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1、專題十三社會(huì)文化類-2-(2018全國(guó)C)Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years,but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small,tightly knit(聯(lián)系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.S

2、ome language experts believe that 10,000 years ago,when the world had just five to ten million people,they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.-3-Soon afterwards,many of those people started settling down to become farmers,and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.In re

3、cent centuries,trade,industrialisation,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chines

4、e are increasingly taking over.-4-At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by many people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often spoken by small numbers.Europe has o

5、nly around 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200,of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.-5-Alrea

6、dy well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡),with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick,at random,Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150),Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia(one,with a question-mark):no

7、ne of these seems to have much chance of survival.-6-28.What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?A.They developed very fast. B.They were large in number.C.They had similar patterns. D.They were closely connected.29.Which of the following best explains“dominant”underlined in paragra

8、ph 2?A.Complex. B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A.About 6,800. B.About 3,400. C.About 2,400. D.About 1,200.31.What is the main idea of the text?A.New languages will be created.B.Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.C.Human

9、 development results in fewer languages.D.Geography determines language evolution.-7-【文章結(jié)構(gòu)】 -8-【難點(diǎn)分析】The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by many people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often spoken by small numbers.總的規(guī)則是:天氣溫和地區(qū)的語言種類相對(duì)較少,往往有許多人說這些語言,而炎熱、潮濕地區(qū)的語言

10、種類很多,但往往說這些語言的人數(shù)少。分析:that mild zones have.while.是賓語從句。while是并列連詞,連接兩個(gè)并列分句,表示對(duì)比。spoken by.是過去分詞短語,作后置定語修飾前面的languages。-9-【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是說明文。在依靠狩獵和采集生活的時(shí)代,語種眾多。但是隨著工業(yè)化、貿(mào)易、全球化等的發(fā)展,許多語種消失了。28.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers.they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them

11、”可知,在依靠狩獵和采集生活的時(shí)代,人們使用的語言種類很多。29.C詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文提到的“.all have caused many languages to disappear”和下文的“such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可知,英語、西班牙語和漢語正在逐漸取代一些語言。由此可猜測(cè)該詞的意思是“占優(yōu)勢(shì)的”,所以選C項(xiàng)。-10-30.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的第一句“At present,the world has about 6,800 languages”和最后一句中的“is a mere

12、6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that”可知,B項(xiàng)正確。31.C主旨大意題。通讀全文可知,在依靠狩獵和采集生活的時(shí)代,語種眾多。但是隨著工業(yè)化、貿(mào)易、全球化等的發(fā)展,許多語種消失了。由此可知,人類的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了語種的減少,所以選C項(xiàng)。-11-A(2018河南鄭州三模)“Years ago when I was at the Grand Canyon,I remembered someone coming up to the canyons edge,taking a

13、 shot with a camera and then walking away,like got it done,barely even glancing at the magnificent scene in front of him,” Linda Henkel,a scientist at Fairfield University,US told Live Science.Henkel was surprised by how obsessed(著迷的) people are with taking pictures these daysbefore dinner,during fr

14、iends birthday parties,on museum tours and so on.They keep taking pictures because they think that it helps record the moment,but as Henkels latest study has just found out,this obsession may prevent their brains remembering what actually happened,reported The Guardian.-12-In her study,Henkel led a

15、group of college students around a museum and asked them to simply observe 15 objects and photograph 15 others.The next day the students memory of the tour was tested,and the results showed that they were less accurate in recognizing the objects and they remembered fewer details about them if they p

16、hotographed them.“When people rely on technology to remember themcounting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves,it can have a negative impact on how well they remember their experiences,” Henkel explained.But there is also an exception:if students zo

17、omed(縮放) in to photograph part of an object,their memory actually improved,and those who focused the lens(鏡頭) on a specific area could even recall parts that werent in the frame.-13-So basically,this study is saying that constantly taking pictures can harm your memory.But shouldnt reviewing pictures

18、 we have taken help wake up our memories?This is true,but only if we spend enough time doing it.“In order to remember,we have to access and interact with the photos,rather than just collect them,” Henkel told The Telegraph.However,previous research has shown that most people never take the time to l

19、ook over their digital pictures simply because there are too many of them and they arent usually very organized on their computers.-14-【語篇解讀】本文為議論文。人們都喜歡拍照,拍照有助于記錄某一時(shí)刻,但拍照對(duì)我們的記憶有影響。如果我們只是簡(jiǎn)單的記錄,而不去關(guān)注和欣賞的話,則會(huì)有負(fù)面的影響;如果我們以后還會(huì)欣賞這些照片則會(huì)有助于喚醒我們的記憶;如果只拍照不欣賞還不如不拍照只是欣賞的好。-15-1.Why did the author mention Henkel

20、s trip to the Grand Canyon at the beginning?A.To complain about some tourists bad habits.B.To give suggestions on how to enjoy ones tour.C.To point out peoples obsession with taking pictures.D.To describe the beautiful view of the Grand Canyon. 答案解析解析關(guān)閉細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的句子“Henkel was surprised by how obs

21、essed(著迷的) people are with taking pictures these days before dinner,during friends birthday parties,on museum tours and so on.”可知,在文中提到Henkel對(duì)人們執(zhí)迷于拍照的驚訝,以此來說明一種現(xiàn)象:人們執(zhí)迷于拍照的現(xiàn)象。故答案為C項(xiàng)。 答案解析關(guān)閉C-16-2.What can we learn from Henkels study?A.Reviewing pictures always helps people bring back memories easily.

22、B.Taking pictures in a museum tour helps students recognize objects better.C.People should spend more time taking pictures than studying real objects.D.Pictures focusing on the details of objects probably improve peoples memories. 答案解析解析關(guān)閉細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中的“But there is also an exception:if students zoom

23、ed (縮放) in to photograph part of an object,their memory actually improved.”可知,在拍照時(shí),如果只關(guān)注某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),可能有助于他們記憶的提高。故選D項(xiàng)。 答案解析關(guān)閉D-17-3.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 probably refer to?A.The camera.B.The technology.C.The event.D.An object. 答案解析解析關(guān)閉猜測(cè)詞義題。根據(jù)第五段第一句“When people rely on technolog

24、y to remember themcounting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves.” 前面說人們要依靠技術(shù)來記住它們時(shí),要依靠照相機(jī)來記錄事件,那么就完全不需要關(guān)注這個(gè)事件了。分析前后的關(guān)系可知,本句是說如果你要用相機(jī)來記錄事件,就不需要來關(guān)注這個(gè)(事件)。故選C項(xiàng)。 答案解析關(guān)閉C-18-4.What is the article mainly about?A.Peoples obsession with taking pictures and

25、its influence.B.Possible ways of using pictures to improve ones memory.C.Great harm to memory caused by taking pictures constantly.D.A believable study into the negative impact of lining cameras often. 答案解析解析關(guān)閉主旨大意題。通讀全文可知,本文主要敘述現(xiàn)代人癡迷于拍照,是因?yàn)榕恼沼兄谟涗浤骋粫r(shí)刻,但不利于他們的記憶。如果放大拍攝對(duì)象或拍下來后再欣賞的話就有助于記憶或回憶。即本文主要介紹癡迷

26、拍照及其影響。根據(jù)短文大意可知,B、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是片面的。故A項(xiàng)最切題。 答案解析關(guān)閉A-19-B(2018全國(guó)D)Weve all been there:in a lift,in line at the bank or on an airplane,surrounded by people who are,like us,deeply focused on their smartphones or,worse,struggling with the uncomfortable silence.Whats the problem?Its possible that we all have

27、compromised conversational intelligence.Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging,or we think its annoying and unnecessary.But the next time you find yourself among strangers,consider that small talk is worth the trouble.Experts say its an invaluable so

28、cial practice that results in big benefits.-20-Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy,but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease(潤(rùn)滑劑) for social communication,says Bernardo Carducci,director of the Shyness Researc

29、h Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,”he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,not just communicate with them.”-21-In a 2014 study,Elizabeth Dunn,associate professor

30、of psychology at UBC,invited people on their way into a coffee shop.One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動(dòng)) with its waiter;the other,to speak only when necessary.The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffe

31、e shop experience. “Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says Dunn.“ But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of be

32、longing,a bond with others.Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“ Small talk is the basis of good manners,”he says.-22-【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。作者通過建議陌生人之間進(jìn)行交流引出本文的話題閑談,并介紹了閑談的益處,指出“閑談是禮貌的基礎(chǔ)”。-23-5.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A.Addiction to smar

33、tphones.B.Inappropriate behaviours in public places.C.Absence of communication between strangers.D.Impatience with slow service. 答案解析解析關(guān)閉推理判斷題。第一段描述:我們?cè)陔娞堇?或在銀行、機(jī)場(chǎng)排隊(duì)時(shí),周圍滿是盯著手機(jī)屏幕的人,甚至是與讓人不舒服的沉默作斗爭(zhēng)的人。故可知,第一段描述的是陌生人之間缺少交流的一種現(xiàn)象。故選C項(xiàng)。 答案解析關(guān)閉C-24-6.What is important for successful small talk according to

34、Carducci?A.Showing good manners.B.Relating to other people.C.Focusing on a topic.D.Making business deals. 答案解析解析關(guān)閉細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段的最后一句可知,成功的閑談的關(guān)鍵是學(xué)習(xí)如何與他人取得聯(lián)系,而不僅僅是交流,故選B項(xiàng)。 答案解析關(guān)閉B-25-7.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A.It improves family relationships.B.It raises peoples confi

35、dence.C.It matters as much as a formal talk.D.It makes people feel good. 答案解析解析關(guān)閉細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第三句中的“significantly higher positive feelings”可知,在咖啡店,與服務(wù)員進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)短的交流,會(huì)讓你有很顯著的愉快的情緒和更好的咖啡館體驗(yàn),也就是說,你的心情會(huì)很好,故選D項(xiàng)。 答案解析關(guān)閉D-26-8.What is the best title for the text?A.Conversation CountsB.Ways of Making Small TalkC.Benefits of Small TalkD.Uncomfortable Silence 答案解析解析關(guān)閉主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知,文章以陌生人之間幾乎無交流的現(xiàn)象引出本文主題閑談,緊接著通過實(shí)例介紹了閑談的好處,故C項(xiàng)最適合作本文標(biāo)題。 答案解析關(guān)閉C