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1、Discovering useful words and expressionsEx. 1 ambitious clumsinessabsent firmnesssuitability noisebenefit psychologyannoyance encouragingEx. 21. How do you measure the length of a race round a racetrack? 2. How would you feel if someone kept talking when you were trying to read?3. In what way can a

2、teacher check if you have learned the new words by heart? 4. What do you call an item written in a diary or in a dictionary? 5. What kind of instrument does a doctor need to examine viruses in blood? 6. How do you describe someone who is happy to meet new people? 7. What do you call students in the

3、same year group and the same situation as you? 8. What do you call the behaviour of one student to others? ambitionabsence suitablebeneficialannoyed/ annoying clumsyfirmnoisypsychologicalencouragement lapannoyeddictation entrymicro copeoutgoingfellow conduct Ex. 3 There was a time when children with

4、 mental disabilities were prevented from living a normal life _. They used to _ in their own homes after being educated in special schools. Other people sometimes _ them. But now things are changing. There are training programmes for young people with mental disabilities, which have proved very bene

5、ficial. Students like Xie Li, mentally disabled from birth, now have a chance to become athletes. But it is a challenge. She has to _ training programmes as well as mixing with other able-bodied athletes. “Xie Li s confidence has grown,” said her father. “She looks much better and is not so often _

6、after her training. _ her mother and I are very happy with her progress. ” So, instead of _ mainstream activities, mentally disabled students can become part of the mainstream. _ they can lead a more fulfilling life. in many wayssit around make fun ofadapt toout f breath All in allcutting out In oth

7、er words Revising useful structuresEx. 2Jo: Oh! Am I late? I m sorry to have kept you waiting.Sue: No, you re fine.Jo: Thank you. The trouble is I can t find my shopping list.Sue: Oh dear! Where on earth could you have put it.Jo: Well, it isn t in my bag. I might have left it on the kitchen table. I

8、 seem to have forgotten so many things now that Christmas is here.Sue: I quite understand. So many presents to buy and so many cards to send!Jo: True. I was supposed to have finished all my shopping by now but Sue: Never mind. Nobody is said to have finished till there s no more left to buy!Jo: Quit

9、e right. Oh look, here s my list in my pocket.Sue: Let s get to work then! Ex. 3William Wilberforce was a great man. He is known _ (spend) eighteen years fighting for slaves. _ (free) slaves was his ambition. He was a very kind man, who did not like _ (see) people going hungry or in pain. He wanted

10、to do some good in the world. The cause which attracted him most was the abolition (廢 除 ) of the slave trade. Africans were taken from their homes and sold in markets. A master was able by law_ (treat) his servants as he wished even working them to death if he wanted to. Wilberforce was not the only

11、 person that was interested in his cause, but he was in politics and so able _ (help pass) the law which made it illegal. Finally the slave trade was abolished in 1907. Wilberforce then resigned from government in 1825 and died in 1833, just after the law was passed which was eventually _ (abolish)

12、slavery in England. to have spentTo free to seeto treatto help pass to abolish Unit 1Revise the Infinitive GrammarDo you believe I can fly like a bird? How can you believe I can fly like a bird? _is to believe. Its impossible for humans _now.To seeto fly like a bird 不 定 式 由 “ to+動 詞 原 形 ” 構 成 ,其 否 定

13、 形式 是 “ not/never to do” ,不 定 式 可 以 帶賓 語 或 狀 語 構 成 不 定 式 短 語 ,沒 有 人 稱 和數 的 變 化 ,但 有 時 態(tài) 和 語 態(tài) 的 變 化 。 不 定式 可 以 作 主 語 、 賓 語 、 狀 語 、 表 語 和 定 語， 但 不 能 單 獨 作 謂 語 。 不 定 式 的 邏 輯 主 語有 時 用 “ for+名 詞 或 代 詞 賓 格 ” 構 成 。不 定 式 動 詞 不 定 式 的 作 用 Functions of Infinitive 1 主 語 (subject) 2 表 語 (predicative) 3 賓 語 (obj

14、ect) 4 賓 補 (object complement) 5 定 語 (attribute) 6 狀 語 (adverbial) 7. 獨 立 結 構 (absolute construction) 1 不 定 式 作 主 語 (subject)To keep smiling is healthy for you.Its important to look up the new words in the dictionary when you study English.單 個 不 定 式 作 主 語 時 ,謂 語 動 詞 用 單 數 。若 不 定 式 太 長 ,往 往 用 it作 形 式

15、 主 語 ,不定 式 后 置 。 My job to protect the world. Your task is to _ .is2 不 定 式 作 表 語 (predicative) Seeing is to believe. To see is believing. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 不 定 式 常 用 在 系 動 詞 be, seem, appear, get, remain等 后 作 表 語 。All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly.如 果 主 語 部 分

16、 有 個 表 示 不 定 式 內 容 的 do, 用 作 表 語 的 不 定 式 常 省 略 to。 Yao Ming likes to play basketball. I find it still necessary (for him) to _ if he wants to win. 3 不 定 式 作 賓 語 (object)句 型 ： think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do 常 接 動 詞 不 定 式 作 賓 語 的 動 詞 有 ：agree, afford, appear, ask, attempt,care, choose, claim,

17、dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, hate, hesitate, hope, hurry, intend, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, threaten,want, wish 4 不 定 式 作 賓 補 (object complement)My mum asks me to play the piano two hours every day. The teacher told me

18、to clean the blackboard.I expect you to give me some help.引 導 不 定 式 作 賓 補 的 動 詞 ：warn, tell, allow, help, ask, force等+sb to do sth listen to hear watch 五 看 see look at observe notice 三使 let make have 二 聽 一 感 : feel + sb do sth（ 不 帶 to） 注 意 ：1.feel十 賓 語 to be的 不 定 式 時 ， to不 可省 略 。2.have， notice， watc

19、h不 用 于 被 動 語 態(tài) 。3.see， hear， make， listen to, notice，observe 變 為 被 動 態(tài) 時 ， 后 面 須 要 改 接帶 to的 不 定 式 ； 但 let 變 為 被 動 態(tài) ， 而 后面 要 接 to的 不 定 式 時 ， to可 保 留 也 可 省略 。 1. They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.例 如 ：2. Mother made John wash the car for a w

20、eek. John was made to wash the car for a week. 不 定 式 用 在 介 詞 but, except, besides后 時 , 如 果 這 些 介 詞 前 有 行 為 動 詞 do的各 種 形 式 , 那 么 介 詞 后 的 不 定 式 不 帶 to,相 反 則 帶 to。She could do nothing but cry.I have no choice but to go.What do you like to do besides sleep.不 定 式 不 帶 to的 常 見 情 況 5 不 定 式 作 定 語 (attribute)

21、Kate is looking for a suitable coat to wear.Tom has a nice pen to write with. 1. 不 定 式 做 定 語 時 常 放 在 被 修 飾 的 名詞 或 代 詞 之 后 (a) She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends. (b) Ladies and gentlemen, I have something important to tell you.不 定 式 作 定 語 不 定 式 作 定 語 與 所 修 飾 的 詞 之 間 有三 種 關 系 ：I h

22、ave a lot of work to do.我 有 很 多 工 作 要 做 。 He is always the first to come.他 總 是 第 一 個 來 。 We all have a chance to go to college.我 們 都 有 上 大 學 的 機 會 。(1) 動 賓 關 系(2)主 謂 關 系(3)同 位 關 系 2. 當 名 詞 被 the first ,the last, the only 等 詞 以 及 形 容 詞 最 高 級 修 飾 時 eg: She is always the first to come and the last to l

23、eave.3. something, anything, nothing, everything等 復 合 不 定 代 詞 常 用 不 定 式做 后 置 定 語 。 注 意 比 較 ：1) Have you anything to send? 你 有 什 么 東 西 要 寄 嗎 ？2) Have you anything to be sent? 你 有 什 么 要 （ 我 或 別 人 ） 寄 的 東 西 嗎 ？ （ 不 定 式 to send的 動 作 執(zhí) 行 者 是 you）（ 不 定 式 to be sent的 動 作 執(zhí) 行 者 是已 被 省 略 的 me 或 someone else）

24、 4. 如 果 不 定 式 是 不 及 物 動 詞 , 則 后 面 需 適 當 的 介 詞 。 Please pass me some paper to write_. on3. 也 可 用 在 have to do和 there be 句 型 中 。 There is no one to take care of her. I have no jewelry to wear. I got up early to _.You came here to_.in order to, so as to,enough to,only to, too.to catch the train 6 不 定 式

25、 作 狀 語 (adverbial) 在 一 些 短 語 中 也 有 體 現 eg: He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.1. 表 示 目 的 : to in order to so as to 6 不 定 式 作 狀 語 (adverbial) 2. 表 示 原 因 : 不 定 式 可 以 用 在 作 表 語 的 形 容 詞 后 作狀 語 , sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, dis

26、appointed等 。eg: Im glad/pleased to see you. We were surprised to hear the news. so + adj. / adv. + as to dosuch + adj. + n. +as to doadj. / adv.+ enough + to dotoo + adv. / adj. +to do He was so foolish as to believe it. = He was such a fool as to believe it. = He was foolish enough to believe it.3.

27、 結 果 狀 語 : To tell the truth, I am not happy at the moment.to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth7 獨 立 成 分 (absolute element) 1. It is good to help others. 2. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings. 3. My ambition is to w

28、ork in the computer industry when I grow up. Identify its function.(subject)(subject)(predicative)想 一 想 4. I dont have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 5. I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake. 6. A big company has decided to buy it from me. 7. My fellow students have beg

29、un to accept me for who I am. (attribute)(attribute)(object) (object) 8. I have had to work hard to live a normal life. 9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed. 10. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people. (adverbial)(adverbial)(object complement) 動 詞 不

30、 定 式 的 時 態(tài) 和 語 態(tài)形 式 主 動 被 動一 般 式進 行 式完 成 式完 成 進行 式 to doto have doneto be doingto have been doing to be doneto have beendone (1) They pretended not to see us.(2) He pretended to be sleeping. (3) She pretended to have known it before.(一般式表示與謂語的動作同時/幾乎/發(fā)生在它之后。)(在謂語動詞發(fā)生的同時,不定式的動作也正在進行。)(完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之

31、前。)(4) Were happy to have been working with you. (完成進行式表示謂語動作發(fā)生之前,不定式的動作一直在進行而且可能之后也繼續(xù)。) 不 定 式 的 時 態(tài) 不 定 式 的 一 般 式 to do I am glad to see you. He has decided to give her some money. 表 示 的 動 作 通 常 與 謂 語 所 表 示 的 動 作 或 狀 態(tài) 同 時 或 者 幾 乎 同 時 發(fā) 生 ， 或 是 在 它 之 后 發(fā) 生 。 不 定 式 的 進 行 式 to be doingI am very glad

32、to be working with you.He pretended to be working hardwhen his boss passed him.表 示 的 動 作 通 常 與 謂 語 動 詞 表 示 的 動作 同 時 發(fā) 生 。 不 定 式 的 完 成 式 to have doneHe happened to have seen the film before. The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese.不 定 式 所 表 示 的 動 作 發(fā) 生 在 謂 語 動 作或 狀 態(tài) 之 前 。 He wante

33、d to have met you at the airport, but he didnt get there in time.表 示 過 去 沒 有 實 現 的 期 待 或 者 計 劃hoped, promised, wanted, wished, expected, planned不 定 式 的 完 成 式 to have doneHe would like to have played theviolin at the concert.不 定 式 的 完 成 式 在 would like后 邊 表 示未 能 實 現 的 愿 望 。 不 定 式 的 語 態(tài)主 動 語 態(tài) to do 被

34、動 語 態(tài) to be doneIt is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting.Everyone likes the hero to be praised. 省 略 to 與 省 略 doWe asked him to stay till the nextday, but he refused to.Are you a teacher? Yes, and I haveto beWhat we want to do now is lie downand have a good rest.I didnt say anything

35、but to make a gesture. 固 定 詞 組 和 句 型1. prefer n. (doing) to n. (doing)2. prefer to do sth rather than do sth3. would rather do4. would rather + 句 子 （ 虛 擬 語 氣 ）5. advise/allow/permit/forbid sb to do advise/allow/permit/forbid) doing 幾 對 易 混 淆 的 詞 組 ：stop to do sth. 停 下 來 去 做 某 事 doing sth.停 止 做 某 事fo

36、rget to do sth. 忘 記 去 做 某 事 doing sth. 忘 記 已 做 了 某 事remember to do sth. 記 得 去 做 某 事 doing sth. 記 得 曾 經 做 某 事 The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with.1. 主 語 be +adj. +to do 能 用 于 此 句 型 的 形 容 詞 有 : difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使 人

37、疲 勞 的 ), interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.主動形式表被動意義的不定式 The box is light enough to carry.The river water is warm enough to swim in.2. 主 語 +be +adj. + enough +to do The books seemed too heavy to carry. The ice is too thin to skate on.3. 主 語 +be +too +adj. +to do 1. Last summ

38、er I took a course on_. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects3. There are five pairs_, but I am at a loss which to bu

39、y. A to be chosen B to choose from C to choose D for choosing 4. I find these problems are easy_. A. to be worked out B. to work them out C. to work out D. to be worked them out5. _late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D . Having slept 6. I would love _to th

40、e party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone7. John was made _the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 8. Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not

41、to C. so as to not D. not so as to9. The patient was warned _oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 1 愛 和 被 愛 都 是 最 大 的 幸 福 。_ are both great happiness.2 據 說 他 已 經 完 成 了 他 的 工 作 。He is said _.3 根 據 報 道 他 們 已 安 全 到 達 。They are reported _.To love and to

42、be lovedto have finished/completedhis work翻 譯 下 面 的 句 子to have arrived safely 4 我 想 叫 人 立 刻 修 理 這 輛 自 行 車 。I want this bike _.5 瑪 利 仿 佛 已 經 被 告 知 此 事 了 。Mary seemed _.6 眾 所 周 知 ， 奧 運 會 上 他 被 授 予 了 一 枚 金 牌 。He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympics.to be repaired at onceto have been told about itto

43、have been given/immediately I want to tell you something.Make up a short passage using the infinitive as much as possible. For exampleHi, I want to tell you something. I will go to Ruian for shopping this afternoon. Do you want to go with me? First, Id like to go to Kaitai Store. But to be frank, mo

44、st of time I am there only to do some window shopping, because everything is expensive. Then, I plan to go to HongQiao Road to buy some clothes. I like to try the new fashion style of this season. By the way, do you know anything to entertain us? If so, I cant wait to have a try! Why not come and jo

45、in me? 1.My teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health.A.giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up2.The sentence wants _ once more.B.explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining3.The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic.C.having been B. to have beenC.

46、 to be D. being 4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay.A.to have woven B. to be wovenC. to be weaving D. to weave5.I found the German language hard _.B.learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn6.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _.A.turning it off

47、B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off 7.-How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers.A.to solving, making B. to solving, madeC. to solve, making D. to solve, made8. -What do you think o

48、f the school? -It is a very good _.B.school to study in B. school for children to studyC. studying school D. school to study 9. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use.A. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned10.We find it impossible for the work _ ahead of time.A. to finish B. finishi

49、ng C. being finished D. to be finished11.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why not _ there by boat for a change?A. to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go 12._ a living, she had to work from morning till night.A. To make B. MadeC. Making D. To have made13. I would rather starve to

50、death than _ for food.A. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg14.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered.A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read 15. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A.to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been study

51、ing16. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.B.not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make 17. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects18. Having a trip abroad is certainly good

52、 for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see 19. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met20. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not

53、 to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 21. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating22. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 23

54、. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented24. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 25. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep26. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make