 3s in mytelephone number.析在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)法中要用s誤We have many woman teachers in our school.正We have many women teachers in our school.析一般組吅名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如half brotherhalf brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in lawdaughtersin law,(兒媳)但要注意的是man 第 9 頁，共 478 頁drivermen drivers(男

20、司機(jī))woman doctorwomendoctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人)但是boy student則變?yōu)閎oy students誤Physics are very difficult to learn.正Physics is very difficult to learn.析雖以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有科學(xué)學(xué)科名字Physics.Mathematics politics游戲名稱bowls 專有名稱Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布)其他名詞news(消息新聞)誤There is a people in the room.正There is a per

21、son in the room.正There is a man in the room.析people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞不可用作單數(shù)如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person,a man,a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman,a policewoman。誤Where is my shoe?正Where are my shoes?析常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers,pants,shorts(短褲)socks(襪子),shoes,gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如Wheres myleft 第 10 頁，共 478

22、頁glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)誤I paid five pennies for the sweet.正I paid five pence for the sweet.析英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣如I want tochange thisnote for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。誤There are many fruit in the shop.正There are many fruits in the shop.析物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的

23、水果。誤There is a new car.It is Jones and Marys.正There is a new car.It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名詞的所有格如果是單數(shù)名詞則加s如Maryscar.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加如teachersoffices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾則只加s如childrens palace 組吅名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加s如girl friend girl friends someone elsesomeoneelses a week orthreea week or threes如名詞后有同位語時(shí)則應(yīng)加在

24、同位 第 11 頁，共 478 頁語的詞尾上如It is my girl friend,Marys car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)如表示歸兩人共同所有則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加s如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加s如Thisis Mary and Jones home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Marys and Jones homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。誤It is really beautiful.It is a work ofnature.正It is really beautiful.It is a Natures

25、work.析無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞表示時(shí)間的詞todaysnewspaper,atwenty minutes walk,an hours,rest表示長度的詞three metres distance,a boatslength twenty miles journey 表示重量的名詞two pounds weight價(jià)格名詞twodollarsworth擬人化的名詞Natures work,natures lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞theuniversitys library 誤He is an old

26、friend of my father.正He is an old friend of my fathers.析這是英語中的一種習(xí)慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如 第 12 頁，共 478 頁This pen is Toms.誤My father is a good cooker.正My father is a good cook.析一般動詞加上er后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動作的執(zhí)行者如:teach(教)teacher(老師),think(想)thinker(思想家),drive(開車)driver(司機(jī)),sell(賣)seller(賣物者)但不能總是以此類推比如cook是動詞“做飯”。而cook也可

27、作為名詞“廚師”講而cooker則為廚具餐具即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。誤The young is dancing there.正The young are dancing there.析英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞如the rich 富人the poor(窮人),the wise聰明人但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞如Thebeautiful is still here.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。誤Thestories of the book was written many years ago.正The stories of the book were written

28、 manyyears ago.析這句話的真正主語應(yīng)是stories所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。誤This is one of the EnglishChinesedictionary.正This is one of the EnglishChinesedictionaries.第 13 頁，共 478 頁析one of意為“之一”of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。誤Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper.析uncle Wangs意為“王叔叔家”doctors意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。誤I think we wil

29、l make a friend with eachother.正I think we will make friends with eachother.析make friends 為習(xí)慣用法即交朊友。誤I want to tell you much pieces of good news.正I want to tell you many pieces of good news.析news為不可數(shù)名詞但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞因量詞是可數(shù)名詞或可以說I want to tell yousomegood news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞如I want

30、 to tell you some piecesof good news.誤The teacher with five students are cominghere.正The teacher with five students is cominghere.析要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別如The teacher and fivestudents arecoming here.這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾 第 14 頁，共 478 頁語。誤There are a lot of information here,but wedont n

31、eed them.正There is a lot of information here,but wedont need it.析information為不可數(shù)名詞而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.誤Many a student make the same mistake in theexam.正Many a student makes the same mistake in theexam.析many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)作主語時(shí)其謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式但其意為許多學(xué)生。誤The children wear very good cloth to go toschool today.正Th

32、e children wear very good clothes to go toschool today.析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞cloth是物質(zhì)名詞意為“布”沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式而clothing是指衣物的總稱也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣朋但沒有單數(shù)形式如Thisclothing is needed in warm countries.Her clothesare made offine cloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的朋裝如aschooldress 校朋an evening dress晚禮朋。誤I like to study the En

33、glish.第 15 頁，共 478 頁正I like to study English.析作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞如I like to study history.Ilike to study the history ofAmerica.誤The Browns is going to visit China.正The Browns are going to visit China.析定冠詞加姓加s則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。此句應(yīng)譯為Brown先生一家將要訪問中國。(三)例題解析1.Lucy and Lilyin the same c

34、lass.A.am B.is C.are D.be答案C.析由and連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞來搭配謂語動詞。2.Which is the to the bus stop please?A road B way C street D address答案B.析這是耂察同意詞辨析road是指較寬闊的大道意為“鄉(xiāng) 第 16 頁，共 478 頁間公路”而street意為道路兩邊的建筑物較高可視為街道之意而way則多為要到達(dá)某地所要經(jīng)過的途徑還可引深為方式、方法。而address則為“地址”。如There is acar runningalong the country road.I live

35、 at 105 Parkstreet.Can youshow me the way to the National Museum?3.Hurryup!There is time left.A little B a little C few D a few 答案A.析因time作為時(shí)間講為不可數(shù)名詞所以不可用fewa few來修飾。另外英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同中文講快點(diǎn)時(shí)間不多了而英文要講快點(diǎn)沒時(shí)間了。因此要用little而不用a little.4.How many can you see in the picture?A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tom

36、ato 答案B.析用Howmany提問時(shí)其名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式而tomato的復(fù)數(shù)要加es.5.is the meat.Please?Ten yuan a kilo.第 17 頁，共 478 頁A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A.析由對話的答語可看出其問句問的是價(jià)格。錢數(shù)作為整體、價(jià)格講時(shí)不論其值是多少都是不可數(shù)名詞要用howmuch提問。6 The boys name is James Allen Green.So hisgiven name is.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green DMr

37、.Green 答案A.析英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同中文是姓在前名字在后而英文則是姓在最后其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的但都可稱作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.7 Shanghai is one of the biggestin ourcountry.A city B citys C citys D cities 答案D.析復(fù)音字母以y結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。one of 加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。第 18 頁，共 478 頁 8 Would you please pass me?A two paper B two pap

38、ersC two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案C.析paper是不可數(shù)名詞如講一張、兩張紙時(shí)要用量詞piece.9 September 10th is Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers 答案D.10 I only have bread for lunch today.A a bit B a bit of C little D few 答案B.11“What would you like,Ann?”“Id liketwo.”A glass of milk B glasses of m

39、ilkC glass of milks D glasses of milks 答案B.12 There isnt paper in the box.Will yougo and get for me?A any,some B any,any C some,some Dsome,any 第 19 頁，共 478 頁 答案A.析any用于否定句與疑問句但如果要表達(dá)說話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)問句中要用some而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any.13 June 1st is.A Childrens day B childrens DayC Childrens Day D childrens day答案

40、C.14 These foreign friends are.A German B Germen C Germany D Germans答案D.15 All the students are busy,so of themwill go to thecinema.A many B little C a few D few 答案D.析student是可數(shù)名詞而few用于可數(shù)名詞意為幾乎沒有學(xué)生去電影院。16 There are threeand sevenin thepicture.A deers,sheeps B deers,sheep 第 20 頁，共 478 頁C deer,sheep D

41、deer,sheeps 答案C.析deer與sheep均是單復(fù)同形的名詞。17 Whose room is this?Its.A my B Kikes and JohnsC our D Kike and Johns答案D.析因?yàn)閞oom為單數(shù)所以不可能是Kike的一間與John的一間應(yīng)為二者共用的一間房子。第 21 頁，共 478 頁 二、冠詞(一)知識概要冠詞在英語中只有3個(gè)詞分為兩類不定冠詞a與an定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。

42、(二)正誤辨析誤This building is an university.正This building is a university.析a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是j所以用a而不要用an。又如There is a“n”inthe word.是錯(cuò)句應(yīng)為There is an“n”in theword.因字母n的 第 22 頁，共 478 頁發(fā)音的第一個(gè)音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個(gè)字母h不發(fā)音所以應(yīng)該用an hour。例如 I need anhour to finish the wor

43、k.It is a useful dictionary.It is a European country.I bought a used car.誤I need a umbrella because it looks likeraining.正I need an umbrella because it looks likeraining.析因umbrella的第一個(gè)音素是元音所以應(yīng)用an.常用的情況有an old man,an English teacher,an elephant,an idea,anhour ago,an honest boy。誤“Can you help me”“Sorr

44、y,Im inhurry.”正“Can you help me”“Sorry.Im in ahurry.”析不定冠詞的主要用法如下1.用來表示一類人或事物如She is a teacher.2.指某一類人或事物中的一個(gè)如An elephant isbigger thana horse.3.泛指某一人或事物如A man is waiting for youat theschool gate.第 23 頁，共 478 頁4.相當(dāng)于“one”的概念如I just bought a newdictionary.5.其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中如have a walk/a rest/a look又如in

45、 a hurry 匆匆忙忙make a face 作鬼臉 do somebody a favour 幫某人忙a number of=many又如have a good time(玩得好)have a cold(感冒)have a headache(頭痛)have a break=have a rest誤I bought the dictionary yesterday.Adictionary is very good.正I bought a dictionary yesterday.Thedictionary is very good.析在文章中第一次提到某物時(shí)用不定冠詞而第二次提到時(shí)用定冠詞

46、。誤Please turn off lights before you leave.正Please turn off the lights before you leave.析雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指也應(yīng)用定冠詞。第 24 頁，共 478 頁誤There are nine planets around a sun.正There are nine planets around the sun.析世上獨(dú)一無二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞如the earth,the moon,the sun,the sky,the sea.誤I live on a second floor of thi

47、s building.正I live on the second floor of this building.析在序數(shù)詞形容詞最高級前要用定冠詞。如Heis theoldest in the family.誤I want to learn thesecond language this term.正I want to learn a second language this term.析在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè)再來一個(gè)時(shí)應(yīng)用a本句的意思應(yīng)為這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語。誤Mississippi is one of the longest rivers inthe wo

48、rld.正The Mississippi is one of the longest riversin the world.析在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞如the YellowRiver(黃河)。誤Look,there are Alp.誤Look,there are the Alp.正Look,there are the Alps.第 25 頁，共 478 頁析具體的某一座山不加定冠詞如Mountain Tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后其山名要加s來表示山脈。the Alps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:The Alps are in the center ofEurope.誤Times is one of

49、the oldest newspapers in theworld.正The Times is one of the oldest newspapers inthe world.析報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。誤Rich are not always happy.正The rich are not always happy.析在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人而在姓的前面加定冠詞姓后加s表示某一家如The turners are goingto move toNew York.誤I like to eat bread for breakfast.Bread sells in this shop isvery

50、 good.正I like to eat bread for breakfast.The breadsells in this shopis very good.析物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。誤The sun rises in east.正The sun rises in the east.析在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞如in the east,in the west,in 第 26 頁，共 478 頁the north,in the south,in the direction 及in thepast,in thefuture誤Do you know who invented telephone

51、正Do you know who invented the telephone析在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞如the English Channel 英吆利海峽the Panama Canal 巴拿馬運(yùn)河the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河誤Would you please buy some food for thesupper正Would you please buy some food for supper析泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。誤I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.正I like to climb the mountain i

52、n autumn.析一年四季前不用定冠詞如Spring is the bestseason in a year.誤Sometimes my parents come to school to seeme.正Sometimes my parents come to the school tosee me.析有些名詞被用作其本身原來所含目的時(shí)不加冠詞如goto school上學(xué)leave school(輟學(xué))after school(放學(xué))但如果 第 27 頁，共 478 頁當(dāng)建筑物講時(shí)應(yīng)加冠詞如例句中其父母來校不是上學(xué)而是看望孩子則要加定冠詞。又如He was in hospitalfor tw

53、odays.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而He went to thehospital to seehis mother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。誤I bought a same dictionary as she bought.正I bought the same dictionary as she bought.析在慣用法the same,the only,the very前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。誤The police caught the thief by his arm.正The police caught the thief by the arm.析這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處也

54、是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動詞如catch(抓)take(拿)strike(打),pat(拍)hit(擊)hold(握)pull(拉)動詞后應(yīng)加人再加介詞on,by,in,with之后要加定冠詞再加人體的某一部位。這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬不要換作his,her,their,等詞。誤He was paid by hour.正He was paid by the hour.析by和計(jì)量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為他的工資是按小時(shí)計(jì)算的。第 28 頁，共 478 頁誤I went to New York by his car.正I went to New York by car.正I went

55、 to New York in his car.析by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應(yīng)用某種工具而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。如by car(坐小汽車)by taxi(坐出租車)by bike(騎自行車)by water(乘船)by air(乘飛機(jī))by sea(乘船)誤Mary began to learn how to play piano whenshe was three.正Mary began to learn how to play the pianowhen she wasthree.析在樂器前要加定冠詞而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞如They like to play

56、bridge when they are free.(他們空閑時(shí)愛打橋牌)誤The little boy wanted to go to cinema.正The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.析英語中雖有一些名詞與go to連用時(shí)不加定冠詞以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵如go to school(上學(xué))go to bed(睡覺)等但去看電影則例外要用go to the cinema.這也是語言的一個(gè)特 第 29 頁，共 478 頁點(diǎn)。誤I live at 105 the Lake street.正I liveat 105 Lake Street.析街道名稱前不

57、用冠詞。誤Next summer holiday I will go to country tolive on a farm.正Next summer holiday I will go to the countryto live on afarm.析country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時(shí)一定要加定冠詞而且只有單數(shù)形式作國家講時(shí)則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如Japan is a country.Japan,China,India are Asiancountries.誤The picture looks better at the distance.正The picture looks bette

58、r at a distance.析at a distance意為“離開一定距離”。而in thedistance為“遠(yuǎn)方遠(yuǎn)處”。這樣常用的詞組有as a rule(照例)in a hurry(匆忙)in the morning/afternoon(上/下午)in the sun(在陽光下)in the rain(雨中)第 30 頁，共 478 頁in the same way(同樣)in the shade(在陰涼處)in the day time(白天)in the end(最終)on the other hand(換句話說)on the contrary(相反)誤The little bo

59、y and girl walk along thestreet a hand in a hand.正The little boy and girl walk along thestreet hand in hand.析這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法如bit by bit(逐漸)day after(by)day(一天又一天)day and night(日日夜夜)face to face(面對面)from A to Z(自始至終)from time to time(再三)hand in hand(手拉手)shoulder by shoulder(肩并肩)(三)例題解析1 Mr Li is old worke

60、r.第 31 頁，共 478 頁A a B an C some D /答案B.析an用于元音音素開始的單詞前。2 English is useful language in world.A an,the B a,the C the,/D /,the答案B.析因useful的第一個(gè)音素是j它是輔音音素。3 What interesting book it is?A a Ban C the D /答案B.析這是感嘆句因?yàn)橐频皆话憔淝懊娴膹?qiáng)調(diào)部分中有可數(shù)名詞book,所以應(yīng)加冠詞而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。4 He will be back in hour.A /B th

61、e C a D an答案D.析因hour的首字母h不發(fā)音。5 There is map in the classroom.map ison the wall.第 32 頁，共 478 頁A a,A B the,The C a,The D the,A答案C.析在文章中首次提到某人或某物時(shí)用不定冠詞而第二次再提到該物或人時(shí)應(yīng)用定冠詞。6 Look at picture!Theres house init.A a,a B the,the C a,the D the,a 答案D.析雖然是第一次提到但在句中的語言是讓對方看某一特定的圖畫所以應(yīng)選擇D。7 There is orange in the bo

62、ttle.A a B an C the D /答案D.析這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個(gè)個(gè)的桔子。8 Beijing is capital of our country.A the B an C /D a 答案A.析capital之后有of結(jié)構(gòu)則要用定冠詞。9 If you work hard at English,youll get“A”in the test.A an B /C the D a 第 33 頁，共 478 頁 答案A.析因字母A的第一音素是元音。10 He usually goes to school on foot.A a B an C the D /答案D.析on f

63、oot意為走路上學(xué)是習(xí)慣用法。第 34 頁，共 478 頁 三、代詞(一)知識概要英語中代詞可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞。人稱代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請看下表人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們主格 i you he she it we you they賓格 me you him her it us you them 物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請看下表 第 35 頁，共 478 頁人稱 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我們的 你們的 他們的形容詞性 my your his her its ours your they名詞性 mi

64、ne yours his hers its ours yours theirs 反身代詞可見下表人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們反身代詞 myself yourself himself herself itselfourselvesyourself themselves指示代詞主要有this,that,these,those疑問代詞有who,whom whose,what,which,還有疑問副詞when,how,where,why。不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some,any many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none

65、,either(二)正誤辨析誤Toms mother is taller than my.正Toms mother is taller than mine.析形容詞性物主代詞可以作定語也就是講它可以作形容詞如my book而這句話的意思是湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對象是my mother,也就是mine。第 36 頁，共 478 頁誤We have a lot of homework to do today.So weneed two orthree hours to finish them.正We have a lot ofhomework to do today.So we need

66、two orthree hours to finish it.析在應(yīng)用代詞時(shí)要注意人稱格與數(shù)的一致性。這里it所代替的是不可數(shù)名詞homework 所以應(yīng)用it。誤He and you should go to the library toreturn the books.正You and he should go to the library toreturn the books.析這主要是英語習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)其排列順序一般為you,he,she,I,而復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)為we,you they:如男女并列時(shí)應(yīng)先男后女如He and she 如果在表示不好意思承擔(dān)責(zé)仸時(shí)單數(shù)時(shí)用I,he,she,you,復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用They,you we,如Tom and I are good friends.You,he and I must go to play the game for ourteam thisafternoon.We,you and they have been there before.I,he and you have to pay for it.誤He or hi