高中物理重難點(diǎn)知識突破(含詳細(xì)的例題及解析)
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1、exclaimed.Just then, a man hurried to the ticket-office.Can I return these two tickets? he asked.Certainly, the girl said.Could I have those two tickets please ? I asked.Certainly, the girl said, but they are for next Wednesdays performance.I might as well have them, I said sadly.Lesson20 One man in
2、 a boat 獨(dú)坐孤舟Fishing is my favourite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything-not even old boots. After having spent whole m
3、ornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. You must give up fishing! my friends say. Its a waste of time. But they dont realize one important thing. Im not really interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all !Lesson21 Mad or not? 是不是瘋了?Aero
4、planes are slowly driving me mad. I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. The airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the
5、noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.Lesson22 A glass envelope 玻璃信封My daughter, Jan
6、e, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea. She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she rece
7、ived a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post-office. Letters will cost a litt1e more, but they will certainly travel faster. Lesson23 A new house 新居I had a letter from my sister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her
8、letter, she said that she would come to England next year. If she comes, she will get a surprise. We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The house was completed five months ago. In my letter, I told her that she could stay with us. The
9、house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people. It must be the only modern house in the district.Lesson24 It could be worse 不幸中之萬幸I entered the hotel managers office and sat down. I had just lost &50 and I felt very upset. I lef
10、t the money in my room, I said, and its not there now. The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing. Everyones losing money these days, he said. He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. A girl came in and put an envelope on his desk. It conta
11、ined &5o. I found this outside this gentlemans room she said. Well, I said to the manager, there is still some honesty in this world !lesson25 Do the English speak English? 英國人講的是英語嗎?I arrived in London at last. The railway station was big, black and dark. I did not know the way to my hotel, so I as
12、ked a porter. I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well. The porter, however, could not understand me; I repeated my question several times and at last he understood. He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly. I am a foreigner, I said. Then he spoke slowly, but
13、I could not understand him. My teacher never spoke English like that! The porter and I looked at each other and smiled. Then he said something and I understood it. Youll soon learn English! he said. I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different language. The English understand each other, but I
14、dont understand them ! Do they speak English ?lesson26 The best art critics 最佳美術(shù)評論家I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures. Many people pretend that they understand modern art. They always tell you what a picture is about. Of course, many pictures arc not about anything. They are just pret
15、ty patterns. We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. They notice more. My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. She came into my room yesterda
16、y. What are you doing ? she asked. Im hanging this picture on the wall, I answered. Its a new one. Do you like it ? She looked at it critically for a moment. Its all right, she said, but isnt it upside-down ? I looked at it again. She was right! It was!Lesson27 A wet night 雨夜Late in the afternoon,
17、 the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food smelt good. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the camp fire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so
18、they pet out the fire and crept into their tent. Their sleeping-bags were warm and comfortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting. The tent was full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping-bags and hurried outside. It was raining heavil
19、y and they found that a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent!Lesson28 No parking 禁止停車Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved
20、 in, he has had trouble with motorists. when he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up No Parking signs outside his gate, but these have not had any e
21、ffect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. Jasper hopes that she will turn motorists to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!Lesson29 Taxi! 出租汽車!Captai
22、n Ben Fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and has begun a new service. The taxi is a small Swiss aeroplane called a Pilatus Porter. This wonderful plane can carry seven passengers. The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field.
23、Captain Fawcetts first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains. Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places. Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park. Captai
24、n Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman. The man wanted to fly to Rockall, a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean, but Captain Fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.Lesson30 Football or polo? 足球還是水球?The Wayle is a small river that cuts across the park nea
25、r my home. I like sitting by the Wayle on fine afternoons. It was warm last Sunday, so I went and sat on the river bank as usual. Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river. Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball very hard and it went towards a p
26、assing boat. Some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat, but he did not hear them. The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water. I turned to look at the children, but there werent any in sight: they had all run away! The man laughed when he realized what had happened
27、. He called out to the children and threw the ball back to the bank. Lesson31 Success story 成功者的故事Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Frank is now the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his jo
28、b to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1938 he bought a small work-shop of his own. During the war Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. By the end of the war, the small work-shop had becom
29、e a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their sons bicycle! Lesson32 Shopping made easy 購物變得很方便P
30、eople are not so honest as they once were. The temptation to steal is greater than ever before--especially in large shops. A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings. One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woma
31、n came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her. The woman first bought a few small articles. After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. Then the woman simply took the parcel
32、and walked out of the shop without paying. When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop-assistant was her daughter. The girl gave her mother a free dress once a week !lesson33 Out of the darkness 沖出黑暗Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. O
33、ne afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. Early next morn
34、ing, she saw a light ahead. She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. That was all she remembered. When she woke up a day later, she found herself 高中物理重難點(diǎn)知識突破 (主要包括:高中物理的力、功
35、與能、電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、帶電粒子在磁場中的運(yùn)動部分,有詳細(xì)的例題解析和總結(jié)) 一.力 一、難點(diǎn)形成原因: 1、力是物體間的相互作用。受力分析時(shí),這種相互作用只能憑著各力的產(chǎn)生條件和方向要求,再加上抽象的思維想象去畫,不想實(shí)物那么明顯,這對于剛升入高中的學(xué)生來說,多習(xí)慣于直觀形象,缺乏抽象的邏輯思惟,所以形成了難點(diǎn)。 2、有些力的方向比較好判斷,如:重力、電場力、磁場力等,但有些力的方向難以確定。如:彈力、摩擦力等,雖然發(fā)生在接觸處,但在接觸的地方是否存在、方向如何卻難以把握。 3、受力分析時(shí)除了將各力的產(chǎn)生要求、方向的判斷方法熟練掌握外,同時(shí)還要與物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)相聯(lián)系,這就需要一定的綜合能力
36、。由于學(xué)生對物理知識掌握不全,導(dǎo)致綜合分析能力下降,影響了受力分析準(zhǔn)確性和全面性。 4、教師的教學(xué)要求和教學(xué)方法不當(dāng)造成難點(diǎn)。教學(xué)要求不符合學(xué)生的實(shí)際,要求過高,想一步到位,例如:一開始就給學(xué)生講一些受力個(gè)數(shù)多、且又難以分析的物體的受力情況等。這樣勢必在學(xué)生心理上會形成障礙。 二、難點(diǎn)突破策略: 物體的受力情況決定了物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài),正確分析物體的受力,是研究力學(xué)問題的關(guān)鍵。受力分析就是分析物體受到周圍其它物體的作用。為了保證分析結(jié)果正確,應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面突破難點(diǎn)。 1.受力分析的方法:整體法和隔離法 整體法 隔離法 概念 將幾個(gè)物體作為一個(gè)整體來分析的方法 將研究對象與周
37、圍物體分隔開的方法 選用原則 研究系統(tǒng)外的物體對系統(tǒng)整體的作用力 研究系統(tǒng)內(nèi)物體之間的相互作用力 注意問題 分析整體周圍其他物體對整體的作用。而不畫整體內(nèi)部物體間的相互作用。 分析它受到周圍其他物體對它的作用力 2.受力分析的依據(jù):各種性質(zhì)力的產(chǎn)生條件及各力方向的特點(diǎn) 3.受力分析的步驟 : 為了在受力分析時(shí)不多分析力,也不漏力,一般情況下按下面的步驟進(jìn)行: (1)確定研究對象 —可以是某個(gè)物體也可以是整體。 (2)按順序畫力 a.先畫重力:作用點(diǎn)畫在物體的重心,方向豎直向下。 b.次畫已知力 c.再畫接觸力—(彈力和摩擦力):看研究對象跟周圍其他物體有幾個(gè)接
38、觸點(diǎn)(面),先對某個(gè)接觸點(diǎn)(面)分析,若有擠壓,則畫出彈力,若還有相對運(yùn)動或相對運(yùn)動的趨勢,則再畫出摩擦力。分析完一個(gè)接觸點(diǎn)(面)后,再依次分析其他的接觸點(diǎn)(面)。 d.再畫其他場力:看是否有電、磁場力作用,如有則畫出。 (3)驗(yàn)證: a.每一個(gè)力都應(yīng)找到對應(yīng)的施力物體 b.受的力應(yīng)與物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)對應(yīng)。 說明: (1)只分析研究對象受的根據(jù)性質(zhì)命名的實(shí)際力(如:重力、彈力、摩擦力等),不畫它對別的物體的作用力。 (2)合力和分力不能同時(shí)作為物體所受的力。 (3)每一個(gè)力都應(yīng)找到施力物體,防止“漏力”和“添力”。 (4)可看成質(zhì)點(diǎn)的物體,力的作用點(diǎn)可畫在重心上,對有轉(zhuǎn)動
39、效果的物體,則力應(yīng)畫在實(shí)際位置上。 (5)為了使問題簡化,常忽略某些次要的力。如物體速度不大時(shí)的空氣阻力、物體在空氣中所受的浮力等。 (6)分析物體受力時(shí),除了考慮它與周圍物體的作用外,還要考慮物體的運(yùn)動情況(平衡狀態(tài)、加速或減速),當(dāng)物體的運(yùn)動情況不同時(shí),其情況也不同。 4. 受力分析的輔助手段 (1)物體的平衡條件(共點(diǎn)力作用下物體的平衡條件是合力為零) (2)牛頓第二定律(物體有加速度時(shí)) (3)牛頓第三定律(內(nèi)容:兩個(gè)物體之間的作用力和反作用力總是大小相等,方向相反,作用在一條直線上) 5.常見的錯誤及防范的辦法: (1)多畫力。 a.研究對象不明,錯將其他物
40、體受到的力畫入。 b.虛構(gòu)力,將不存在的力畫入。 c.將合力和分力重復(fù)畫入。 要防止多畫力。第一,徹底隔離研究對象。第二,每畫一個(gè)力要心中默念受力物體和施力物體。 (2) 少畫力。 少畫力往往是由受力分析過程混亂所致,因此 a.要嚴(yán)格按順序分析。 b.分析彈力和摩擦力時(shí),所有接觸點(diǎn)都要分析到。 (3) 錯畫力。即把力的方向畫錯。防范辦法是要按規(guī)律作 三、分類例析 1.彈力有、無的判斷 彈力的產(chǎn)生條件是接觸且發(fā)生彈性形變。但有的形變明顯,有的不明顯。那么如何判斷相互接觸的物體間有無彈力? 法1: “假設(shè)法”,即假設(shè)接觸物體撤去,判斷研究對象是否能維持現(xiàn)狀。若維
41、持現(xiàn)狀則接觸物體對研究對象沒有彈力,因?yàn)榻佑|物體使研究對象維持現(xiàn)狀等同于沒有接觸物,即接觸物形同虛設(shè),故沒有彈力。若不能維持現(xiàn)狀則有彈力,因?yàn)榻佑|物撤去隨之撤去了應(yīng)該有的彈力,從而改變了研究對象的現(xiàn)狀??梢娊佑|物對研究對象維持現(xiàn)狀起著舉足輕重的作用,故有彈力。 圖1—1 a b 例1:如圖所示,判斷接觸面對球有無彈力,已知球靜止,接觸面光滑。 【審題】在a、b圖中,若撤去細(xì)線,則球都將下滑,故細(xì)線中均有拉力, a圖中若撤去接觸面,球仍能保持原來位置不動,所以接觸面對球沒有彈力;b圖中若撤去斜面,球就不會停在原位置靜止,所以斜面對小球有支持力。 【解析】圖a
42、中接觸面對球沒有彈力;圖b中斜面對小球有支持力 法2:根據(jù)“物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)”分析彈力。即可以先假設(shè)有彈力,分析是否符合物體所處的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)?;蛘哂晌矬w所處的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)反推彈力是否存在??傊?,物體的受力必須與物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)符合。同時(shí)依據(jù)物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài),由二力平衡(或牛頓第二定律)還可以列方程求解彈力。 圖1—2 例2:如圖所示,判斷接觸面MO、ON對球有無彈力,已知球靜止,接觸面光滑。 圖1—3 【審題】圖中球由于受重力,對水平面ON一定有擠壓,故水平面ON對球一定有支持力,假設(shè)還受到斜面MO的彈力,如圖1—3所示,則球?qū)⒉粫o止,所以斜面MO對球沒有彈力。
43、 【解析】水平面ON對球有支持力,斜面MO對球沒有彈力。 再如例1的a圖中,若斜面對球有彈力,其方向應(yīng)是垂直斜面且指向球,這樣球也不會處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),所以斜面對球也沒有彈力作用。 【總結(jié)】彈力有、無的判斷是難點(diǎn),分析時(shí)常用“假設(shè)法”并結(jié)合“物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)”分析。 2.彈力的方向 彈力是發(fā)生彈性形變的物體由于要恢復(fù)原狀,而對它接觸的物體產(chǎn)生的力的作用 。所以彈力的方向?yàn)槲矬w恢復(fù)形變的方向。 平面與平面、點(diǎn)、曲面接觸時(shí),彈力方向垂直于平面,指向被壓或被支持的物體;曲面與點(diǎn)、曲面接觸時(shí),彈力方向垂直于過接觸點(diǎn)的曲面的切面,特殊的曲面,如圓面時(shí),彈力方向指向圓
44、心。彈力方向與重心位置無關(guān)。 繩子的彈力方向?yàn)椋貉刂K子且指向繩子收縮的方向;且同一條繩子內(nèi)各處的彈力相等 桿產(chǎn)生的彈力方向比較復(fù)雜,可以沿桿指向桿伸長或收縮的方向,也可不沿桿,與桿成一定的夾角。 例3:如圖1—4所示,畫出物體A 所受的彈力 圖1—4 a b c a圖中物體A靜止在斜面上 b圖中桿A靜止在光滑的半圓形的碗中 c圖中A球光滑 O為圓心, O'為重心。 【審題】圖a中接觸處為面面接觸,由于物體受重力作用,會對斜面斜向下擠壓,斜面要恢復(fù)形變,應(yīng)垂直斜面斜向上凸起,對物體有垂直斜面且指向物體斜向上的彈力。 圖b中B處為點(diǎn)與曲面接觸,發(fā)生的
45、形變?yōu)檠匕霃椒较蛳蛲獍?,要恢?fù)形變就得沿半徑向上凸起,C處為點(diǎn)與平面接觸, C處碗的形變的方向?yàn)樾毕蛳聣?,要恢?fù)形變就得沿垂直桿的方向向上,所以B處桿受的彈力為垂直過接觸點(diǎn)的切面沿半徑指向圓心,C處桿受的彈力為垂直桿向上。 圖1—5 a b c 圖c中接觸處為點(diǎn)與曲面接觸,發(fā)生的形變均為沿半徑分別向下凹,要恢復(fù)形變就得沿半徑方向向上凸起,所以在M、N兩接觸處對A球的彈力為垂直過接觸點(diǎn)的切面沿半徑方向向上,作用線均過圓心O,而不過球的重心O'。 【解析】如圖1—5所示 【總結(jié)】彈力的方向?yàn)槲矬w恢復(fù)形變的方向。分析時(shí)首先應(yīng)明確接觸處發(fā)生的形變是怎樣的,
46、恢復(fù)形變時(shí)應(yīng)向哪個(gè)方向恢復(fù)。另外應(yīng)記住平面與平面、點(diǎn)、曲面接觸,曲面與點(diǎn)、曲面接觸,繩、桿彈力方向的特點(diǎn),才能得以正確分析。 例4:如圖1—6所示,小車上固定著一根彎成α角的曲桿,桿的另一端固定一個(gè)質(zhì)量為m的球,試分析下列情況下桿對球的彈力的大小和方向:(1)小車靜止;(2)小車以加速度a水平向右運(yùn)動;(3)小車以加速度a水平向左運(yùn)動。 圖1—6 圖1—7 【審題】此題桿對球的彈力與球所處的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)有關(guān)。分析時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)具體分析。(1)小車靜止時(shí),球處于平衡狀態(tài),所受合外力為零,因重力豎直向下,所以桿對球的彈力F豎直向上,大小等于球的重力m
47、g,如圖1—7甲所示。 (2)當(dāng)小車向右加速運(yùn)動時(shí),因球只受彈力和重力,所以由牛頓第二定律F=ma得,兩力的合力一定是水平向右。由平行四邊形法則得,桿對球的彈力F的方向應(yīng)斜向右上方,設(shè)彈力F與豎直方向的夾角為θ,則由三角知識得:F= tanθ=a/g 如圖1—7乙所示。 (3)當(dāng)小車向左加速運(yùn)動時(shí),因球只受彈力和重力,所以由牛頓第二定律F=ma得,兩力的合力一定是水平向左,由平行四邊形法則得,桿對球的彈力F的方向應(yīng)斜向左上方,設(shè)彈力F與豎直方向的夾角為θ,則由三角知識得:F= tanθ=a/g 如圖1—7丙所示 可見,彈力的方向與小車運(yùn)動的加速度的大小有關(guān),并不一定沿桿
48、的方向。 【解析】(1)球處于平衡狀態(tài),桿對球產(chǎn)生的彈力方向豎直向上,且大小等于球的重力mg。 (2)當(dāng)小車向右加速運(yùn)動時(shí),球受合力方向一定是水平向右,桿對球的彈力方向應(yīng)斜向右上方,與小車運(yùn)動的加速度的大小有關(guān),其方向與豎直桿成arctan a/g角,大小等于。(3)當(dāng)小車向左加速運(yùn)動時(shí),球受合力方向一定是水平向左,桿對球的彈力方向應(yīng)斜向左上方,與小車運(yùn)動的加速度的大小有關(guān),其方向與豎直桿成arctan a/g角,大小等于。 【總結(jié)】桿對球的彈力方向不一定沿桿,只有當(dāng)加速度向右且a= gtanθ時(shí),桿對小球的彈力才沿桿的方向,所以在分析物體與桿固定連接或用軸連接時(shí),物體受桿的彈力方向應(yīng)與
49、運(yùn)動狀態(tài)對應(yīng)并根據(jù)物體平衡條件或牛頓第二定律求解。 3.判斷摩擦力的有、無 摩擦力的產(chǎn)生條件為:(1)兩物體相互接觸,且接觸面粗糙;(2)接觸面間有擠壓;(3)有相對運(yùn)動或相對運(yùn)動趨勢 例5:如圖1—8所示,判斷下列幾種情況下物體A與接觸面間有、無摩擦力。 圖a中物體A靜止 圖b中物體A沿豎直面下滑,接觸面粗糙 圖c中物體A沿光滑斜面下滑 圖1—8 圖d中物體A靜止 【審題】圖a中物體A靜止,水平方向上無拉力,所以物體A與接觸面間無相對運(yùn)動趨勢,所以無摩擦力產(chǎn)生;圖b中物體A沿豎直面下滑時(shí),對接觸面無壓力,所以不論接觸面是否光滑都無摩擦力產(chǎn)生
50、;圖c中接觸面間光滑,所以無摩擦力產(chǎn)生;圖d中物體A靜止,由于重力作用,有相對斜面向下運(yùn)動的趨勢,所以有靜摩擦力產(chǎn)生。 【解析】圖a、圖b、圖c中無摩擦力產(chǎn)生,圖d有靜摩擦力產(chǎn)生。 【總結(jié)】判斷摩擦力的有、無,應(yīng)依據(jù)摩擦力的產(chǎn)生條件,關(guān)鍵是看有沒有相對運(yùn)動或相對運(yùn)動趨勢。 4.摩擦力的方向 摩擦力的方向?yàn)榕c接觸面相切,.與物體間的相對運(yùn)動方向或相對運(yùn)動趨勢的方向相反。但相對運(yùn)動趨勢不如相對運(yùn)動直觀,具有很強(qiáng)的隱蔽性,常用下列方法判斷。 法1:“假設(shè)法”。即假設(shè)接觸面光滑,看原來相對靜止的物體間能發(fā)生怎樣的相對運(yùn)動。若能發(fā)生,則這個(gè)相對運(yùn)動的方向就為原來靜止時(shí)兩物體間的相對運(yùn)動趨勢的方
51、向。若不能發(fā)生,則物體間無相對運(yùn)動趨勢。 例6:如圖1—9所示為皮帶傳送裝置,甲為主動輪,傳動過程中皮帶不打滑,P、Q分別為兩輪邊緣上的兩點(diǎn),下列說法正確的是: A.P、Q兩點(diǎn)的摩擦力方向均與輪轉(zhuǎn)動方向相反 B.P點(diǎn)的摩擦力方向與甲輪的轉(zhuǎn)動方向相反,Q點(diǎn)的摩擦力方向與乙輪的轉(zhuǎn)動方向相同 C.P點(diǎn)的摩擦力方向與甲輪的轉(zhuǎn)動方向相同,Q點(diǎn)的摩擦力方向與乙輪的轉(zhuǎn)動方向相反 D.P、Q兩點(diǎn)的摩擦力方向均與輪轉(zhuǎn)動方向相同 圖1—9 【審題】本題可用“假設(shè)法”分析。由題意可知甲輪與皮帶間、乙輪與皮帶間均相對靜止,皮帶與輪間的摩擦力為靜摩擦力。假設(shè)甲輪是光滑的,則
52、甲輪轉(zhuǎn)動時(shí)皮帶不動,輪上P點(diǎn)相對于皮帶向前運(yùn)動,可知輪上P點(diǎn)相對于皮帶有向前運(yùn)動的趨勢,則輪子上的P點(diǎn)受到的靜摩擦力方向向后,即與甲輪的轉(zhuǎn)動方向相反,再假設(shè)乙輪是光滑的,則當(dāng)皮帶轉(zhuǎn)動時(shí),乙輪將會靜止不動,這時(shí),乙輪邊緣上的Q點(diǎn)相對于皮帶向后運(yùn)動,可知輪上Q點(diǎn)有相對于皮帶向后運(yùn)動的趨勢,故乙輪上Q點(diǎn)所受摩擦力向前,即與乙輪轉(zhuǎn)動方向相同。 【解析】正確答案為B 【總結(jié)】判斷摩擦力的有、無及摩擦力的方向可采用“假設(shè)法”分析。摩擦力方向與物體間的相對運(yùn)動方向或相對運(yùn)動趨勢的方向相反,但不一定與物體的運(yùn)動方向相反,有時(shí)還與物體的運(yùn)動方向相同。 圖1—10 例7:如圖1—10所示,物體A疊放在物體
53、B上,水平地面光滑,外力F作用于物體B上使它們一起運(yùn)動,試分析兩物體受到的靜摩擦力的方向。 【審題】本題中假設(shè)A、B間接觸面是光滑的,當(dāng)F使物體B向右加速時(shí),物體A由于慣性將保持原來的靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),經(jīng)很短時(shí)間后它們的相對位置將發(fā)生變化,即物體A相對B有向左的運(yùn)動,也就是說在原來相對靜止時(shí),物體A相對于B有向左的運(yùn)動趨勢,所以A受到B對它的靜摩擦力方向向右(與A的實(shí)際運(yùn)動方向相同)。同理B相對A有向右運(yùn)動的趨勢,所以B受到A對它的靜摩擦力方向向左(與B的實(shí)際運(yùn)動方向相反)。 【解析】物體A相對于B有向左的運(yùn)動趨勢,所以A受到B對它的靜摩擦力方向向右(與A的實(shí)際運(yùn)動方向相同)。物體
54、B相對A有向右運(yùn)動的趨勢,所以B受到A對它的靜摩擦力方向向左(與B的實(shí)際運(yùn)動方向相反)。如圖1—11所示 圖1—11 法2:根據(jù)“物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)”來判定。 即先判明物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)(即加速度的方向),再利用牛頓第二定律(F=ma)確定合力,然后通過受力分析確定靜摩擦力的大小和方向。 圖1—12 例8:如圖1—12所示,A、B兩物體豎直疊放在水平面上,今用水平力F拉物體,兩物體一起勻速運(yùn)動,試分析A、B間的摩擦力及B與水平面間的摩擦力。 【審題】本題分析摩擦力時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)物體所處的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)。以A物體為研究對象:A物體在豎直方向上受重力和支持力,二者平衡,假設(shè)
55、在水平方向上A受到B對它的靜摩擦力,該力的方向一定沿水平方向,這樣無論靜摩擦力方向向左或向右,都不可能使A物體處于平衡狀態(tài),這與題中所給A物體處于勻速運(yùn)動狀態(tài)相矛盾,故A物體不受B對它的靜摩擦力。反過來,B物體也不受A物體對它的靜摩擦力。 分析B物體與水平面間的摩擦力可以A、B整體為研究對象。因A、B一起勻速運(yùn)動,水平方向上合外力為零。水平方向上整體受到向右的拉力F作用,所以水平面對整體一定有向左的滑動摩擦力,而水平面對整體的滑動摩擦力也就是水平面對B物體的滑動摩擦力。 【解析】分析見上,因A勻速運(yùn)動,所以A、B間無靜摩擦力,又因A、B整體勻速運(yùn)動,由平衡條件得,物體B受到水平面對它的滑動
56、摩擦力應(yīng)向左。 法3:利用牛頓第三定律來判定 此法關(guān)鍵是抓住“力是成對出現(xiàn)的”,先確定受力較少的物體受到的靜摩擦力的方向,再確定另一物體受到的靜摩擦力的方向。 例6中地面光滑,F(xiàn)使物體A、B一起向右加速運(yùn)動,A物體的加速度和整體相同,由牛頓第二定律F=ma得A物體所受合外力方向一定向右,而A物體在豎直方向上受力平衡,所以水平方向上受的力為它的合外力,而在水平方向上只有可能受到B對它的靜摩擦力,所以A受到B對它的靜摩擦力方向向右。B對A的摩擦力與A對B的摩擦力是一對作用力和反作用力,根據(jù)牛頓第三定律,B受到A對它的靜摩擦力方向向左。 【總結(jié)】靜摩擦力的方向與物體間相對運(yùn)動趨勢方向相反,判
57、斷時(shí)除了用“假設(shè)法”外,還可以根據(jù)“物體的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)”、及 牛頓第三定律來分析?;瑒幽Σ亮Φ姆较蚺c物體間相對運(yùn)動的方向相反。 5.物體的受力分析 例9:如圖1—13甲所示,豎直墻壁光滑,分析靜止的木桿受哪幾個(gè)力作用。 【審題】首先選取研究對象——木桿,其次按順序畫力:①重力G—作用在木桿的中點(diǎn),方向豎直向下;②畫彈力。有兩個(gè)接觸點(diǎn),墻與桿接觸點(diǎn)屬點(diǎn)面接觸,彈力垂直于墻且指向桿,地與桿的接觸點(diǎn)也屬點(diǎn)面接觸,桿受的彈力垂直于地面且指向桿;③畫摩擦力。豎直墻光滑,墻與桿接觸點(diǎn)沒有摩擦力;假設(shè)地面光滑,桿將會向右運(yùn)動,所以桿靜止時(shí)有相對地面向右的運(yùn)動趨勢,所以地面對桿有向左的摩擦力。 【解析
58、】桿受重力G、方向豎直向下;彈力N1,垂直于墻且指向桿,彈力N2,垂直于地面且指向桿;地面對桿向左的摩擦力f。如圖1—13乙所示 乙 圖1—13 【總結(jié)】受力分析時(shí)應(yīng)按步驟分析,桿受的各力應(yīng)畫在實(shí)際位置上。不要將各力的作用點(diǎn)都移到重心上去。 例10:如圖1—14甲所示,A、B、C疊放于水平地面上,加一水平力F,三物體仍靜止,分析A、B、C的受力情況。 【審題】用隔離法分析:先?。翞檠芯繉ο螅海潦芟蛳碌闹亓Γ牵痢ⅲ聦Γ恋闹С至Γ危拢?。假設(shè)B對A有水平方向的摩擦力,不論方向水平向左還是向右,都與A處的靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)相矛盾,所以B對A沒有摩擦力。?。聻檠芯繉ο螅海率芟?/p>
59、下的重力GB、A對B的壓力NAB、C對B的支持力 NCB、水平力F。因B處靜止,水平方向受合力為零,根據(jù)平衡條件,C對B一定有水平向左的摩擦力fCB。再?。脼檠芯繉ο螅海檬芟蛳碌闹亓Γ牵?、B對C的壓力NBC,地面對C的支持力N,由牛頓第三定律得,B對C的摩擦力向右,因C處靜止合力為零,根據(jù)平衡條件,地對C的摩擦力f一定水平向左。 【解析】A、B、C三物體的受力如圖圖1—14乙所示 甲 乙 圖1—14 【總結(jié)】用隔離法分析物體受力分析最常用的方法,分析時(shí)應(yīng)將研究的物體單獨(dú)拿出來,不要都畫在一起,以免出現(xiàn)混亂。同時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)牛頓第三定律分析。A對
60、B的壓力及B對C的壓力應(yīng)以NAB和NBC表示,不要用GA和GB表示,因中它們跟GA、、GB是不同的。此題也可以用先整體后部分,由下向上的方法分析。 例11:如圖1—15甲所示,物體A、B靜止,畫出A、B的受力圖。 【審題】用隔離法分析。先隔離B:B受重力GB,外力F,由于F的作用,B和A之間的擠壓,所以A對B有支持力NAB,假設(shè)A、B接觸面光滑,物體B將相對A下滑,所以B有相對A向下的運(yùn)動趨勢,B受A向上的靜摩擦力fAB。再隔離A:A受重力GA,墻對A的支持力N墻,由牛頓第三定律得,A受到B對它的壓力NBA,水平向左,摩擦力fBA,方向豎直向下。假設(shè)墻是光滑的,A物體相對墻將下滑,也就是
61、說A物體相對墻有向下的運(yùn)動趨勢,所以墻對A有豎直向上的摩擦力f墻。 【解析】A、B受力如圖1—15乙所示 圖1—15甲 圖1—15乙 總結(jié):此類問題用隔離法分析,應(yīng)注意A、B間、A與墻間的摩擦力的分析,同時(shí)要根據(jù)牛頓第三定律分析。 圖1—16 例12:如圖1—16所示,用兩相同的夾板夾住三個(gè)重為G的物體A、B、C,三個(gè)物體均保持靜止,請分析各個(gè)物體的受力情況. 【審題】要分析各物體的受力情況,關(guān)鍵是分析A、B間、B、C間是否有摩擦力,所以可用先整體后隔離的方法。首先以三物體為一整體。豎直方向上,受重力3G,豎直向下,兩板對它向上的摩
62、擦力,分別為f;水平方向上,受兩側(cè)板對它的壓力N1、N2。根據(jù)平衡條件得,每一側(cè)受的摩擦力大小等于1.5G。然后再用隔離法分析A、B、C的受力情況,先隔離A,A物體受重力G,方向豎直向下,板對它的向上的摩擦力f,大小等于1.5G ,A物體要平衡,就必須受到一個(gè)B對它的向下的摩擦力fBA,根據(jù)平衡條件得,大小應(yīng)等于0.5 G , 水平方向上,A物體受板對它的壓力N1和B對它的壓力NBA; 再隔離C,C物體的受力情況與A物體類似. 豎直方向上受重力G、板對它的向上的摩擦力f、B對它的向下的摩擦力fBC,水平方向上受板對它的壓力N2、B對它的壓力NBC。再隔離B,豎直方向上B物體受重力G 、由牛頓第
63、三定律得,B受到A對它的向上的摩擦力fAB 、C對它的向上的摩擦力fCB ,以及水平方向上A對它的壓力NAB和C對它的壓力NCB。 【解析】A、B、C受力如圖圖1—17所示 圖1—17 【總結(jié)】明確各物體所受的摩擦力是解決此類問題的關(guān)鍵,較好的解決方法是先整體法確定兩側(cè)的摩擦力,再用隔離法確定單個(gè)物體所受的摩擦力。 例13:如圖1—18所示,放置在水平地面上的直角劈M上有一個(gè)質(zhì)量為m的物體,若m在其上勻速下滑,M仍保持靜止,那么正確的說法是( ) 圖1—18 A.M對地面的壓力等于(M+m)g B.M對地面的壓力大于(M+m)g C.地面對M
64、沒有摩擦力 D.地面對M有向左的摩擦力 【審題】先用隔離法分析。先隔離m,m受重力mg、斜面對它的支持力N、沿斜面向上的摩擦力f,因m沿斜面勻速下滑,所以支持力N和沿斜面向上的摩擦力f可根據(jù)平衡條件求出。。再隔離M,M受豎直向下重力Mg、地面對它豎直向上的支持力N地、由牛頓第三定律得,m對M有垂直斜面向下的壓力N'和沿斜面向下的摩擦力f',M相對地面有沒有運(yùn)動趨勢,關(guān)鍵看f'和N'在水平方向的分量是否相等,若二者相等,則M相對地面無運(yùn)動趨勢,若二者不相等,則M相對地面有運(yùn)動趨勢,而摩擦力方向應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的相對運(yùn)動趨勢的方向確定。 圖1—19 甲 乙 【解析】m、M的受力如圖1—19所
65、示 對m:建系如圖甲所示,因m沿斜面勻速下滑,由平衡條件得:支持力N=mgcosθ,摩擦力f=mgsinθ 對M:建系如圖乙所示,由牛頓第三定律得,N= N',f= f',在水平方向上,壓力N'的水平分量N'sinθ= mgcosθsinθ,摩擦力f'的水平分量f'cosθ= mgsinθcosθ,可見f'cosθ=N'sinθ,所以M相對地面沒有運(yùn)動趨勢,所以地面對M沒有摩擦力。 在豎直方向上,整體平衡,由平衡條件得:N地= f'sinθ+ N'cosθ+Mg=mg+Mg。所以正確答案為:A、C 再以整體法分析:M對地面的壓力和地面對M的支持
66、力是一對作用力和反作用力,大小相等,方向相反。而地面對M的支持力、地面對M摩擦力是M和m整體的外力,所以要討論這兩個(gè)問題,可以整體為研究對象。整體在豎直方向上受到重力和支持力,因m在斜面上勻速下滑、M靜止不動,即整體處于平衡狀態(tài),所以豎直方向上地面對M的支持力等于重力,水平方向上若受地面對M的摩擦力,無論摩擦力的方向向左還是向右,水平方向上整體都不能處于平衡,所以整體在水平方向上不受摩擦力。 圖1—20 【解析】整體受力如圖1—20所示,正確答案為:A、C。 【總結(jié)】綜上可見,在分析整體受的外力時(shí),以整體為研究對象分析比較簡單。也可以隔離法分析,但較麻煩,在實(shí)際解題時(shí),可靈活應(yīng)用整體法和隔離法,將二者有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來。 總之,在進(jìn)行受力分析時(shí)一定要按次序畫出物體實(shí)際受的各個(gè)力,為解決這一難
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