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1、Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔絲》悲劇成因探析 Abstract: Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and

2、 pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weak

3、ness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethi

4、c. Key Words: Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character 摘　要: 托馬斯．哈代是19世紀(jì)英國著名的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家，《德伯家的苔絲》是他最為有影響力的一部巨著。該小說主要講述了一個(gè)美麗純真的少女失身后悲慘的命運(yùn)。文章通過對小說中社會(huì)環(huán)境的描寫，再從人物性格和當(dāng)時(shí)的宗教原因著手，由此揭露出苔絲悲慘的命運(yùn)是那個(gè)社會(huì)所造成的，是一個(gè)時(shí)代思想，傳統(tǒng)，秩序的局限所造成的結(jié)果。除此之外,這與她自身性格的弱點(diǎn)也是分不開的，因?yàn)樗龑γ\(yùn)有著反抗的一面也有妥協(xié)的一面。所以，作

5、為普通人的苔絲與當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的抗?fàn)幨菬o助的，最終會(huì)像所有一切與道德倫理相悖的事物一樣，被淪為社會(huì)的犧牲品。 關(guān)鍵詞: 苔絲的悲劇; 社會(huì)環(huán)境; 家庭環(huán)境；倫理道德; 個(gè)體性格 Introduction Tess of the d’Urbervilles can be regarded as one of the greatest tragedies in prose in the history of English literature. Though Hardy mainly writes about the common country people in Wessex,

6、southwestern part of England, he shows grandeur and dignity in his tragedies similar to what we find in Greek tragedy and his grave and elaborate style contributes to the tragic sense of life. Hardy is remarkable for his tremendous power of producing tragedies comparable to classic tragedies. Tess

7、 was a poor peasant girl who wanted to rely on her hands to pursuit individual happiness right, but the power forces of society can’t letting off a weak girl, in the end caused her tragedy. In this novel, the great intense counter- religion, ant feudal moral, counter- bourgeoisie law tendency，althou

8、gh meet opposition in the English upper society, received loving of the common readers. Research this novel can let us know the view of morality and ethic in the hypocritical bourgeoisie in the Britains Victorian era, Tess’s tragedy is due to the moral root of society and the stable view of women ch

9、astity in the society which male is center. In sharp opposition this view when Hardy guiding Tess’s behave of mind, the critique spear point refers society and Christian church which protect this view. We are feeling that imaging put writer’s discussion in the Britains Victorian era more than one hu

10、ndred years ago , we amazing the avant-garde mind of Hardy, he melted this kind of mind at times when he create Tess this character, from that only then entrusts with this image richer connotation and the more profound social critique. This book became the one of the most great works in the late of

11、Victorian era, because it boldly expose hypocritical moral in the Capitalist society and condemned the Capitalism in the late 19th century caused impoverishment and decay of small farmers in rural England . I. Introduction of Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy, (1840---1928), one of the representatives o

12、f English critical realism at the turn of the 19th century, he was also a poet; He is famous for novels of character and Environment. His birthplace was in a country which named Egdon in the Westland; this natural environment formed the main environment in the Hardy’s writes. His father was a stonec

13、utter, but like music, his parents paid more attention on Hardy’s education. In his childhood, he received the education for theology, but when he grew up, he turned to learn the literature. Hardy left school became a architects apprentice in 1856。And then went to Landon became a post of the buildin

14、g draftsman in 1862，also in this time he took advanced courses for language in Landon University and began literature creative。His literature career began with poetry, but due to not have the good fortune to publish, changed the matter for novel creation. His first long novel was published in 1871,

15、the celebrated work was his fourth novel Farm from Madding Crowd in 1874, from then on, and he dropped construction industry and devoted to the novel creation There were early 20 long novels in Hardy’s life, the most famous novels are Tess of the D’Urbervilles(1891) ,Jude the Obscure(1895), The May

16、or of Cascetbridge(1901). Hardy’s works reflected the changed of social economy, political, moral and tradition when the hypocritical bourgeoisie invaded the countries in England, especially exposed women’s tragic life and hypocrisy of bourgeoisie morals, legal and religious。His works not only inher

17、ited the great tradition of England realism，but also pioneering the way for 20th century British literature. II. Background of the Novel This story happened in the late of Britains Victorian era，in this time, Capitalist class controlled all right, and the law were serviced for them. Farmers were a

18、t the bottle of the society, they had never equal right as the capitalist class. Tess as a woman in the Victorian era，she cannot avoided the “Hegemony” father right consciousness to “woman” nature understanding and severe social etiquette。And the patriarchal social system made women lost their indep

19、endent status.。In the male consciousness, By the Capitalist invasion，those Self-reliant farmers who had a small amount of land and the means of production had followed the insolvency。Female beauty not only regarded as the "Troubles" but also become an excuse for men to shirk their crime；The male req

20、uests feminine to be loyal and the bodily pure and chaste, actually disregards own indulging. But in under male power suppression, feminine thought pattern also was controlled solidly by this kind of strong trend was even melting. Tess of the D’Urbervilles was a very influential work of Hardy, whic

21、h told the tragic life story of a beautiful country girl. Tess was a poor peasant girl. Sented by her mother to claim kindred with a more prosperous branch of the D’Urbervilles family, she was seduced by the young master of the house, Alec, and had to return home in disgrace. After giving birth to a

22、 child who died in infancy, she went to work as wage-laborer at a daisy farm at Talbothays. There she met Angel Clare, a son of clergyman, and he felled in love with her and married her. On the wedding night, Tess and Clare told each other about their pasts, and Clare, after hearing Tess’s confessio

23、n left her abruptly for Brazil. Poverty forced Tess to seek for work and she worked for a long time at a capitalist farm at Flint comb-Ash where she was insulted and oppressed by the master. Then the news of her father’s death and the expulsion of her family from their cottage drived her to seek for

24、 assistance from Alec, and the latter, now a preacher, soon resumes his former illicit relations with her. Angel Clare returned repentant and ready to be reconciled to Tess, but the girl found that her living with Alec hinders her from returning to Clare. She killed Alec and then was speedily arrest

25、ed, tried and hanged. III. Two Deep Stratification of the Tess’ tragedy in the Novel A. Family and Society Caused Tess’s Tragedy 1. Family Background of Tess At the beginning of the novel, Tess was a daughter of poverty descent which had once magnificent .She was a dairymaid, who lived in the

26、country, as a daisy on the village roadside, beautiful but humble, and being with her family was broken up and decimated sixty years ago before the story began. And as the writer express emotion, “Normans descent, not for the support of Victoria 1800, the wealth, a very inconsequential!” Distinguish

27、ed background doesn’t bring any benefits to Tess, but her tragic life was begun. Tess’s father was a poor countryside hawker, who had the natural disposition is lazy and constantly excessive drinking also benighted, Tess’s mother was a dairymaid, who sloppy superstition and mind simply.They were pi

28、tiful creature who chart admires the vanity and listened to depend on the time wind and rain willfully to devastate. Just as such terrible patents became the setter of a bad example of Tess’s tragedy. In order to showed off own so-called "aristocrat" status and satisfied mere vanity, Tess’s parents

29、 wanted to by "acknowledges as relatives", "marries" to improve own status. Although Tess obnoxious parents’ hypocrisy, despised noble origin, and persisted thought oneself is peasant familys daughter who living on own labor, but she was the oldest in the family, parents’ incompetent made the heavy

30、burden on herself early. She loved her little sisters and brothers deeply that cannot cruel enough to looked they suffer hardships. Unfortunately, when the old horse died what her family living on it, Tess great reluctance obeyed the aunt to assign to go for shelter richly adulteration relative with

31、 same surname, in the result she suffered devastating, became the sacrificial victim and the Confucianism criminal which the beast wants. Afterwards, in order to her family Tess forced to leave native place, everywhere the wooden scoop anchors, experiences the vicissitudes. When end of hills and riv

32、ers, Tess came back to Alec again for family, received in exchange for family members warm and sufficient condition by own human body. The God gave Tess a woman of high stations soul, let she has the fine dust does not dye, unusual refined, but the reality actually gave her to fall the soul the fam

33、ily background that made she got rid of between this mortal world incapably all sorts of troubled. This kind of spirit extreme is not harmonious with the meat caused Tess’s tragic fate. 2. Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System Tess was lived in the Victorian era which capita

34、lism invasion the rural England. She was a hardworking, kind-hearted, intelligent and beautiful girl；but regard as a laborer, a man of poor agricultural workers, she has low social status that naturally will received oppression and humiliation in the capitalist society。Research this novel we can kno

35、w at that time in Victoria dynasty time England bourgeois societys moral ethics view, Tess’s tragedy was due to social morals root mainly is in the masculine central society that kind of firm woman chastity idea. In the capitalist society, legal regime and moral outlook all were take maintains the e

36、xploiting class the benefit and the acknowledgment exploiting class oppresses peoples authority as the premise, were serviced for protect reactionary control. Alec wildly dominated in the township, did all kinds of evil things, but she was protected by the law. Tess actually is condemned the death p

37、enalty. This just was explaining bourgeoisie politics system reactionary, indicated the unimportant persons in the lower level social class were impossible to obtain the fair treatment in the society. We may see in the novel, such as Alec this thunder actually receives the bourgeoisie state apparatu

38、s and the religious morals protection. 3. Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers This story has happened in the southern countries of England. Small farmers impoverishment and the decay which the writer really describes these which to be hired the farmers and seeks the work. These laborers ar

39、e mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners. Let us see the economy condition in the 19th century. In the late 19th century, the economic crisis took place there in bourgeois world; it led to the social change. The change made many peasants lose their lands and became peasant workers. Large quan

40、tities of peasants were bankrupt. It is the same with the D’Urbervilles. Their narrow minds and stupidity make them puzzled. The society is so cruel that it does not give them a chance to live and makes them discard their children. Tess was born into the family of a poor rural tradesman. Her father

41、drinks a lot and doesn’t work hard. Her mother herself is like a child and never thinks about the future. There are many children in their family. Her family is poor and when the old horse “Prince” is killed by accident, the economic condition of her family was worse, that means the bankrupt of the

42、family. Her mother sends her to claim kin with a distant relative of noble D’Urbervilles family in the hope of changing the poor and miserable condition of the family. Her disjoint from the country leads to her later tragedy: the young master Alec seduces her and the following pregnancy compels Tess

43、 to return home in disgrace. Her tragic life was begun. B. Characters Analysis in the Novel In one novel, people’s character also takes a very important part，in this novel, the writer though the environment to describe Tess’s tragic fate, but the other reasons caused this result is people’s charac

44、ter，Alec and Clare are very closely to Tess’s fate. Let’s focus on Tess first. 1. Tess’s Character Tess was a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer. Her nature character concentrated reflection human nature industrious and brave, is refracting the quality of human nature’s b

45、rave benevolence. Tess’s beauty and temperament are harmony with the nature, she was “the nature’s daughter”, and her mind which is contaminated after the common custom has not been good and the rich sympathy, she never even a fly, worms are not cruel enough to injury and a little bird in a cage can

46、 make she cry. Tess this own character decided she has no ability to protect herself, and the efforts required to pay in excess of her endurance. The tragedy of her fate set the tone early, and the tragedy’s happen only the problem of time or might different in form. Tess experienced major changes

47、in human relationships. She obviously has the dual nature of the social character---- resistance and compromise. Tess was in a difficult position, but she never spiritless. Tess was her parents climb recognize the chip which D’Urbervilles family marries, this field confirmed blood relations transact

48、ion has ruined her pure and chaste, and also made Tess doubt her own nature. From then on, “Almost at a leap Tess thus changed from simple girl to complex woman.”(Thomas Hardy, 145) Marries the tentative plan is disillusioned; Tess’s inner asked “Womans chastity, really time has lost, forever has lo

49、st? All organisms have the ability to restore the source, why shouldnt the sole maidens chastity have this kind of ability?” (Thomas Hardy, 164)“why the sun do shine on the just and the unjust alike？”（Thomas Hardy,184）Treat with the bad young man Alec. Tess revolts constantly. Although she became a

50、disgrace woman, she always holds an inviolable attitude to Alec. She dropped originally may enjoy easy and comfortable life, fostered the child lonely. Periphery discriminates the judgment has not certainly frightened her; she silently endured the unfair in the life. In order to after because the ch

51、ild who gives birth to die can be peaceful, she does not attend to blaspheme the canon, own begins to the child to execute the baptism. Although life gave her only attack and disaster，she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life. The second time Tess m

52、eet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time. Faced every enticement of Alec, she basic remains unmoved, Tess was not willing to compromise. The disaster arrived, Tess’s father died and her family was expelled the village. Tess entrusted the body once again in Alec in order to her mother and

53、little brothers and sisters have a place to live，but anti-makes in light of this had not ended, submits is only temporary. In the end, she used a knife killed Alec; this is inevitable result of her innermost feelings revolt. Tess had the ending of violent resistance to evil just her character to a h

54、igher level. The other side of Tess’s social character is resigned to bad conditions. Tess adopts completely another kind of manner to treat Clare. The relationship between lovers should be equal, but Tess constantly disparages herself and raises Clare. At the beginning of love “she loves he extre

55、mely, she looks he as the god.”(Thomas Hard, 261) “To her sublime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be - knew all that a guide, philosopher,, and friend should know. She thought every line in the contour of his person the perfection of masculine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his

56、 intellect that of a seer……The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her lift up her heart to him in devotion.”(Thomas Hard, 276) This is a love which how strong is blazing actually acts sterilely. In front of love, Tess has lost herself, has lost the dignity. Just this kind of blind,

57、 unequal love make Tess dropped the happy right as a wife, deepened her tragedy. Tess write a confession letter to Clare before married, and then tell her “crime”, but Clare is the traditional morals defender of traditional moral principles, his “new mind” demand Tess gives forgiveness and tolerant

58、 for his profligate behavior in the past, Tess has done, but the tragic past of Tess, actually cannot obtain Clare repays -like the intolerance. Tess has not done revolts slightly face Clare heartless abandonment. Oppositely, she said:” I certainly like a low pitiful slave of yours, absolute obeys y

59、ou, if you ask me not to be able to fall to the ground, suicide killed, and I do not violate you.” (Tomas Hard, 352) Clare cruel-heartedly leaves; Tess never reduces her love to Clare. A passionate letter actually cannot call Clares ice-cold heart. The disaster layer on layer causes her to be able n

60、ot but makes the choice in the social role and the natural disposition, she started to Clares revolt. Harbors to Clares despairing, she went to Alec’s thunder bosom who called himself the Satan. However she submits the ratio to the Alec thunder to lose the pure and chaste humiliation. In the end, w

61、hen Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She now hated Alec because once again he had been the cause of her husband’s repudiation of her. Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead, in a

62、ddition, Alec said many bad words to satirize her. She stabbed him as he slept. Then she ran out of the house and followed Angel. They had a few happy days together. Living with the husband she truly loved, she was ready for her punishment. Just because of her contradictory and tragic character, Tes

63、s had such miserable fate. 2. Alec and Clare’s Characters In this novel to male leading characters description has reflected at that time the capitalist society darkness and false capitalism morals view. Alec is the emerging bourgeoisies representatives; he is representing the bourgeois societys

64、authority, the wealth and the evil, Tess’s tragic life reason to him. His father is a rich merchant, but after crown by aristocrat D’Urbervilles surname。This young man lay on his father’s money and power dominates the native place. When he meets Tess, the dissolute lascivious countenance is complet

65、ely unmasked; he supposes the snare that destroyed young girls pure and chaste and the life happiness. Harms others to benefit him, resorts to all means to satisfy own absurd fleshly desires, and not only displayed the countryside landlord classs essential characteristic, but also manifested the pro

66、perty realistic characteristic. Although afterwards he changed in old pastor Clare help next evilly reforms, however, several dozens years abuse eradicates by no means. When he meets Tess again, has temptations regeneration. Alec in order to control Tess even uses the money and the power and influence strength to cause region which liver Tess’s family is in has no home. It can be said, Tess’s life is the might and the violence victim which the Alec t