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1、LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE Period 4Watch the clip again and describe what happened as much as you can, using the passive voice. My mother felt alarmed when I had my hair coloured purple. My mother was alarmed when I had my hair coloured purple. Look at the sentences.Is this a passive sentence?Discoveri

2、ng useful structuresGo over the passive voice 1. be+ V+-ed/-en/-t My homework was eaten by the dog. The toy is made by hand.使用被動語態(tài)的情況使用被動語態(tài)的情況我們不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)我們不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰的時候行者是誰的時候(這時不帶這時不帶by引起的短語引起的短語)。Printing was introduced to Europe fromChina.(省略了省略了by短語。）短語。） Look! There is nothing here

3、. Everything has been taken away. (省略了省略了by短語。）短語。）2)當我們出于禮貌、措辭圓通等方面的當我們出于禮貌、措辭圓通等方面的 考慮不愿說出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時?？紤]不愿說出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時。You are requested to give a performance.You are cordially(誠摯地誠摯地) invited to a party to be given at the Teachers Clubat 3 p.m. Nov. 23.使用被動語態(tài)的情況使用被動語態(tài)的情況使用被動語態(tài)的情況使用被動語態(tài)的情況 3)當我們強調(diào)或興趣

4、在動作的承受者當我們強調(diào)或興趣在動作的承受者 時時(這時可帶這時可帶by引起的短語引起的短語)。The song was composed（組成（組成, 寫作）寫作）by a student. A good time was had by all.被動語態(tài)由被動語態(tài)由be過去分詞構(gòu)成，過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以態(tài)的變化而變化。以give為例，各種時為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/aregiven The first section of New College English is designed for speaki

5、ng practiceand is based on pictures and topics.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成一般過去時：一般過去時：was/weregiven【例句【例句】These computers were made in our own country.一般將來時：一般將來時：will/shall begiven【例句【例句】Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成Sir Denis, who is 78, has made itknown that much of his collec

6、tion _tothe nation. (CET-4 1996, 6) has left B) is to leaveC) leaves D) is to be left本句意思為：本句意思為：78歲的歲的Denis先生聲明他將先生聲明他將把他的大多數(shù)收藏品留給國家。所以把他的大多數(shù)收藏品留給國家。所以leave應用一般將來時的被動形式。一般應用一般將來時的被動形式。一般將來時可以用來將來時可以用來be to do sth表達，因此表達，因此答案為答案為D.過去將來時：過去將來時：would begiven【例句【例句】The news would be sent to the soldier

7、s mother as soon as it arrived.現(xiàn)在進行時：現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are beinggiven【例句【例句】The machine is being repaired in the workshop. The fifth generationcomputers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now. developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed本句測試點是動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)本句測試點是

8、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)develop和和perfect是兩個并列的謂語動詞是兩個并列的謂語動詞perfect 用的是被動形式，用的是被動形式，develop也應該也應該用被動形式，而且句子的時間狀語為用被動形式，而且句子的時間狀語為now故故develop應用現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)，應用現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)，答案為答案為C。過去進行時：過去進行時：was/were beinggivenThe feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時：has/have beengivenSwift progress has

9、 also been made in culture and education.過去完成時：過去完成時：had beengivenThe huge bridge had been damaged before the World War.將來完成時：將來完成時：will/shall have beengivenThe book will have been published by the end of next month.含有情態(tài)動詞的動詞變成被動語態(tài)：情含有情態(tài)動詞的動詞變成被動語態(tài)：情態(tài)動詞態(tài)動詞+be +過去分詞過去分詞This problem can be solved. 這問題

10、可解決。這問題可解決。Whats done cannot be undone. 覆水難收。覆水難收。George might be sent to American by his company in August.公司可能八月份派喬治去美國。公司可能八月份派喬治去美國。或類似結(jié)構(gòu)（或類似結(jié)構(gòu)（be going to, have to 等）等）變成被動語態(tài)：變成被動語態(tài)：This room is going to be painted next week. 這個房間下周粉刷。這個房間下周粉刷。Go away! I want to be left alone.走開！我想獨自待一會兒。走開！我想獨

11、自待一會兒。1、有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被、有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語語(指人的賓語）指人的賓語）。一些特殊的被動語態(tài)一些特殊的被動語態(tài)They didnt offer Ann the job. Ann wasnt offered the job. 安未得到這工作。安未得到這工作。2、在使役動詞、在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官以及感官動詞動詞see, watch, noti

12、ce, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，要加 to.They make her clean the floor. She is made to clean the floor by them.一些特殊的被動語態(tài)一些特殊的被動語態(tài)3. Itbe過去分詞過去分詞that從句從句 (=主語主語be過去分詞過去分詞to do sth)表示：據(jù)說表示：據(jù)說/據(jù)報道據(jù)報道/據(jù)悉據(jù)悉/據(jù)信等據(jù)信等。 例：例： 據(jù)說這個男孩已經(jīng)通過了這次的據(jù)說這個男孩已經(jīng)通

13、過了這次的全國性的比賽。全國性的比賽。It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam.一些特殊的被動語態(tài)一些特殊的被動語態(tài)但：但：It _that there was a car over there. A. so happened B. so happens C. is so happened D. was so happened 答案：答案： A. happen 是不及物動詞，無是不及物動詞，無被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)。4、be suppo

14、sed to (suppose: vt. 推想推想, 假設(shè)假設(shè), 猜想猜想) supposed:假定的假定的, 推測的推測的;意圖的意圖的1)據(jù)說（據(jù)說（=be said to) , 如：如： Lets go and see that film. Its supposed to be very good.我們一起去看那電影好嗎我們一起去看那電影好嗎?人們都說它人們都說它不錯。不錯。一些特殊的被動語態(tài)一些特殊的被動語態(tài)2 2）計劃、安排）計劃、安排。如：如：Id better hurry. Its nearly 8 o,clock. Im supposed to be meeting Tom a

15、t 8:15.我要快些了。現(xiàn)在差不多我要快些了。現(xiàn)在差不多8點鐘了。我點鐘了。我原計劃原計劃8點一刻去接湯姆。點一刻去接湯姆。3）be not supposed to 表示表示“不允不允許許”等等。如：如：You are not supposed to park here. 這兒不允許停車。這兒不允許停車。5 動詞動詞get代替代替 it. （ get往往用在口語往往用在口語中。）中。）酒館里發(fā)生了打斗，幸好無人受傷。酒館里發(fā)生了打斗，幸好無人受傷。There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was)hurt.get +

16、 done 同同 be+done 的區(qū)別：的區(qū)別：get done 往往表示行為不是計劃之中，往往表示行為不是計劃之中，而是意外發(fā)生的。如：而是意外發(fā)生的。如：The dog got run over by a car. 狗被汽車輾死了。狗被汽車輾死了。1、某些感官動詞加形容詞及少數(shù)其他的動、某些感官動詞加形容詞及少數(shù)其他的動 詞可以表示被動意義。詞可以表示被動意義。cook, smell, taste, wash, write, shut, prove, sell ,read,writeThe dish tastes delicious. The theory proved right at

17、 last.The book is so interesting that it sell well. 不可以變成被動語態(tài)：不可以變成被動語態(tài)：The book is so interesting that it sell well. “Sell”此處為不及物動詞此處為不及物動詞“銷售起來、銷售起來、有銷路有銷路”的意思；作及物動詞為的意思；作及物動詞為“賣、賣、出售出售”）This kind of cloth washes well.(耐洗耐洗) Need +V- ing 表示表示“主語承受動詞主語承受動詞 發(fā)出的動作發(fā)出的動作”，表示被動意義。，表示被動意義。 我的車需要修理。我的車需要修

18、理。 My car needs repairing(=need to be repaired). 3、某些表示狀態(tài)或者特征的及物動詞、某些表示狀態(tài)或者特征的及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)形式。這類動詞常見的有：沒有被動語態(tài)形式。這類動詞常見的有：beg, equal, fail, hold, possess, fit，become, contain, cost, fit, have，lack, resemble(相似相似)，suit等。等。This new English-Chinese dictionarycost me ten dollars.如：戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)了。如：戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)了?？梢哉f：可以說： The

19、 war broke out .但不能說：但不能說：The war was broke out.4. 通常只有及物動詞（組）才有被動語通常只有及物動詞（組）才有被動語態(tài)，不及物動詞沒有。（但見第態(tài)，不及物動詞沒有。（但見第1點）點） 被動結(jié)構(gòu)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別被動結(jié)構(gòu)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別“be過去分詞過去分詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu)并不都是被這個結(jié)構(gòu)并不都是被動語態(tài)，也可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。被動語動語態(tài)，也可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)主要區(qū)別是：被動結(jié)構(gòu)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)主要區(qū)別是：被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示一個動作，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語表示一個動作，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài)，試比較下面的的特點或所處的狀態(tài)，試比較下面的句

20、子：句子：被動結(jié)構(gòu)被動結(jié)構(gòu)The enemy was soon surrounded by us.系表結(jié)構(gòu)系表結(jié)構(gòu)The house is surrounded by trees.被動結(jié)構(gòu)被動結(jié)構(gòu) She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)系表結(jié)構(gòu)I was excited by the news that my husbandgot promoted. The functions of the infinitive. Except predicate, the infinitive can function as subject, obje

21、ct, predicative, attribute, adverbial and object compliment.Go over the infinitive to be + past participle 當不定式動詞與其邏輯主語之間當不定式動詞與其邏輯主語之間是被動關(guān)系時，不定式要用被動語是被動關(guān)系時，不定式要用被動語態(tài)。其構(gòu)成形式如：態(tài)。其構(gòu)成形式如：to be given, to be shut, to be openedExplanation of the passive infinitiveFOR EXAMPLE:She hates to be laughed at. (ot

22、hers laugh at her. She is laughed at by others)2. I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month. (give me a pay rise I will be given a pay rise.) tips：EXAMPLES: be to + passive infinitive (to be + past participle) is often used in notices and instructions. This cover is not to be removed. The med

23、icine is to be taken three times a day.1作主語：作主語： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2作賓語：作賓語： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.一一 3構(gòu)成復合賓語：構(gòu)成復合賓語： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4構(gòu)成復合謂語：構(gòu)成復合謂語： The books are not allowed t

24、o be taken out of the room.5作定語：作定語： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6作狀語：作狀語： She was too young to be assigned such work.二、不定式有時還可以有完成式的被動二、不定式有時還可以有完成式的被動式，在句中作主語、賓語、定語，或式，在句中作主語、賓語、定語，或者構(gòu)成復合賓語、復合謂語等，如：者構(gòu)成復合賓語、復合謂語等，如：It is a good thing for him to have been criticize

25、d.（主語）（主語）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (賓語賓語)）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （復合賓語）（復合賓語）The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （復合謂語）（復合謂語）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定語）（定語） 三、不定式的主動形式表示被動三

26、、不定式的主動形式表示被動1在在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：例如：There is a lot of homework to do(也可用也可用to be done) There is no time to lose (to be lost).三、不定式的主動形式表示被動三、不定式的主動形式表示被動2在在“npron + be + adj + to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中。結(jié)構(gòu)中。常用的形容詞有常用的形容詞有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap

27、， fit， dangerous等。等。例如：例如：He is hard to convince.He is an impossible person to work with3.在在“tooto do; enoughto”結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：構(gòu)中。如：The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)The house is big enough to live in.4在在“with+n+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中。結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：例如：With nothing to do，he lay in bedWith so many exerci

28、ses to do，I cant go to the cinema5當不定式的邏輯主語在句中出現(xiàn)時。當不定式的邏輯主語在句中出現(xiàn)時。 例如：例如： I have a letter to type today (I是是to type的邏輯主語的邏輯主語) Do you have anything to say? (you是是to say的邏輯主語的邏輯主語)6當不定式隱含在當不定式隱含在for sb to do結(jié)構(gòu)中結(jié)構(gòu)中 時。時。例如：例如：This is the best book to read (=for usyou to read)The important thing to do i

29、s to lock the door when we leave the house7一些作表語用的不定式的主動形式。一些作表語用的不定式的主動形式。 常見的這類動詞有常見的這類動詞有l(wèi)et(出租出租)，rent， hire，blame等。等。例如：例如： The house is to let I felt l was to blame.NOTICE動詞不定式主動語態(tài)形式的使用要比被動詞不定式主動語態(tài)形式的使用要比被動語態(tài)形式的使用普遍，有時（尤其動語態(tài)形式的使用普遍，有時（尤其在口語中）雖然意思上是被動的，也在口語中）雖然意思上是被動的，也往往用主動語態(tài)形式來表示。往往用主動語態(tài)形式來表示

30、。 I have three motors to repair today.The task is difficult to finish on time.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier _ it more difficult. (MET99) A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 不定式與高考題不定式與高考題2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.

31、(MET2000) A. Expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couples but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (MET2001) A. to see B. seen C. seeing D. to be seen 4. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home.

32、(MET2003) A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much5._late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (2001年北京春季高考年北京春季高考) A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep 6.With a lot of difficult problems _,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(2002年上海春季

33、高考年上海春季高考) A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled7. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _in making the earth a better place to live. (2003上海春季高考上海春季高考) A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing8. In order to gain a bigger share in t

34、he international market, many state run companies are trying _their products more competitive. ( 2002上海春季高考上海春季高考) A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C.

35、seeing D. seenExercise B 2. I hurried to the meeting hall, only_ that the meeting had been put off. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. toldB 3. Do let your mother know all the truth, she appears_ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been toldD 4. Little Tom should lov

36、e_ to the theater this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. takingA 5. It is said that plastics can be used to_ many things. Now people are used to_ plastics products. A. make; using B. making; using C. making; use D. make; useA 6. With a lot of problems_, the newly-elected president

37、 is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settledC7. He_ and was made to repeat it. A. didnt understand B. didnt be understood C. wasnt understand D. wasnt understoodD 8. The pupils here_ all kinds of exercises every day in the past four weeks. A. kept busy doing B. keep o

38、n doing C. have kept busy doing D. have been kept busy doingD 9. Visitors_ not to touch the exhibits. A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requestedD 10. In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. servedBHOMEWORKGo over words and expressions.Go over the grammar.Do Ex3 on Page 56.