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1、2021/6/7 1 (English Literature of Critical Realism in England) 2021/6/7 2 Alexandrina Victoria 1819-1901 At the age of 18 Victoria inherited the throne, she reigned for 64 years “The sun never sets on the Queens empire” the power and influence of Britain around the world The Opium War She died a lon

2、ely rulerAbout Queen Victoria: 2021/6/7 3 1837年，18歲的女王維多利亞登基，新女王在繼位之前的日記中寫道：既然上帝把我置于這個(gè)國家的王位上，我將盡力履行自己的職責(zé)。我尚年輕，可能在許多方面缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但我肯定，幾乎無人像我這樣懷著為國為民的良好意愿和真切希望。女王充分實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的諾言：她在其一生中模范地履行了立憲君主的職責(zé)，因此深受國民的愛戴；她還是那個(gè)時(shí)代道德風(fēng)尚的典范，她是賢妻，又是良母，是典型的大家閨秀，也是優(yōu)秀的一家主婦。她自己生活嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，工作刻苦，對(duì)別人又充滿責(zé)任感。在許多國人眼中，她就是那個(gè)時(shí)代的縮影，她漫長(zhǎng)的63年在位時(shí)期則是國家繁榮昌盛

3、的頂峰。維多利亞在位時(shí)期，被稱作“維多利亞時(shí)代”，在英國所有國王中，她享有盛譽(yù)，這不是因?yàn)樗龀隽耸裁崔Z動(dòng)的事業(yè)，而是因?yàn)樗裁炊疾蛔?，而僅僅恪守立憲君主的本分，做她那個(gè)時(shí)代的表率。 2021/6/7 4 她是第一個(gè)以“大不列顛和愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國女王和印度女皇”名號(hào)稱呼的英國君主。她在位的64年期間（1837-1901年），是英國最強(qiáng)盛的所謂“日不落帝國”時(shí)期。女王統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，在英國歷史上被稱為維多利亞時(shí)代。她在位的60余年正值英國自由資本主義由方興未艾到鼎盛、進(jìn)而過渡到壟斷資本主義的轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)期，經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化空前繁榮，君主立憲制得到充分發(fā)展，使維多利亞女王成了英國和平與繁榮的象征。 1837年維多利亞

4、女王即位時(shí)，英國已經(jīng)完成了資本主義工業(yè)革命，為了滿足國家尋找原料地和銷售市場(chǎng)的要求，英國開始在世界各地建立殖民地和自治領(lǐng)。1840年英國占領(lǐng)了新西蘭，這標(biāo)志著英國在全世界的殖民體系形成。英國對(duì)中國的野心由來已久。英國與中國的貿(mào)易最早始于茶葉、絲綢的貿(mào)易；但是這些商品是英國市場(chǎng)上的奢侈品，而中國自給自足的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制使得英國的工業(yè)革命的產(chǎn)品毫無用武之地。為了扭轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)華貿(mào)易逆差，英國商人開始在英國政府的支持下傾銷鴉片。1839年，林則徐在虎門銷煙，極大程度上打擊了英國政府的傾銷政策，1840年初， 維多利亞女王在議會(huì)上發(fā)表了著名的演說，呼吁“為了大英帝國的利益”，向中國發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)遂始。 2

5、021/6/7 5 維多利亞女王的名字，象征著一個(gè)時(shí)代。在維多利亞統(tǒng)治期間，英國國民空前團(tuán)結(jié)，英國成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的帝國，并不斷壯大發(fā)展。這是女王給英國人留下的最好遺產(chǎn)，也是對(duì)她一生政績(jī)最有力的評(píng)價(jià)。極少有坐上帝位的女人，能像維多利亞一樣，如此出色地完成了女王的職責(zé)，同時(shí)又擁有如此平凡的作為女人的幸福。她統(tǒng)治的時(shí)期，特別是1851年以后，在英國歷史上被稱為維多利亞時(shí)代。她在位的六十余年正值英國自由資本主義由方興未艾到鼎盛、進(jìn)而過渡到壟斷資本主義的轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)期，英國極度強(qiáng)盛，經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化空前繁榮，科學(xué)、藝術(shù)都有很大的發(fā)展，君主立憲制得到充分成熟，維多利亞女王的名字成了英國和平與繁榮的象征。 維多利亞女王性

6、格鮮明，秉性真摯。她忠于職守，具有治國之才；她不僅把時(shí)光消磨在工作上，也消磨在為家務(wù)操勞上；她忠于自己的丈夫，對(duì)子女要求嚴(yán)格，成為一代楷模。她的不懈努力，不僅使英國的文學(xué)，藝術(shù)、科學(xué)昌盛，經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，英國的生活方式（如英國貴族的下午 茶）也從那時(shí)候開始成為世界各國人民所追逐仿效的對(duì)象?！熬S多利亞時(shí)代”被許多英國人所懷念。 2021/6/7 6 Queen Elizabeth the primary manufacturer of goods and the wealthiest country -seeing it as their duty to bring English values, l

7、aws, customs, and religion to the “savage” races around the world (Missionaries) 2021/6/7 14 The Victorian age (1832-1901)An Age of change and Improvement -Great Exhibition of 1851 and Crystal Palace (locomotives, machine tools, power looms, reapers, steamboat engines and etc)-The 1st Reform Act of

8、1832 and the 2nd Reform act of 1867 : reform in the electoral system leading to a more democratic society-,1830, 1850, 1900, Public railway across England and an underground rail system beneath London 2021/6/7 15 The Victorian age (1832-1901)An Age of Unrest and Dispute Social unrest Intellectual di

9、versity Religious debate unemployment, poverty, slums in large cites, terrible working conditions; Utilitarianism and Jeremy BenthamLiberalism and Jean-Jacque RousseauSocialism and Karl MarxGerman Higher CriticismDarwins The Origin of Species (1859)Oxford Movement led by Cardinal NewmanThe rapid gro

10、wth of Evangelical Methodism(循道宗)Chartist Movement; petitions for womens suffrage; the Married Womens Property Acts 2021/6/7 16 The Victorian age (1832-1901)-Puritan morality: virtues of hard work; modesty and worldly success against seeking worldly pleasure- Victorian quality: the high standards of

11、 decency; earnest pursuit of morals vs. practices of prudery, false modesty, empty respectability-avoidance of profanity and sex & exposure of the ages hypocrisy in favor of sincerity and humanitarian love. Victorian temper 2021/6/7 17 Influence The Victorian period has been generally regarded as on

12、e of the most glorious in the English history. As a result of relative peace at home, national economy picked up at a high speed. The country changed from an agricultural to an industrialized nation. It became more urbanized, cities grew in size, and villages declined. Education became more general,

13、 and science and technology advanced. Despite the gaping extremes of wealth and poverty, life became visibly easier. On the whole, the Victorian period was characterized by rapid change in nearly every sphere of society and one of transition from the past to the modern times. Hope existed alongside

14、dismay, and optimism was colored by anxiety. 2021/6/7 18 Literature of the Victorian Period The Victorian Period of English literature began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837, and lasted until her death in 1901. Queen Victoria ( 1819 - 1901 ) 2021/6/7 19 The Victorian Period

15、 (1832-1901)The early phase (1832-1848): Time of turbulence The middle phase (1848-1870): time of prosperity The late phase(1870-1901): time of decayChartist literature and Democratic poetry Critical realistic novels, poetry and non-fiction prose Critical realists (Thomas Hardy, Samuel Butler), Natu

16、ralists (George Gissing), school of Aestheticism (Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde)唯美主義 2021/6/7 20 Characteristics of the English literature in Victorian period The Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and refl

17、ected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life and thought. In this period, the novel became naturally the most popular form of all the literary art, and what writers were concerned with was the fate of common people. 2021/6/7 21 Victorian Literature C

18、hronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria over England from 1836 to 1901. I n literature, the early Victorian age can be said to be the age of critical realism. The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. P

19、uritan morality of the early and mid Victorian period was reflected in the novels. I n Victorian novels the societys effects on individual are analyzed. 2021/6/7 22 Victorian Literature Literature produced during this period reflects the “spirit of the times”: Expansion of newspapers and periodicals

20、 led to ongoing debates about current political and social issues. Victorian literature (especially novels) offered a realistic, day-to-day portrayal of social life and represented these issues in the stories of the characters. Suddenly, the once-silent female segment of society raised their voices.

21、 They could even appear onstage, acting in dramas (a privilege denied to them prior to this time). 2021/6/7 23 Features of Victorian novels In this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faith

22、ful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all con

23、cerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. 2021/6/7 24 Their truthful depiction of peoples life & bitter & strong criti

24、cism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natu

25、red humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.Features of Victorian novels 2021/6/7 25 The critical realistic ideas among Victorian novelists While st

26、icking to the principle of faithful representation of the eighteenth-century realist novel, the critical realistic novelists carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass. They were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry about the

27、inhuman social institutions , the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice. 2021/6/7 26 What is critical realism? Critical realism is the main trend of the literary thoughts in the 19th century. It reveals the c

28、orrupting influence of the rule of money upon human nature. Critical realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint of bourgeoisie reality. The major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lie in their perfection of

29、the novels. They made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. 2021/6/7 27 Literary Current :The Critical RealismDefinition: English critical realism. Critical realism was the main current

30、in English novel in the middle of the 19the century, an age which witnessed a great development in capitalist industry and commerce in England. Replacing the feudal aristocracy, the bourgeoisie had assumed ruling power. The working people lived in poverty and misery, and the conflict between labor a

31、nd capital became the fundamental class contradiction in society. 2021/6/7 28 What are the main characteristics of the English critical realism? English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and ar

32、tistic skill the chief trait of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. In their best works, the greed and hypocrisy of the upper-classes are contrasted with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Hence humo

33、r and satire abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century. However, the critical realists did not, due to their world outlook, could not, find a way to eradicate social evils. 2021/6/7 29 Literary Forms 2. Social criticism in prose Thomas Carlyle John Ruskin Matthew Arnold 3. English P

34、oetry 4. The appearance of Working Class Literature 1. Perfection of the novel a. the greatest realist of the time was Charles Dickens b. William Makepeace Thackeray c. Charlotte Bronte and Elizabeth Gaskell d. George Eliot 2021/6/7 30 The main writers in Victorian PeriodNovelists: Charles Dickens（查

35、爾斯.狄更斯） The Bronte Sisters（勃朗特三姐妹） Alfred Tennyson（阿爾弗雷德.丁尼生） Robert Browning（羅伯特.布朗寧） George Eliot（喬治.艾略特） Thomas Hardy（托馬斯.哈代）Poets:Alfred Tennyson, Robert BrowningPlaywrights:Oscar Wilde（奧斯卡.王爾德）George Bernard Shaw（蕭伯納） 2021/6/7 31 Other writersMatthew Arnold （馬修.阿諾德）Walter Scott （ 沃爾特.司各特）Willia

36、m Makepeace Thackeray （威廉.麥克皮斯.薩克雷）Samuel Butler （塞繆爾.巴特勒）Rudyard Kipling （拉迪亞德.吉普林）Arnold Bennett（ 阿諾德.本涅特）William Somerset Maugham（ 威廉.薩默賽特.毛姆）Herbert George Wells（ 赫伯特.喬治.威爾斯）John Galsworthy （約翰.高爾斯華綏 ）E.M.Forster E.M.（福斯特）Arthur Conan Doyle （阿瑟.柯南道爾） 2021/6/7 32 The Victorian Poetry Victorian po

37、etry developed in the context of the novel. Poets sought new ways of telling stories in verse. All poets show the strong influence of the Romantics, but cannot sustain the confidence the Romantics felt in the power of the imagination. Victorian poets often rewrite Romantic poems with a sense of bela

38、tedness. Dramatic monologue the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement of Victorian poetry. 2021/6/7 33 The Victorian Poetry The Victorian age also produced two great English poets: Browning & Tennyson. Their poetry was characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. Browning has paved the way for modern English poetry in the twentieth century. 2021/6/7 34 部分資料從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理而來，供大家參考，感謝您的關(guān)注！