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1、第二十一節(jié) 定語從句一、 定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語1.定語從句：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞(即先行詞)的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom,whose, as 等；關(guān)系副詞有 where, when, why 等。關(guān)系詞常有 3個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句；代替先行詞；在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.who 指人，在從句中作主語。如：The boys who are playing football are from Class One.踢足球的男孩們

2、來自一班。Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天我?guī)椭艘粋€(gè)迷路的老人。2.whom 指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，?？墒÷?。如：Mr.Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.劉先生是你在公共汽車上談?wù)摰娜?。Mr.Ling is just the man whom I want to see.凌先生是我想見的人。注意：關(guān)系代詞 whom 在口語和非正式語體中常用who 代替，可省略。如：The man who/whom you met just now is my fr

3、iend.你剛剛見到的那個(gè)人是我朋友。3.which 指物，在定語從句中作主語或者賓語，作主語時(shí)不可省略，作賓語時(shí)可省略。如：Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多數(shù)男孩都喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.這是他昨天買的筆。4.that 既可以指人，也可以指物。指人時(shí)相當(dāng)于 who 或者whom，指物時(shí)相當(dāng)于 which。在定語從句中作主語或者賓語，作主語時(shí)不可省略，作賓語時(shí)可省略。如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gent

4、le.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。5.whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作定語。如：He has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有一個(gè)父親是醫(yī)生的朋友。I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾經(jīng)住在一棟屋頂塌陷的房子里。注意：whose 指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

5、The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.那個(gè)房門損壞的教室很快就會(huì)被修好。Do you like the book whose cover is yellow ？Do you likethe book the cover of which is yellow？你喜歡封面是黃色的那本書嗎？三、“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常由“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)。如：The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.The

6、 school in which he once studied is very famous.他曾經(jīng)讀過的那個(gè)學(xué)校非常有名。Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you askedfor.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.明天我會(huì)帶一本你要的雜志來。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we haveoften talked about.Well go to hear the famou

7、s singer aboutwhom we have often talked.我們將去聽那個(gè)我們經(jīng)常談到的著名歌手唱歌。注意：1.含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語一般不拆開使用，如 look for,look after, take care of 等。如：()This is the watch which/that I am looking for.這就是我在找的那塊手表。()This is the watch for which I am looking.2.當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞，是介詞放在句末時(shí)，who, that,which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用“介詞which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)，不能

8、用 that，指人時(shí)用 whom，指物時(shí)用which，關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用 whose。如：()The man with whom you talked is my friend.和你談話的那個(gè)男人是我的朋友。()The man with who/that you talked is my friend.()The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.他坐去加拿大的那架飛機(jī)非常舒適。()The plane in that we flew to Canada is very comfortable.3.“ 介詞關(guān)系代詞”前可有

9、some, any, none, both, all,neither, most, each, few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind tohim.他深深地愛著他的父母，父母兩人都對(duì)他很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which havegone bad.籃子里有許多蘋果，其中的一些已經(jīng)變壞了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom arefro

10、m big cities.我們班總共有四十個(gè)學(xué)生，大多數(shù)人來自大城市。四、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.when 指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。如：I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 我仍然記得第一次來學(xué)校的那天。The time when we got together finally came.我們團(tuán)聚的時(shí)刻終于到來了。2.where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。如：Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海是我出生的城市。The house where I lived

11、ten years ago has been pulled down.我十年前居住過的房子已經(jīng)被拆除了。3.why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。如：Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.請(qǐng)告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天看起來不開心的原因。注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換。如：The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not cle

12、ar.他拒絕邀請(qǐng)的原因不清楚。From the year when/in which he was going to school he beganto know what he wanted when he grew up.從他去上學(xué)的那年起，他開始了解他長(zhǎng)大后想要什么。Great changes have taken place in the city where/in which Iwas born.我出生的那座城市已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。五、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用

13、逗號(hào)分開，從句不可省去，如：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I coulddepend on.老師告訴我湯姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history.中國是歷史悠久的國家。非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整，如：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他的母親很愛他，對(duì)他很嚴(yán)格。China, which was founded in 194

14、9, is becoming more andmore powerful.中國，成立于 1949 年，正變得越來越強(qiáng)大。要注意區(qū)分以下兩個(gè)句子的不同：His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to goto college.他那現(xiàn)在當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him togo to college.他的哥哥現(xiàn)在當(dāng)醫(yī)生，常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。(他只有一個(gè)哥哥)一、關(guān)系詞只能用 that 的幾種情況1.當(dāng)先行

15、詞是指物的不代詞 something, anything, everything,nothing, few, all, none, little, some 等時(shí)，或者是由 every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much 等限定詞修飾時(shí)。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li has said？你已經(jīng)把李先生說的一切都記下了嗎？There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him inthe world.對(duì)他來說這世上似乎沒有什么是不可能的。All

16、that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了。There is little that I can do for you.沒有什么我能為你做的。注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用 who。如：Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何一個(gè)有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.他們?cè)趥惗貐⒂^的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)

17、。如：This is the best film that I have seen.這是我看過的最棒的電影。4.當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only, the last 修飾時(shí)。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.這正是我想買的字典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that heowned.在他的房子發(fā)生那場(chǎng)火災(zāi)之后，這輛舊汽車成了他唯一擁有的東西。注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用 who。Wang Hua is the only p

18、erson in our school who will attend themeeting.王華是我們學(xué)校唯一一個(gè)將出席會(huì)議的人。5.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。如：Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we havelearned？你記得我們學(xué)過的那個(gè)科學(xué)家及他的理論嗎？6.當(dāng)主句是以 which 或 who 開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。如：Who is the man that is standing there？站在那兒的那個(gè)人是誰？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most？最適合我的 T-恤是哪件？二、關(guān)系詞只能用 which/who，而不用 that 的情況1.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)不用 that。如：This is the room in which he lives.這是他住的房間。2.在非限制性定語從句中不用 that。如：Tom came back, which made us happy.湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。