角形軸承零件工藝編制及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【鉆3-φ9孔】【鉆φ18孔】【鉆φ11孔】【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】,鉆3-φ9孔,鉆φ18孔,鉆φ11孔,說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS,角形軸承零件工藝編制及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【鉆3-φ9孔】【鉆φ18孔】【鉆φ11孔】【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】,角形,軸承 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯 系 別 機(jī)電信息系 專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動化 班 級 B070203 姓 名 朱 政 學(xué) 號 B07020331 外文出處 附 件 1. 原文； 2. 譯文 2011年5月 Numerical control technology and equipment trends and countermeasures Equipment, technology and modern industry determines the level of the whole national economy and the degree of modernization, the development of numerical control technology and equipment is high-tech industry and cutting-edge emerging industries (such as information technology and industry, biotechnology and industry, aviation and aerospace national defense industry) enabling technology and the most basic equipment. Marx once said "the difference between different economic era, is not what is produced, but rather how to produce, with the means of labor." Manufacturing technology and equipment is the most basic of human activities of production, and numerical control technology is today's most advanced manufacturing technology and equipment, the core technology. Widely used in manufacturing countries in the world of CNC technology to increase manufacturing capacity and level, to improve the dynamic ability to adapt to changing markets and competitiveness. In addition, the industrial countries in the world and CNC numerical control technology and equipment will also be listed as countries of strategic materials, not only to take significant steps to develop their own numerical control technology and industry, and in "sophisticated" numerical control technology and equipment in terms of key China's policy of closures and restrictions. In short, efforts to develop advanced numerical control technology as the core manufacturing technology has become the world's developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance the comprehensive national strength and an important way to statehood. CNC technology is the use of digital information on the mechanical movement and work process control, CNC equipment, CNC technology is represented by the new technology on the traditional manufacturing industries and the penetration of the formation of new manufacturing mechatronic products, the so-called digital equipment , covering many areas of the technology: (1) mechanical manufacturing technology; (2) information processing, processing and transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo drive technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology. 1 CNC technology trends CNC technology not only to the traditional manufacturing industry has brought revolutionary changes to the manufacturing sector as a symbol of industrialization, and with the continuous development of numerical control technology and expansion of application fields, some of his national economy and major industries (IT, automotive , light industry, medical, etc.) plays an increasingly important role in the development, as these industries for the digital equipment is the major trend of modern development. CNC technology from the world development trend and its equipment, its main research focus in the following areas 1 to 4〕 〔. 1.1 high-speed, high precision technology and equipment of the new trend Efficiency, quality is the subject of advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high precision technology can greatly improve efficiency, improve product quality and grade, shorten the production cycle and improve market competitiveness. Japan carries the technology will be included as one of five great modern manufacturing technologies, International Institute of Production Engineering (CIRP) to determine the center of the 21st century research direction. In the car industry, with an annual production of 300,000 beat is 40 seconds / vehicle and car equipment variety processing is one of the key must be addressed; in the aviation and aerospace industry, and its processing for the thin-walled parts and more and thin muscle, stiffness is poor, the material is aluminum or aluminum alloy, high cutting speed and cutting force only in the case of a small can of these bars, wall processing. Recently, the whole aluminum alloy with large blank "hollowed out" approach to make wings, fuselage and other large part to replace multiple parts through a large number of rivets, screws and other assembly connection means, so that component strength, rigidity and dependability increased. These are made of processing equipment, high speed, high precision and high flexibility. Judging from the EMO2001 exhibition, high-speed machining center feed rate of up to 80m/min, or even higher, and air speed up to 100m/min so. Currently many of the world automobile plant, including Shanghai General Motors, have adopted high-speed machining center part of the production line of machine tool alternatives. CINCINNATI HyperMach U.S. company's largest machine tool feed speed up to 60m/min, quick to 100m/min, acceleration up to 2g, spindle speed has reached 60 000r/min. Aircraft parts machining a thin-walled, only 30min, and the same high-speed milling machine parts in general need to 3h, in the ordinary milling machine to be 8h; German DMG's dual-spindle lathe spindle speed and acceleration respectively 120000r/mm and 1g. In the processing accuracy, the past 10 years, the general level of precision CNC machine tools increased from 10μm to 5μm, precision machining center from the 3 ~ 5μm, increased to 1 ~ 1.5μm, and ultra-precision machining has begun to enter the nano-scale precision (0.01μm). In terms of reliability, MTBF values foreign numerical control device has reached more than 6 000h, the servo system MTBF value reached more than 30000h, showing a very high reliability. In order to achieve high-speed, high precision, ancillary features such as spindle, linear motor has been the rapid development of application has been further expanded. 1.2 The five-axis machining and rapid development of machine tool 5-axis machining of three-dimensional surface, the best available tool for cutting geometry, not only finish high, but efficiency is greatly improved. Generally believed that 1 5-axis machine tool efficiency can be equal to 2 sets 3 axis machine tools, particularly the use of cubic boron nitride and other superhard materials, high-speed milling of hardened steel cutter part, the 5-axis machining 3-axis than play a more effective process. But in the past due to 5-axis CNC system, the host structure of complex reasons, the price than the 3-axis NC machine tool several times higher, in addition to programming more difficult, limiting the development of 5-axis machine tools. The current emergence of the spindle, making the realization of the complex 5-axis simultaneous machining spindle head structure simplified, the manufacturing difficulty and costs significantly reduced, narrowing the gap between the price of CNC system. So for the first type of complex 5-axis spindle machine tools and machine tool (including 5-face machining) development. In EMO2001 exhibition, New Japan Engineering Machine 5-face machining of composite spindle head, can achieve four vertical plane processing and the processing of any angle, making the 5-sided machining and 5 axis machining can be implemented on the same machine, but also can be achieved and the inverted cone inclined plane processing. German companies exhibit DMUVoution DMG machining center series, can be achieved in a 5-sided machining fixture and 5-axis machining, CNC system can be controlled or CAD / CAM controlled directly or indirectly. 1.3 intelligent, open, network development as the major contemporary trends in numerical control system 21 numerical control equipment will be sure the intelligent system, intelligent content included in all aspects of the numerical control system: the pursuit of processing efficiency and processing quality of intelligence, such as the adaptive control process, process parameters automatically generation; to improve the performance and easy to use intelligent connection, such as feedforward control, adaptive computing motor parameters, automatic identification of load select models, self-tuning, etc.; simplify programming, simplifying operational aspects of intelligence, such as smart of automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interfaces; also intelligent diagnosis, intelligent control aspects, to facilitate system diagnostics and maintenance. CNC system to address the closure of the traditional CNC applications and industrial production problems. Many countries now open CNC system of research, such as the United States NGC (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), the EC OSACA (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), Japan OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller), China, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) and so on. Open CNC system has become a numerical control system of the future of the road. The so-called open-CNC system is the development of numerical control system can be run in a unified platform for machine tool manufacturers and end users, by changing, adding or cutting out the structure object (NC function) to form a series, and easily the user's special applications and technical know-how into the control system, rapid implementation of different varieties, different grades of open CNC system, the formation of a distinct brand personality. The open numerical control system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, function libraries and CNC numerical control system software development tools, system function is the core of the current study. Network numerical control equipment is well-known international machine tool fair the past two years, a new bright spot. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing information integration needs of enterprises, but also achieve new manufacturing model, such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, global manufacturing the base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad, and CNC CNC machine tools manufacturing companies have introduced in recent years related to new concepts and prototype, as in EMO2001 exhibition, Japan Yamazaki Mazak (Mazak) that the company exhibits "CyberProduction Center" (intelligent production control center, referred to as CPC); Japan Okuma (Okuma) Machine Company exhibited "IT plaza" (Information Technology Square, referred to as IT Plaza); Germany's Siemens (Siemens) that the company exhibits Open Manufacturing Environment (open manufacturing environment, referred to as OME), etc. , reflecting the CNC machining direction of the network trend. 1.4 The emphasis on new technology standards, the establishment of norms 1.4.1 Specifications on the design and development of numerical control system As mentioned earlier, open CNC system has better versatility, flexibility, adaptability, scalability, the United States, the European Community and Japan have to implement the strategic development plan, and the open architecture CNC system specification (OMAC , OSACA, OSEC) research and development, the world's three largest economies in the short term were almost the same as the scientific formulation of plans and specifications, indicating the numerical control technology to a new period of change to come. China also started in 2000, ONC CNC system in China's research and development of regulatory frameworks. 1.4.2 on the NC Standard NC standard is the development of manufacturing information of a trend. CNC technology 50 years after the birth of the exchange of information is based on ISO6983 standards, which adopts the G, M code describes how (how) processing, the essential characteristics of process-oriented, obviously, he can not meet modern CNC technology high-speed development. To this end, the international research and development is a new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC), the aim is to provide a specific system does not rely on a neutral mechanism to describe the product life cycle of a unified data model in order to achieve the entire manufacturing process, various industrial fields as well as the standardization of product information. STEP-NC may be the emergence of a revolution in the field of numerical control technology, the development of numerical control technology for the manufacturing sector as a whole, will have far-reaching impact. First, STEP-NC manufacturing presents a new concept, the concept of traditional manufacturing, NC machining program are concentrated in a single computer. Under the new standard, NC programs can be distributed on the Internet, which is open numerical control technology and network development. Secondly, STEP-NC CNC system can also reduce processing drawings (about 75%), processing the time (about 35%) and processing time (about 50%). At present, Europe and the United States attaches great importance to the research STEP-NC, the European launch of the IMS STEP-NC program (1999.1.1 ~ 2001.12.31). To participate in this program are from Europe and Japan 20 CAD / CAM / CAPP / CNC users, vendors and academic institutions. U.S. STEP Tools is a global exchange of data within the software development industry, he has developed for the exchange of information of CNC machining super model (Super Model), whose goal is a unified specification describes all the process. Such new data exchange format has been equipped with SIEMENS, FIDIA and the European OSACA-NC NC system is verified on the prototype. 2 pairs of numerical control technology and industrial development of the basic estimate CNC technology in China started in 1958, nearly 50 years of development can be divided into three phases: the first from 1958 to 1979, that closed development stage. At this stage, due to blockade of foreign technology and our basic conditions, numerical control technology development is relatively slow. The second stage is in the state's "June", "July" and during the "Eighth Five-Year Period", the introduction of technology, digestion and absorption, the initial set up phase of the localization system. At this stage, the reform and opening-up and national attention, and research and development to improve the environment and the international environment, China's numerical control technology research, development and localization of products have made great progress. The third stage is in the country's "Eighth," the latter and the "Ninth Five-Year" period, that the implementation of industry research, market competition stage. At this stage, China's domestic numerical control equipment industry has made substantial progress. In the "Ninth Five," the end made CNC machine tools in the domestic market share of 50%, with domestic CNC system (popular) also reached 10%. Throughout the past 50 years of CNC technology development process, especially through four 5-year plan of research, on the whole achieved the following results. a. laid the foundation for the development of numerical control technology, the basic grasp of modern CNC technology. Our country is now basically understood from the NC system, servo drives, CNC host, plane and fittings based technology, which already has most of the technical basis for commercial development, part of the technology has been the commercialization and industrialization. b. formed a CNC industrial base. In the commercialization of research results and on the basis of some technology, such as the establishment of central NC, with a production capacity of aerospace CNC CNC system manufacturer. Lanzhou Electric Factory, NC Central and a number of servo systems and servo motor manufacturing plant and the Beijing First Machine Tool Plant, Jinan first machine tool factory hosts a number of CNC manufacturing facility. These plants basically formed the NC industry base in China. c. the establishment of a numerical research, development, management personnel of the basic team. Although the numerical control technology research and development and industrialization has made great progress, but we should also clearly understand that China's high-end research and development of numerical control technology, especially in the technology industry's situation and practical needs of China there is a large gap. Although the development of vertical fast in China, but the horizontal ratio (compared with foreign) not only the difference between the level of technology, the pace of development in some areas there are gaps, that some sophisticated CNC equipment, widening the gap between technical level. From an international point of view, on the level of numerical control technology and industrialization level is estimated as follows. a. the technical level, with foreign advanced level of about 10 to 15 years behind in technology is more sophisticated. b. industry level, market share is low, species coverage is small, there is no scale production; specialized features of lower production levels and complete; appearance quality is relatively poor; reliability is not high, lack of commercialization; CNC system made its own brand has not been established, the user's lack of confidence. c. the ability of sustainable development, to pre-competitive research and development of numerical control technology, engineering weak; efforts to expand the field of numerical control technology is not strong; relevant standards research, development lags behind. The gap of the main reasons there are the following. a. awareness. NC Industrial process of domestic difficulty, complexity and characteristics of long-term lack of knowledge; on the market are not standardized, plus kill the blockade of foreign, institutional and other difficult to underestimate; on the level of application of CNC technology and capacity analysis is not enough. b. system aspects. From a technical point of concern when the issue of CNC multi-industry, from the systematic perspective of industry chain issues into account when the CNC industry less; not established a complete matching system of high-quality, comprehensive training, services, network support system . c. mechanisms. Bad causes the brain drain, but also restricts the line of technology and technology innovation, product innovation, and effective implementation of the planning constraints, are often the ideal planning, implementation difficulties. d. technology. Enterprises in technology innovation is not strong, the core technology, engineering capability is not strong. Standard machine behind the low level of numerical control system the new standard is not enough. 3 pairs of numerical control technology and industrial development of the strategic thinking 3.1 Strategic considerations China is a manufacturing country in the world should try to accept the transfer of industries in the front instead of back-end of the transfer, that is, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in the new round of international industrial structure adjustment, China's manufacturing industry will be further "empty core." Our resources, the environment, the market price, the exchange may be just get the new world economic pattern in the international "processing center" and "assembly center" and not grasp the core technology of the manufacturing center, this will seriously affect our development of modern manufacturing processes. We should stand on national security strategy of the height of great importance to numerical control technology and industrial issues, starting with the social security perspective, because manufacturing is the largest sector of employment, manufacturing industry can not only improve people's living standards, but also ease of the pressure of employment, to ensure social stability; followed from the national security, the western countri