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1、 第三講　主旨大意題 [整體感知·明方向] 主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目，因為該類試題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，也對考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類，即標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。要做好主旨大意題，我們首先必須了解其正確選項和干擾選項的特征。 常見設(shè)問方式 1．標(biāo)題歸納題 The best title of the passage is ________. Which of the following is the

2、 best title of the passage? What would be the best title for the passage? The most appropriate title of the passage is ________. 2．文章大意題 What's the main idea/point of the passage? The passage is mainly about ________. What is the text mainly about? The general/main idea of the passage is abou

3、t ________. 3．段落大意題 What does the author tell us in Paragraph...? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Par.1？ 正確選項特征 干擾選項特征 1.涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段。 2.確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。 3.精確性強，不會改變語言表意的程度

4、及色彩。 1.過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云 所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。 2.以偏概全，主次不分 所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個別詞為選項的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點。 3.移花接木，偷換概念 所給選項被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯答案。 4.無中生有，生搬硬套 所給選項的關(guān)鍵詞語雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。 [分類例析·通技法] 標(biāo)題歸納題 ◆[解題攻略] 理解標(biāo)題的3大特點，巧用3大方法確定文章標(biāo)題 一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點

5、： 1．概括——準(zhǔn)確而又簡短； 2．針對性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符； 3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。 因此有必要掌握以下三大方法： 1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨； 2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對照，一一排除不符選項； 3．研讀備選項本身：研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。 ◆[典例](2019·全國卷Ⅱ，閱讀D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微

6、生物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem？It's turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school cla

7、ssrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport，New York. HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and the

8、y think they're close to a solution(解決方案)．“We don't give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold，a project manager. “There are no tests，”Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，other than‘Are you working towards your goal？

9、’Basically，it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，present it to NASA.’Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...it's not a very nice thing at times.It's a hard business review of your product.” Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影響)on college a

10、dmissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don't teach.”And that annoying bacteria？Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space. 35．What is the best title

11、for the text? A．NASA：The Home of Astronauts B．Space：The Final Homework Frontier C．Nature：An Outdoor Classroom D．HUNCH：A College Admission Reform [解題思路] [第一步]　讀文章，概括文意 本文講述了美國國家航空航天局創(chuàng)辦了一個名為HUNCH的項目，一群高中生在項目中研究如何殺死國際空間站的細(xì)菌。 [第二步]　析選項，斟酌判斷 A NASA：宇航員的家 文中雖提到有關(guān)NASA方面的內(nèi)容，但這不是文章主要內(nèi)容。 以偏概全，主次不分

12、 B 太空：高中生前沿研究 Space對應(yīng)太空研究，F(xiàn)inal Homework對應(yīng)高中教育，F(xiàn)rontier突出了領(lǐng)先性 涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文 C 大自然：一個課外教室 并不聚焦太空領(lǐng)域 無中生有 D HUNCH：大學(xué)入學(xué)改革 HUNCH主要是太空研究 無中生有 [答案]　B 文章大意題 ◆[解題攻略] 掌握尋找主題句的4個小竅門，快速確定文章大意 文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句

13、，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要進一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細(xì)節(jié)。 用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。 以下是找主題句的四個小竅門： 1．段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however，but，in fact，actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。 2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3．作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。 4．

14、表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等詞。 ◆[典例](2019·全國卷Ⅱ，閱讀C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself，quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading？None of your business！Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time.And like more Americans，

15、she's not alone. A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to statistics from the report. “I prefer to

16、go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the sho

17、ulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said. Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name ba

18、sis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流)．“I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week，”he said.“It's a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.” That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when p

19、eople may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the report.

20、 31．What is the text mainly about? A．The trend of having meals alone. B．The importance of self-reflection. C．The stress from working overtime. D．The advantage of wireless technology. [解題思路] [第一步]　讀文章，概括文意 本文主要講述了現(xiàn)如今，在美國，越來越多的人選擇自己吃飯，他們希望以此爭取一些自己獨立的時間。本文側(cè)重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化意識。 [第二步]　析選項，斟酌判斷 A 獨自吃飯的趨勢

21、，本文都是圍繞eat alone展開。 涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文 B 自我反省的重要性文中沒有提到 無中生有，生搬硬套 C 加班帶來的壓力文中有提到，但不是本文的重點 以偏概全，主次不分 D 無線科技的優(yōu)點，文中沒有提到 無中生有，生搬硬套 [答案]　A 段落大意題 ◆[解題攻略] 歸納段落大意的2種方法 [方法1]　概括段落大意 要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1)如果該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對其進行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首； (2)如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾； (3)如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句

22、就在這段話的中間； (4)如果按總分總的順序，段落結(jié)構(gòu)相對難度較低，我們可以很明顯的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致，正確答案就呼之欲出了； (5)如果按并列式行文，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會在一段中討論兩個平行的內(nèi)容，整個段落可以從中間處分開，前后是平行關(guān)系，這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)的答案通常也會是很明顯的并列關(guān)系； (6)如果對比各事物，那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。 [方法2]　揣摩段落大意 有時，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。 ◆[典例](2019·江蘇卷Ⅱ，閱讀B節(jié)選)Most of us，wh

23、en we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圓錐體)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(巖漿)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner

24、of a cone five hundred feet high.Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that

25、doesn't involve mountain building.These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere. 59．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about

26、? A．The shapes of volcanoes. B．The impacts of volcanoes. C．The activities of volcanoes. D．The heights of volcanoes. [解題思路] [第一步]　讀文章，概括段意 本段主要講述了兩種火山的形狀。 [第二步]　析選項，斟酌判斷 A 火山的形狀 A項是對本段內(nèi)容的精煉概括和總結(jié)。 涵蓋性強，覆蓋全段 B 火山的影響 本段沒有提到 無中生有，生搬硬套 C 火山的活動 本段確實說到了火山的活動，但不是本段主流。 以偏概全，主次不分 D 火山的高度

27、 本段只提到一句，無足輕重 以偏概全，主次不分 [答案]　A [小題夯基練] 1．Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more

28、 interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收銀臺)．The bags are

29、 prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers' argument；many cities with bans still allow sho

30、ppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replace

31、ment：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However，longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic

32、. Environmentalists don't dispute(質(zhì)疑)these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years. Q：What is the best title for the text? A．Plastic，Paper or Neither B．Industry，Pollution and Environment C．Recycle or Throw Away D．Garbage

33、Collection and Waste Control 解析：A　[根據(jù)最后一段中的內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講述了塑料袋和可重復(fù)使用紙袋的利弊。故選A。] 2．The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past.The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year，but generally takes place in November or December.It is well attended by tourists，but even better

34、attended by locals. During the opening ceremonies，after the official greetings from the government leaders，people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands，and white camels transport their riders across the sands.Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful

35、 clothes and their fine horsemanship.One following another，groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture.Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand

36、，a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair：their long，dark，shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance. … Q：This passage mainly tells readers ________. A．what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival B．how people celebrate during the th

37、ree-day Sahara Festival C．what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival D．how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival 解析：A　[從文中第二段第一句話“During the opening ceremonies，”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開幕式上的活動。故選A。] 3．Handshaking，though a European practice is often s

38、een in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met，they showed their unarmed(無武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly，people in cities began to clap each ot

39、her's hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Let's shake (hands)on it”sometimes means agreement reached. Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet？No.Sometimes t

40、he Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite.It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party，especially when it is a woman，shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or her.Even if，for politeness，he holds out

41、 his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand，just touch it slightly.There is generally a misunderstanding(誤解)among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward，while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的)in manner.But in fact some people in western countries more reserved t

42、han some Chinese today.So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you. Q：The first paragraph mainly tells us ________. A．where handshaking was first practised B．how handshaking came about C．a(chǎn)bout the relationship between handshaking

43、 and trade D．a(chǎn)bout the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China 解析：B　[在文章第一段說明了握手的來歷。實際上也就是談?wù)撐帐质窃鯓赢a(chǎn)生的。故選B。] [大題提能練] A (2020·石家莊市高三模擬一)A new“Magic Bench” designed by Disney Research lets you interact(互動)with lovely animated(動畫的)characters—and no special glasses or earphones are requir

44、ed.Instead，the complete environment—the seat，the sitter and the cartoon characters—is mirrored on a screen opposite the bench making it possible for others to watch the scene unfold. How does the illusion work？A camera and sensor catch images and gather depth information about physical objects—the

45、bench and the person.And then a computer translates them into the 3D animations.Meanwhile sensors of touch built into the bench deliver shaking that is happening at the same time and speed to animated actions on the screen，creating the illusion that the animated figures are occupying real-world spac

46、e next to the user. “Our goal for this project was：hear characters coming，see them enter the space，and feel them sit next to you，”said Moshe Mahler，principal digital artist at Disney Research.Unlike the traditional mobile technology，one of whose limitations is that only a single user can see its il

47、lusion，the Magic Bench allows groups of people to gather in a single environment and collectively participate in an augmented reality(擴充實境)experience，all at the same time. In a video show，a small cartoon donkey runs into view and kicks the bench，causing a sharp sound and making the seated person ju

48、mp in surprise.Another test shows two people on the bench，reacting as they“feel” an animated rabbit skip up beside them and jump up and down.When a user passes his hand over the rabbit，a shadow moves across its head，as though it were occupying the same physical space as the person next to it. [語篇解讀

49、]　 本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了迪斯尼公司設(shè)計的“Magic Bench”，它能使觀眾與卡通人物互動，該互動通過將座位、模特和卡通人物映在長椅對面的屏幕上，讓觀眾更加身臨其境。 1．What does the Magic Bench need to work properly? A．Special glasses. B．Earphones. C．A mirror. D．A screen. 解析：D　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Instead，the complete environment—the seat，the sitter and the cartoon charac

50、ters—is mirrored on a screen opposite the bench making it possible for others to watch the scene unfold”可知，屏幕是該互動技術(shù)所需要的，故D項正確。] 2．What does the underlined word“illusion”in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The shaking that is happening. B．The 3D animations on the screen. C．The figures about physical objec

51、ts. D．The interaction with animated figures. 解析：D　[考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是第一句中“l(fā)ets you interact(互動)with lovely animated(動畫的)characters”可知，這種方式讓觀眾和可愛的動畫人物互動；結(jié)合第二段第一句“How does the illusion work？”可知，該句提問這種和動畫人物互動的技術(shù)是如何運作的，由此可推知，畫線詞是指“和動畫人物的互動”，故D項正確。] 3．How is the Magic Bench different from the traditi

52、onal technology? A．Its fantasy can be seen only by a single user. B．It is designed to create more animated characters. C．It allows many people to experience the fantasy together. D．Its user and the animated character occupy the same space. 解析：C　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Unlike the traditional mobile tec

53、hnology，one of whose limitations is that only a single user can see its illusion，the Magic Bench allows groups of people to gather in a single environment and collectively participate in an augmented reality(擴充實境)experience，all at the same time”可知，與傳統(tǒng)移動技術(shù)不同的是，傳統(tǒng)移動技術(shù)的限制之一是只有一個用戶可以看到這種互動，而Magic Bench允

54、許一群人聚集在一個單獨的環(huán)境中集體同時參與互動體驗。故C項正確。] 4．Which is the best title of the text? A．Magic Bench Puts You in the Picture B．Audiences Become Cartoon Characters C．Entertainment Industry Enters a New Stage D．Disney's Cartoon Figures Come into Reality 解析：A　[考查標(biāo)題判斷。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了迪斯尼公司設(shè)計的能使觀眾與卡通人物互動的“Magic Be

55、nch”，該互動通過將座位、模特和卡通人物映在長椅對面的屏幕上，讓觀眾更加身臨其境。故A項最適合作本文標(biāo)題。] B (2020·昆明市高三質(zhì)檢)Five-year-old Prisilla Perez，a student at Meador Elementary School in Willis，was unhappy with her recent haircut，which resulted from a severe disease.When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy，she felt ashamed，o

56、ften crying and losing focus in school. Her teacher，Shannon Grimm，sympathized with her unhappiness.Grimm and Prisilla's mom were concerned，but their ideas didn't work.“We had classroom discussions about how girls have short hair and boys have long hair，and I showed them photos of movie stars with d

57、ifferent looks，”Grimm said.“However，it wasn't sinking in.” Grimm thought about Prisilla throughout the winter break，and one morning，she had an idea：Cut off her hair—a scary thought for Grimm，who wore her hair long and took pride in it.“I've never had short hair，and I stressed about it for two weeks

58、 before making a decision，”she said.On Jan.4，Grimm invited a hairstylist friend to her home.“I told him to keep going，even if I cried，”she said. The class loved their teacher's new do，especially Prisilla，who excitedly ran off the school bus that afternoon yelling，“Mom，Ms.Grimm cut her hair！”The tea

59、cher also bought matching bows for herself and the girl，so they could style their hair together. In February，the teacher recommended Prisilla for the school district's Student of the Month Award，but during the Monday ceremony，she received a surprise“hero medal”from the girl.“Now we have matching aw

60、ards，”says Grimm. Prisilla's mother，Maria，said that Grimm's thoughtfulness brought her to tears.“I was shocked.I was crying.I couldn't believe it—she did something I wouldn't have the bravery to do.I will never forget that.” [語篇解讀]　 本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了Grimm老師剪短頭發(fā)以幫助學(xué)生Prisilla的故事。 5．Why was Prisilla un

61、happy at school? A．She wasn't satisfied with her teacher. B．She couldn't concentrate in class. C．She was laughed at by her classmates. D．She couldn't get on well with others. 解析：C　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段第二句“When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy，she felt ashamed，often crying and losing

62、 focus in school”可知，Prisilla在學(xué)校不開心是因為她被同學(xué)嘲笑。] 6．What made Grimm have her own hair cut? A．Praise from her students. B．Devotion to her students. C．Request of Prisilla's mother. D．Suggestion from the hairstylist. 解析：B　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，尤其是“Grimm thought about Prisilla...she had an idea：Cut off her

63、 hair”可知，Prisilla因為是短頭發(fā)而被同學(xué)嘲笑，為了安慰Prisilla，Grimm 老師決定把自己的頭發(fā)剪短。由此可推知，Grimm老師出于對學(xué)生的關(guān)愛才剪短了頭發(fā)。] 7．What can we know about Grimm? A．She had her hair cut together with Prisilla. B．She expressed her sincere thanks to her pupils. C．She hesitated a lot before having her hair cut. D．She won a gold medal f

64、or facing difficulties bravely. 解析：C　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第二句中的“I've never had short hair，and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision”可知，Grimm 老師剪短頭發(fā)之前很猶豫。] 8．What is the text mainly about? A．How Grimm helped her student out. B．What problem Prisilla had at school. C．Why Prisilla won

65、the Month Award. D．When Grimm got her new hairstyle. 解析：A　[考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，Prisilla因為是短頭發(fā)而被同學(xué)嘲笑，她在學(xué)校很不開心，Grimm老師為了幫助、安慰她剪短了自已的頭發(fā)，故A項正確。] C In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup called consommé.Although the main attraction was the soup，Roze's chain

66、shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty. Lighting mat