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高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 第3編語法突破 第4講 介詞與連詞課件

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1、第四講第四講 介詞與連詞介詞與連詞介詞和連詞雖然都屬虛詞,但在英語學(xué)習(xí)中卻非常重要,也是每年高考的必考項(xiàng)目。高考主要考查介詞在具體語境中的應(yīng)用,介詞與其他詞性的搭配辨析,介詞和連詞的一些習(xí)慣用法和固定搭配等。1從介詞本身的結(jié)構(gòu)來看,介詞可以分成五個(gè)種類簡(jiǎn)單介詞at,about,across,after,against,among,around,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,but,by,down,during,except,for,from,in,like,near,of,off,on,past,under,until,up

2、,with,since復(fù)合介詞 as for至于,as to關(guān)于,out of從,出自,into進(jìn)入,onto到上面,without沒有,but for要不是二重介詞from under從的下面,from behind從的后面,until after直到之后,from among從當(dāng)中短語介詞according to根據(jù),ahead of在前面,apart from除之外,because of由于,by means of依靠,by way of作為,經(jīng)由分詞介詞concerning,including,regarding2.從介詞本身的意義來看,介詞可以分以下幾個(gè)種類表示時(shí)間about,aro

3、und,before,by,at,after,in,on,between,during,for,from,since,till,until,within表示地點(diǎn)about,at,in,on,over,through,across,along,around,before,between,beyond,down,up,to,toward,under,near表示方式by bus乘公共汽車,see with ones own eyes親眼看,write in ink用墨水寫,on foot步行表示原因for:He was punished for stealing.他因偷竊而被懲罰。from:She

4、 felt sick from tiredness.她累病了。of:be ashamed of因而感到羞愧with:shake with cold因寒冷而發(fā)抖because of,due to,thanks to,owing to,on account of表示關(guān)于about關(guān)于(一般情況),on關(guān)于(理論,學(xué)術(shù))of:a long story of adventure一個(gè)長(zhǎng)篇冒險(xiǎn)故事此外還有:concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to等。表示比較as:His face is as black as coal.他的臉跟煤炭一樣黑。like:

5、He saw a number of small hard things like stones.他看見一些像石頭一樣的小的、堅(jiān)硬的東西。表示條件with:With all his faults,I like him.盡管他有種種缺點(diǎn),我還是喜歡他。without:Man cannot live without water.沒有水人就不能活。表示結(jié)果to:She tore the letter to pieces.她把信撕個(gè)粉碎。表示對(duì)于for:Sea air is good for health.海上的空氣對(duì)健康有好處。to:To her it was all unusual.這一切對(duì)她都不

6、平常。表示讓步despite,in spite of,regardless of表示根據(jù)on,according to特別提醒:當(dāng)時(shí)間名詞前有:this,that,last,next,some,every等限定詞時(shí),通常不用任何介詞。如:last Sunday,next week,every day,this morning等。易混介詞辨析一、表示“時(shí)間”的介詞1at,on,in介詞意義例句at表示“在期間,在時(shí)刻,在歲時(shí)”at 6:00 oclock在6點(diǎn)鐘;at daybreak在黎明;at noon在中午;at night在夜間;at Christmas在圣誕節(jié)期間;at the age

7、 of five在五歲時(shí)。on表示“在具體某一天或某天的上午、下午、晚上”on(the morning of)March 183月18日(早晨);on Sunday在周日;on Monday afternoon在周一下午。in表示“在某世紀(jì)、年、季度、月、周以及泛指的上午、下午、晚上”in the 20th century在20世紀(jì);in 1999在1999年;in winter在冬季;in September在9月;in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上。2.for,during,through,from,since介詞意義例句for表示“長(zhǎng)達(dá)(時(shí)

8、間)”,后接時(shí)間段She has been ill for several days.她已經(jīng)病了幾天了。during表示“在期間”I went to France for two weeks during the summer.夏天我去了法國(guó)兩個(gè)星期。through表示“一直,自始至終”They worked through the night.他們通宵工作。from表示“從起”,指時(shí)間的起點(diǎn),多用于“from.to/till”結(jié)構(gòu)You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什么時(shí)間來都行。since表示“自從以來”(直到現(xiàn)在)We hav

9、e known each other since ten years ago.我們十年前就認(rèn)識(shí)了。特別提醒:for和since都常與完成時(shí)連用,但for后接時(shí)間段,since后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如for two hours兩小時(shí);since last week自上周以來。3.before,by,till/until介詞意義及用法例句before“在之前”,與after相對(duì)Please come before ten oclock.請(qǐng)10點(diǎn)以前來。by“不遲于,到為止,在之前”。by后接過去的時(shí)間時(shí),常與過去完成時(shí)連用;by后接將來的時(shí)間時(shí),常與將來完成時(shí)連用We had learned over 1,

10、000 words by the end of last term.到上學(xué)期期末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了1000多個(gè)單詞了。We will have learned 2,000 English words by the end of this term.到本學(xué)期結(jié)束之前,我們將學(xué)習(xí)2000個(gè)英語單詞。till(until)“直到”。在肯定句中,till/until必須與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用;在否定句中,till/until常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用You must wait till tomorrow.你必須一直等到明天。I didnt go to bed until 12 oclock.直到12點(diǎn)我才上床睡覺

11、。4.after,in,within介詞意義及用法例句after“在之后”。用after時(shí)有兩種情況:在過去時(shí)態(tài)中后接時(shí)間段;若后跟時(shí)間點(diǎn),常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)。My sister came back from America after three years.三年后我姐姐從美國(guó)回來了。Tom will leave Beijing after two oclock this afternoon.今天下午兩點(diǎn)以后,湯姆將離開北京。in“在之后”。用in時(shí)要具備兩個(gè)條件:用于將來時(shí);后接時(shí)間段。Ill come to see you again in a few days.過幾天我還要來看你。with

12、in表示“在之內(nèi)”。強(qiáng)調(diào)事情發(fā)生的全過程不超出某一段時(shí)間,沒有時(shí)態(tài)的限制。I can finish it within an hour.我在一個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)就可以把它做完。二、表示“地點(diǎn)、方位”的介詞1at,on,to,in介詞用法例句at其后一般接小地方。接地名時(shí),常將此地視為空間的一點(diǎn)Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi,F(xiàn)ujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China.廣東在廣西的東南方向,福建在江蘇南邊,它們都位于中國(guó)。on 表示兩地接壤to表示兩地不接壤in其后一般

13、接大地方或表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi)2. on,over,above介詞用法例句on表示“在之上”,強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)物體相接觸,反義詞是beneathThere is a glass on the table,a map of the world on the wall,and a clock above this map.桌子上有一只玻璃杯,墻上有一幅世界地圖,這幅地圖的上方有一個(gè)鐘表。above僅表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,反義詞是belowover表示“在某物的正上方”,反義詞是underThere was a lamp hanging over the desk.書桌上方吊著一盞燈。3.alo

14、ng,through,across介詞用法例句along表示“沿著”某一路徑行進(jìn)I saw them running together along the road yesterday.昨天我看見他們沿著馬路一起跑。through意為“穿過”,表示從內(nèi)部空間通過hey walked across the square,and then through the dark forest.他們走過廣場(chǎng),然后穿過陰暗的森林。across表示“橫穿”,強(qiáng)調(diào)從某一物體的表面通過三、besides;except;except for;apart from;but;other than;in addtion

15、to的區(qū)別介詞(短語)用法例句besides“除了之外(還有)”(including),除去的部分也包括在整體之內(nèi)There are three more visitors besides me.除我之外,還有三位訪客。介詞(短語)用法例句except“除了之外”(not includig),表示在整體中除去一部分,除去的部分不包括在整體之內(nèi)。后面可接反身代詞、副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句,也可接(省略to的)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、基數(shù)詞,還可接that或wh從句You can take any of the cakes except this one.除了這塊蛋糕外,你可以拿走這些蛋糕中的任何一塊

16、。except for“除了之外”,指的是總體上加以肯定,而細(xì)節(jié)處指出毛病、缺陷等The roads were empty except for a few cars.除了幾輛小汽車之外,馬路上空蕩蕩的。介詞(短語)用法例句apart from具有多重意義,既可代替besides,也可代替except或except forApart from(Except for)the kitchen,the house is very nice.這所房子除了廚房外,哪兒都好。but“除去之外”(except),表示排除,多與不定代詞等連用He works every day but Sunday.除星期天

17、外,他每天都工作。介詞(短語)用法例句other than“除了”,“除了之外”,相當(dāng)于butThere is nobody here other than him.除了他之外這里沒有人。in addition to“除以外還有”,相當(dāng)于besidesHe speaks French in addtion to English.除了英語外,他也會(huì)說法語。特別提醒:1.用于否定句時(shí),besides,except與but可相互替換。如:No other students passed the difficult maths exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and W

18、u Dong.除林濤、吳東外沒有別的學(xué)生通過那么難的數(shù)學(xué)考試。2.except和but/other than都可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞原形,可以互換;但except后接副詞、介詞短語、when從句等時(shí),but/other than不可替換except。如:He has always been in high spirits except recently.除近來外,他總是精神飽滿。(副詞)The window is never opened except in summer.除夏季外,這扇窗戶從不打開。(介詞短語)He has always been busy except when it

19、 is Sunday.除星期日外,他總是很忙。(when從句)3.but,except后都可接that從句作賓語;but,except可以互換。如:I asked nothing from him but/except that he should write to me every other week.我只要求他每?jī)芍芙o我寫一封信。四、介詞習(xí)慣用法1because of,owing to,due to,on account of,thanks to表示原因這五個(gè)短語都有“由于,因?yàn)椤钡囊馑迹际墙樵~短語,因此后面不可接從句。(1)because of意為“由于,因?yàn)椤保瑥?qiáng)調(diào)因果關(guān)系,在句中

20、僅作狀語,修飾句中的一部分,與其他成分不用逗號(hào)隔開。(2)owing to與because of一樣,也強(qiáng)調(diào)因果關(guān)系,作狀語修飾整個(gè)句子,可放在句首或句末,用逗號(hào)隔開。They decided to postpone the trip,owing to the change of the weather.由于天氣變化,他們決定延期啟程。 (3)due to引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表語、狀語和定語。作狀語時(shí)與owing to同義,且一般不與其他成分隔開。不放于句首。The teams success was largely due to her efforts.該隊(duì)的成功很大程度上是由于她的

21、努力。 (4)on account of與because of,owing to同義,但語氣較為正式??勺鳡钫Z、表語,但不作定語。That was on account of lack of exercise.那是由于缺乏鍛煉。(5)thanks to只能用作狀語,可以表示正面意思“幸虧”,也可用于諷刺口吻中(近于諷刺口吻的“感謝”)。The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast.由于全體演員的出色表演,那出戲才獲得成功。Thanks to the bad weather,the match had been cancelle

22、d.多虧這倒霉天氣,挺好的比賽取消了。2of抽象名詞形容詞ofgreat/much抽象名詞very形容詞;ofno抽象名詞not形容詞。It is of great/much value.It is very valuable.它很有價(jià)值。The camel is of great help to the Arab.The camel is very helpful to the Arab.駱駝對(duì)阿拉伯人很有幫助。It is of no use.It is not useful.It is useless.它沒用。He is twenty years of age.He is twenty y

23、ears old.他二十歲。This matter is of much importance.This matter is very important.這件事非常重要。3to與情感名詞連用,表示“某種行動(dòng)后產(chǎn)生的感覺”這種表達(dá)法表示結(jié)果,用作狀語,位置前、中、后皆可。這種表達(dá)法表示結(jié)果,用作狀語,位置前、中、后皆可。為了強(qiáng)調(diào),可在前面加為了強(qiáng)調(diào),可在前面加much,意為,意為“使某人使某人的是的是”。Much to my surprise,he left without a word.使我非常吃驚的是,他沒說一句話就離開了。使我非常吃驚的是,他沒說一句話就離開了。4with的用法with在

24、英語中用法較多,因此成為高考熱點(diǎn)并不稀奇。其主要用法如下:(1)表示“和在一起”“由陪同”或“有在場(chǎng)”。You cannot see Mr Johnson at the moment,as he is with the manager.你此刻見不到約翰遜先生,因?yàn)樗徒?jīng)理在一起。 (2)表示兩種事物之間的相應(yīng)關(guān)系或齊頭并進(jìn)的意思。With time passing,they have grown into big boys and big girls.隨著時(shí)間的流逝,他們都長(zhǎng)成小伙子和大姑娘了。Temperatures vary with the time of the year.溫度隨著時(shí)令

25、而變化。(3)表示“帶有,帶來,攜帶”等,表伴隨。The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.服務(wù)員端著一杯咖啡來了。 (4)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示方式狀語的附加語。He looked at me with a frown.他皺著眉頭看著我。It is very stuffy in the room,with all the windows closed.由于所有的窗戶都關(guān)著,房間里非常悶。同樣的用法有:with a sneer“嘲笑地”;with a sigh“唉聲嘆氣地”;with a sob“抽噎地”;with a laugh“哈哈一笑,大笑著”。 (5)表示原

26、因或理由。She was shivering with cold.她凍得發(fā)抖。The child trembled with fear.那個(gè)小孩嚇得打哆嗦。5in名詞Hes been in politics all his life.他一生從政。Her husband was in business.她丈夫是經(jīng)商的。in high/poor/bad spirits“情緒高漲/低落”;in tears“熱淚盈眶”;in fear“在恐懼中”;in danger“在危險(xiǎn)中”;in peace“和平相處”;in safety“很安全”;in need“需要”;in good order“很整齊”;i

27、n silence“靜靜地”;in good health“身體好”;in a fever“在發(fā)燒”;in public“在公共場(chǎng)所”;in doubt“有疑問”;in print“在印刷”。有些結(jié)構(gòu)可能帶有冠詞:in the course of在過程中in the act of正在做時(shí)6on名詞Are you here on business or for pleasure?你是來辦事還是來玩?The typist is away on holiday this week.打字員本周休假。The man on watch didnt notice the danger.值班的人沒有注意到這危

28、險(xiǎn)。on hire受雇on holiday度假on guard在值勤on leave在休假on strike在罷工on sale出售on board乘飛機(jī)on earth究竟,到底o(hù)n loan借貸on duty值班on foot步行有些結(jié)構(gòu)可能帶有冠詞:on the march在行軍on the watch注意,提防on the increase正在增加on the go十分活躍,非常忙碌on the air正在廣播7at名詞He was at dinner when I came.我來時(shí)他正在吃飯。She stayed at work when everybody else had gon

29、e home.別人都回家了,她卻還在工作。at dawn“拂曉”;at daybreak“拂曉”;at sunset/sundown“日落時(shí)”;at noon“中午”;at dusk“黃昏”;at night“夜晚”;at home“在家”;at table“在用餐”;at school“在上學(xué)”;at college“在上大學(xué)”;at risk“有危險(xiǎn),冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”;at last“最后”;at rest“靜止不動(dòng)”。有些結(jié)構(gòu)可能帶有冠詞或物主代詞:at ones meals在吃飯at ones study在學(xué)習(xí)at the piano在彈鋼琴at the desk在讀書連詞1如果句子包含兩個(gè)或

30、更多互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一個(gè)并列連詞來連接;有時(shí)也可不用連詞,而用一個(gè)分號(hào)分開。根據(jù)分句之間的關(guān)系,并列句分為四類:關(guān)系連詞典句示例并列and,not only.but also,neither.nor.,as well asTheir car broke down halfway and they had to stay in a small inn for the night.選擇or,either.or.,otherwise,or elseEither you are mad,or I am.轉(zhuǎn)折but,yet,however,while,whenMary

31、 is a nice girl,but she has one shortcoming.因果for,so,thus,thereforeSomeone is coming,for the dog is barking.2.從屬連詞狀語從句時(shí)間連詞after,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,while,as soon as,whenever,the moment,the first time地點(diǎn)連詞where,wherever方式連詞as,as if,as though原因連詞considering(that),now(that),because,sinc

32、e,as,seeing that狀語從句結(jié)果連詞so that,so.that,such.that,in such a way that,with the result that目的連詞so that,in order that,in case(that),lest(that),for fear that條件連詞if,unless,as(so)long as,on condition(that),supposing(that),provided/providing(that)讓步連詞though,although,even if/even though,no matter.,however,w

33、hatever,while比較連詞as,than,as.as.,not so.as,when,while1. when,while,as作連詞的用法比較when當(dāng)時(shí)候(既可指時(shí)間點(diǎn),也可指時(shí)間段)Dont get excited when you talk.(正在)突然I was about to go out when it rained.既然,盡管,雖然(常放在句中)How can he get the promotion when his boss dislikes him?用在表示“一就”的句型中scarcely/hardly.when.Hardly had I entered my

34、room when the telephone rang.while當(dāng)時(shí)候(只指時(shí)間段)While we were talking,the teacher came in.然而,表示對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折He is strong while his brother is weak.雖然,盡管(常放在句首)While I have sympathy for them,I think they went too far. as當(dāng)時(shí)候當(dāng)主句、從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行,從句動(dòng)作的時(shí)間概念淡化,而主要表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或條件時(shí),只能用as。這時(shí),as常表示“隨著;一邊,一邊”之意As years go by,China

35、is getting stronger and richer.The little girls sang as they went.as盡管,雖然(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,用倒裝語序)Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties.引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句或比較狀語從句,作“正如/像”解As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.He doesnt speak English as/so fluently as you.引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,作“因?yàn)?,由于”解,與because的用法相近I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do.

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