《姜陣劍 物流與供應(yīng)鏈管理 課后翻譯》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《姜陣劍 物流與供應(yīng)鏈管理 課后翻譯（11頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、? Chapter?One??The?Introduction?of?Logistics?? Ⅲ.Translation 1.?Military?commanders?have?always?been?aware?of?the?importance?of?good?logistics? to?the?success?of?their?campaigns.?Many?military?failures?have?arisen?from?failure?to?maintain?a?logistic?line?of?communication.? 軍事指揮官一直意識(shí)到良好物流對(duì)他們運(yùn)動(dòng)成功

2、的的重要性。 許多軍事失敗是由于未能保持物流通信線路而產(chǎn)生的。 2.?Logistics?is?defined?as?business-planning?framework?for?management?of?material,? service,?information?and?capital?flows.?It?includes?the?increasingly?complex?information,?communication?and?control?systems?required?in?today’s?business?environment.? business-plann

3、ing 物流的定義是管理材料,服務(wù),信息和資本流動(dòng)的業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)劃框架。它包括日益復(fù)雜的信息、通訊和在現(xiàn)代的商業(yè)環(huán)境需要的控制系統(tǒng)。? 3.?Although?logistics?is?primarily?a?strategic-level?management?process,?the?basic?ideas?are?still?highly?relevant?at?all?the?lower?organizational?levels.?For?example,?the?flow?of?paperwork?round?an?office?can?be?sequenced?and?timed,

4、?with?the?separate?stages?of?processing?being?carried?out?in?the?best?part?of?the?room?to?facilitate?the?flow.?? 雖然物流主要是strategic-level管理過(guò)程、基本觀點(diǎn)仍高度相關(guān)的所有組織層級(jí)越來(lái)越低。例如,流量的文書工作參觀一個(gè)辦公室能被測(cè)序及定時(shí),單獨(dú)的階段里正在進(jìn)行的處理的最好的房間的一部分更方便流動(dòng)。? 雖然物流主要是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略層面的管理過(guò)程，但基本思想仍與所有較低的組織層面高度相關(guān)。 例如，圍繞辦公室的文書工作流程可以排序和定時(shí)，其中單獨(dú)的處理階段在房間的最佳部分

5、中進(jìn)行以促進(jìn)流動(dòng)。 4. ?An?understanding?of?all?the?elements?of?any?particular?logistics?and?all?their?possible?interactions?and?consequences?is?vital?to?proper?logistic?planning.?It?is?probably?inevitable?that?there?will?never?be?an?ideal?solution,?but?the?object?of?logistics?is?to?arrive?at?the?optimum?sol

6、ution?that?provides?the?best?overall?result?from?the?combination?of?elements?and?factors?when?measured?against?certain?key?logistic?drivers,?even?though?none?of?the?individual?logistics?components?are?as?efficient?as?they?could?be 了解任何特定物流的所有元素及其所有可能的相互作用和后果對(duì)于正確的物流規(guī)劃至關(guān)重要?？赡懿豢杀苊獾氖牵肋h(yuǎn)不會(huì)有一個(gè)理想的解決方案，但物流

7、的目的是達(dá)到最佳的解決方案，提供最佳的整體結(jié)果，從元素和因素的組合，當(dāng)測(cè)量對(duì)某些關(guān)鍵的邏輯驅(qū)動(dòng)因素時(shí)，即使沒(méi)有一個(gè)各個(gè)物流部件都是盡可能高效的。 5.?Parents?can?choose?which?school?their?children?will?attend?because?the?government? allows?them?to,?but?only?because?they?also?have?access?to?transportation?for?the?home-school?journey.? 父母可以選擇他們的孩子將參加哪個(gè)學(xué)校，因?yàn)檎试S他們，但只是因?yàn)樗麄?/p>

8、也有家庭學(xué)校旅程的交通。 6.?The?logistics?philosophy?is?not?concerned?with?constraining?the?outcome?in?order?to?meet?the?convenience?of?the?inputs?(as?product?orientation?may?be),?but?with?doing?whatever?is?necessary?to?provide?the?required?output?(customer?satisfaction)?irrespective?of?the?difficulties?involv

9、ed.? 物流理念不關(guān)心制約的結(jié)果,以滿足方便的投入(如產(chǎn)品定位可能),但做任何所需的事物來(lái)提供所需的輸出(顧客滿意)不論困難很大。? 物流理念不關(guān)心約束結(jié)果以滿足輸入的方便（作為產(chǎn)品定向），而是與所需的任何必要的提供所需的輸出（客戶滿意度）無(wú)關(guān)，而與所涉及的困難無(wú)關(guān) Chapter?Two??Procurement? Ⅲ.?Translation? 1.?The?importance?of?procurement?not?only?lies?in?its?function?in?the?improvement? of?profit,?but?also?the?lowering?i

10、n?the?base?of?an?enterprises?capital?by?a?lower?purchasing?price,?and?thus?allowing?the?improvement?in?an?enterprises?capital?return?percentage?to?overweight?the?lowering?in?the?price.?? 1. 采購(gòu)的重要性不僅在于其改進(jìn)利潤(rùn)的功能，還在于通過(guò)較低的購(gòu)買價(jià)格降低企業(yè)資本的基礎(chǔ)，從而允許企業(yè)的資本回報(bào)率的提高超過(guò)價(jià)格的下降。 2.?Specifications?can?be:?simple,?for?examp

11、le?if?they?relate?to?products?in?everyday? use;?complex,?for?example?for?services?with?performance?standards?and?performance?monitoring?requirements;?framed?in?such?a?way?as?to?allow?the?supplier?to?provide?innovative?solutions?rather?than?being?expressed?as?a?detailed?design.? 規(guī)格可以是:簡(jiǎn)單的,例如如果他們涉及到

12、在日常使用的產(chǎn)品;復(fù)雜的,例如具有性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和性能監(jiān)控要求的服務(wù)，;框架的,以這樣的方式來(lái)允許供方提供創(chuàng)新的解決方案,而不是被表示為一個(gè)詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)。 4.?A?key?factor?in?supplier?appraisal?is?to?ensure?that?information?used?is?current? and?up?to?date,?so?information?needs?to?be?updated?regularly?and?decisions?reviewed.? 供應(yīng)商評(píng)估的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素是確保所使用的信息是最近的 并且是最新的，因此需要定期更新信息并審查決策。

13、5.?Suppliers?will?tend?to?view?any?client?initiatives?as?just?another?means?of? exploitation??driving?down?costs?and?profit.? 供應(yīng)商傾向于將任何客戶主動(dòng)性視為剝削- 降低成本和利潤(rùn)的另一種手段。 3.?A?functional?specification?describes?the?task?or?desired?result?by?focusing?on? what?is?to?be?achieved,?without?describing?the?met

14、hod?of?achieving?the?intended?result? 功能規(guī)范通過(guò)關(guān)注來(lái)描述任務(wù)或期望的結(jié)果將要實(shí)現(xiàn)什么，而不描述實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期結(jié)果的方法 Chapter?Three??Marketing? Ⅲ.Translation? 1.?Companies?operating?in?the?deregulated?transportation?sector?have?to?compete? in?what?is?called?the?‘business?environment’?in?which?marketing?can?make?the?difference?between

15、?success?and?failure.??? 在放松管制的運(yùn)輸部門經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司必須競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在所謂的“商業(yè)環(huán)境”中，在商業(yè)環(huán)境中，營(yíng)銷對(duì)成功與失敗意義重大。 2.?Questionnaires?can?be?split?into?two?categories:?self-completion?and?interview.? In?either?case,?design?of?the?questionnaire?is?important,?but?it?is?especially?so?where?self-completion?is?intended.? 調(diào)查問(wèn)卷可分為兩類：自我完成和面試

16、。在任何一種情況下，問(wèn)卷的設(shè)計(jì)都很重要，但尤其是在自我完成意圖的地方。 4.?Response?rates?to?questionnaires?might?be?improved?by?offering?all?those?who? send?a?completed?answer?the?chance?of?winning?a?prize,?or?perhaps?offering?some?discount?on?future?purchases.?? 問(wèn)卷的答復(fù)率可能被提高，通過(guò)提供發(fā)送完整的答案的所有人獲得獎(jiǎng)品的機(jī)會(huì)，或者可能對(duì)未來(lái)購(gòu)買提供一些折扣。 3.?The?design?o

17、f?the?questionnaire?will?certainly?influence?the?response?rate.?If? it?is?easy?and?quick?to?complete,?more?are?likely?to?be?returned.?If?it?is?easy?to?return,?the?same?applies.?Boxes?might?be?placed?at?strategic?places?for?collection,?or?someone?might?be?employed?to?collect?the?questionnaires.? 調(diào)查

18、問(wèn)卷的設(shè)計(jì)肯定會(huì)影響答卷率。 如果它是容易和快速完成，更有可能歸還。 如果很容易返回，同樣適用。 放置盒子在收集的戰(zhàn)略地點(diǎn)，或者雇用某人來(lái)收集問(wèn)卷。 Chapter?Four??Logistics?Information?Management? Ⅲ.Translation? 1.?The?timing?and?quality?of?the?information?affects?the?quality?of?decision-making.? Good?information?enables?good?decisions?to?be?made.?Inadequate?or?incorr

19、ect?information?leads?to?poor?decisions.? 信息的即時(shí)性和質(zhì)量影響決策的質(zhì)量。良好的信息可以做出好的決策。信息不足或不正確導(dǎo)致差的決策。 2.?Proposed?changes?to?operations?and?networks?can?be?modeled?so?that?the?effects? can?be?assessed?and?then?decisions?taken.?For?example,?a?company?may?wish?to?change?the?way?it?schedules?its?vehicle?operatio

20、ns.?They?can?then?model?many?alternative?routes.?These?are?then?assessed?and?decisions?are?taken?on?any?changes?that?are?to?be?made?to?the?current?network.? 可以對(duì)操作和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建議的改變進(jìn)行建模，以便產(chǎn)生效果能被評(píng)估，然后作出決定。 例如，公司可能希望改變它安排車輛運(yùn)行的方式。 然后他們便可以建模許多可供選擇的路線。 然后對(duì)這些進(jìn)行評(píng)估，并對(duì)將要對(duì)當(dāng)前網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行的任何改變做出決定。 ?3.?Production?and?manufactu

21、ring?is?constantly?under?pressure?to?deliver?shorter? production?runs?with?more?variation?in?products?range.?As?production?cycles?arereduced?to?create?"first?to?market"?positions,?they?can?also?reduce?costs?whilst?increasing?product?value.?Information?is?the?lifeline?to?enable?this?to?happen. 生產(chǎn)和制

22、造一直處于壓力下，交付較短生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行具有更多的產(chǎn)品范圍變化。 隨著生產(chǎn)周期減少以創(chuàng)造“首次上市”的位置，他們也可以降低成本，同時(shí)提高產(chǎn)品價(jià)值。 信息是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)的生命線。? 4.?EPOS?data?is?sent?via?EDI?to?the?retailer’s?regional?warehouses?and?to?their? Headquarters.?This?triggers replenishment?from?retailer’s?stock?and?triggers?replenishment?from?the?manufacturer’s?stock?to?the?re

23、tailer’s?warehouse.?Shorter?lead?times?and?lower?stock?levels?result.? 4. EPOS（銷售電子數(shù)據(jù)終端）數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)EDI（電子數(shù)據(jù)交換）發(fā)送到零售商的區(qū)域倉(cāng)庫(kù)和他們的總部。這引發(fā)從零售商的庫(kù)存補(bǔ)充，并引發(fā)從制造商的庫(kù)存到零售商的倉(cāng)庫(kù)的補(bǔ)充。 Chapter?Five??Transportation?Management? Ⅲ.Translation? 1.?Movement?must?be?planned?and?regulated?to?ensure?that?an?even?flow?is?maintained?

24、by?keeping?traffic?moving?without?unnecessary?checks?and?by?not?allowing?congestion?to?occur?at?bottlenecks,?transfer?points?and?terminals.?Failure?to?maintain?an?even?flow?will?result?in?journey?times?and?turn-round?being?extended?and?less?efficient?use?of?the?transportation?resources.? 必須計(jì)劃和調(diào)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)，

25、以確保維持均勻的流量，通過(guò)保持業(yè)務(wù)移動(dòng)而沒(méi)有不必要的檢查并且不允許在瓶頸，傳送點(diǎn)和終端處發(fā)生擁塞。 不能保持均勻流動(dòng)將導(dǎo)致行程時(shí)間和周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)，并且運(yùn)輸資源的使用效率較低。 2.?Rail?operations?are?even?more?inflexible?because?two?other?factors?come?into? play:?track?access?and?terminal?capacity.??Some?operations?may?have?spare?paths?in?which?an?extra?train?can?be?operated?if?the?ve

26、hicles?and?staff?can?be?made?available,?but?again?this?is?unlikely?to?be?possible?at?peak?times.??The?availability?of?drivers?is?also?more?constrained?because?of?regulatory?pressures?and?union?agreements?on?driving?hours,?and?the?staff?specialization?which?prevails.? ?鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)更加不靈活，因?yàn)榱硗鈨蓚€(gè)因素發(fā)揮作用：跟蹤訪問(wèn)和終端

27、容量。如果車輛和人員可以提供，一些操作可能有額外訓(xùn)練的備用路徑，但是這在高峰時(shí)間的可能性是不可能的。由于駕駛時(shí)間和盛行的工作人員專業(yè)化的監(jiān)管壓力和聯(lián)盟協(xié)議，司機(jī)的可用性也更受約束。 3.?The?main?characteristic?of?air?transportation?is?that?the?‘way’?is?natural? and?thus,?in?principle,?costs?nothing?to?maintain.??In?addition,?air?transportation?has?the?advantage?of?speed.?Unlike?surface?t

28、raffic,?which?is?impeded?by?physical?barriers,?aero?planes?move?quickly?and?have?apparently?clear?direct?routes?between?their?points?of?departure?and?arrival.? 空中運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕攸c(diǎn)是“道路”是自然的因此，原則上，成本沒(méi)有什么維護(hù)。 此外，空中運(yùn)輸具有速度的優(yōu)勢(shì)。 不像表面的交通，表面的交通被物理障礙阻。航空飛機(jī)快速移動(dòng)，并且在它們的起飛點(diǎn)和到達(dá)點(diǎn)之間具有明顯的直接路線。 4.?At?all?terminals?it?is?essent

29、ial?to?make?provision?for?the?efficient?handling? of?traffic.??If?leaving?the?terminal,?cargo?should?be?dispersed?quickly.??If?waiting?to?start?or?continue?a?journey,?it?must?be?safely?stored?and?cared?for?until?loading?takes?place.??Everything?must?be?done?to?avoid?congestion?of?the?terminal?by?ve

30、hicles,?cargo?or?passengers.?? 在所有終端，為有效的處理交通做準(zhǔn)備是必要的。 如果離開碼頭，貨物應(yīng)迅速分散。 如果等待開始或繼續(xù)旅行，它必須安全地存儲(chǔ)和照顧，直到裝載發(fā)生。 一切都必須做，以避免車輛，貨物或乘客的終端的擁塞。 5.?In?many?countries,?and?certainly?in?the?UK,?land?is?an?increasingly?scarce? resource,?as?are?fossil?fuels?and?even?the?very?quality?of?the?environment?itself.?In?thes

31、e?circumstances?planning?steps?is?to?try?to?secure?the?‘best’?possible?use?of?the?scarce?resource?for?the?benefit?of?society?at?large,?rather?than?theindividual?or?company.?? 在許多國(guó)家，當(dāng)然在英國(guó)，土地是一個(gè)越來(lái)越稀缺的資源，如礦物燃料，甚至環(huán)境本身的質(zhì)量。 在這種情況下，規(guī)劃步驟是努力確保最大限度地利用稀缺資源，使整個(gè)社會(huì)而不是個(gè)人或公司受益。 Chapter?Six??Warehouse?Management?

32、 Ⅲ.Translation? 1.?Warehouses?are?viewed?as?a?temporary?place?to?store?inventory,?very?much?as? airports?act?as?terminal?hubs?for?passengers?who?are?then?distributed?widely?across?the?world,?or?coach?stations?distribute?passengers?across?the?country.?倉(cāng)庫(kù)被看作是一種臨時(shí)的地方存放存貨,非常類似機(jī)場(chǎng)作為終端集線器的乘客隨后被廣泛分布在全世界范圍

33、內(nèi),或教練電臺(tái)發(fā)布的乘客,在全國(guó)推行。? 倉(cāng)庫(kù)被視為一個(gè)臨時(shí)存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)存的地方，非常像機(jī)場(chǎng)作為乘客的終端樞紐，然后廣泛地分布在世界各地，或長(zhǎng)途汽車站在全國(guó)各地分發(fā)乘客。 2.?Warehouses?are?also?used?to?break?bulk?into?smaller?orders,?tranship,?consolidate? and?complete?order?activities?for?various?dependent?locations.?Logistics?managers?should?view?a?warehouse?as?a?temporary?place?t

34、o?tranship?goods?to?customers.?It?may?involve?some?temporary?storage?but?essentially?it?is?a?place?to?undertake?customer?order?completion,?possibly?splitting?bulk?products?and?consolidating?individual?items?from?various?locations.? 倉(cāng)庫(kù)也被用來(lái)打破體積成小訂單,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到大坂,鞏固和醫(yī)囑活動(dòng)為各種各樣的依賴的地點(diǎn)。要看一個(gè)倉(cāng)庫(kù)物流經(jīng)理作為一個(gè)臨時(shí)的地方轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到大坂貨物給

35、客戶。它可能包含一些臨時(shí)的存儲(chǔ),但本質(zhì)上它是一個(gè)很近的地方,進(jìn)行客戶訂單完成后,可能分裂大貨生產(chǎn)和鞏固的個(gè)人物品,由各種各樣的地點(diǎn)。? 倉(cāng)庫(kù)也用于將批量分解成較小的訂單，轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，合并并為各個(gè)附屬地點(diǎn)完成訂單活動(dòng)。 物流經(jīng)理應(yīng)將倉(cāng)庫(kù)視為將貨物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)給客戶的臨時(shí)場(chǎng)所。 它可能涉及一些臨時(shí)存儲(chǔ)，但基本上它是一個(gè)進(jìn)行客戶訂單完成，可能分割散裝產(chǎn)品和合并來(lái)自各個(gè)位置的單個(gè)項(xiàng)目的地方。 3.?Security?is?often?low?down?on?the?list?of?priorities?that?a?logistics?manager? has?to?deal?with,?but?it?i

36、s?none?the?less?important.?Security?needs?to?be?commensurate?with?the?value?of?stock?held?and?the?perceived?risks.?Internal?and?external?warehouse?security?should?be?reviewed,?possibly?using?a?consultant.??安全往往是低就優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)清單下,物流經(jīng)理必須處理,但它卻一點(diǎn)也不不那么重要了。安全需要與其持股票的價(jià)值和感知風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。內(nèi)部和外部的倉(cāng)庫(kù)安全應(yīng)該重新檢討,可能用顧問(wèn)。 安全往往低于物流經(jīng)理的優(yōu)先

37、級(jí)列表必須處理，但它同樣重要。 安全需要與所持有的股票的價(jià)值和感知的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相稱。應(yīng)審查內(nèi)部和外部倉(cāng)庫(kù)安全，可能使用顧問(wèn)。 ?4.?On?arrival?of?a?consignment,?the?staff?should?carry?out?checking?procedures?to? ensure?the?goods?received?are?in?the?correct?place,?meet?purchase?order?requirements?and?are?in?the?correct?quantity?and?condition.?It?is?likely?thatthis?

38、area?of?the?warehouse?will?have?notification?of?expected?arrival?times?of?deliveries?via?the?transportation?management?and?asset?tracking?computer?software.?This?may?enable?the?staff?to?view?a?copy?of?the?purchase?order?whereby?the?above?checks?can?be?carried?out.? 在寄售的到來(lái),員工必須執(zhí)行檢查程序以確保收到的貨物是在正確的地方,

39、滿足采購(gòu)訂單要求,在正確的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。這個(gè)地區(qū)很可能會(huì)有通知的倉(cāng)庫(kù)的抵達(dá)時(shí)間交付期望通過(guò)交通管理和資產(chǎn)跟蹤計(jì)算機(jī)軟件。這可能讓員工來(lái)查看一份購(gòu)貨訂單將上述支票可以得到貫徹執(zhí)行。 貨物到達(dá)后，工作人員應(yīng)進(jìn)行檢查程序確保收到的貨物在正確的地方，滿足采購(gòu)訂單要求，并在正確的數(shù)量和條件。 很可能倉(cāng)庫(kù)的該區(qū)域?qū)⑼ㄟ^(guò)運(yùn)輸管理和資產(chǎn)跟蹤計(jì)算機(jī)軟件通知預(yù)計(jì)到達(dá)時(shí)間。 這可以使得工作人員能夠查看采購(gòu)訂單的副本，從而可以執(zhí)行上述檢查。? 5.?Other?activities?which?may?impact?on?receipts?procedures?are,?for?example:? unloa

40、ding,?e.g.?hazardous?materials?may?be?checked?in?another?part?of?the?warehouse;?quality?control?systems?may?segregate?items?for?a?period?of?time;?replenishing?or?packaging?of?product;?acceptance?and?checking?of?returned?goods.?其他的活動(dòng),這將影響在收據(jù)程序,例如:卸料,如有害物質(zhì)可能會(huì)檢查在另一部分的倉(cāng)庫(kù);質(zhì)量控制系統(tǒng)可以隔離一段時(shí)間的物品或包裝的產(chǎn)品;補(bǔ)充和檢查;接受

41、退貨。? 貨物到達(dá)后，工作人員應(yīng)進(jìn)行檢查程序確保收到的貨物在正確的地方，滿足采購(gòu)訂單要求，并在正確的數(shù)量和條件。 采購(gòu)訂單的副本，從而可以執(zhí)行上述檢查。 Chapter?Seven??Stock?Control? ? Ⅲ.Translation? 1.?On?the?other?hand,?holding?only?low?levels?of?stock?is?a?more?difficult?policy? to?manage.?This?is?partly?because?it?relies?on?timely?deliveries?by?suppliers,?but?also

42、?because?it?increases?the?number?of?orders?that?must?be?placed?with?suppliers,?which?in?turn?increases?the?administration?time?and?costs?associated?with?stock.?However,?it?reduces?the?stockholding?costs.? 另一方面,持有低水平的股票是一個(gè)比較棘手的政策來(lái)管理。這部分因?yàn)樗蕾囉谟晒?yīng)商及時(shí)交貨,而且還因?yàn)樗黾恿藬?shù)量的訂單,必須放在與供應(yīng)商,從而增強(qiáng)了管理時(shí)間和相關(guān)費(fèi)用的股票。然而,它減少持

43、股成本。? 另一方面，只持有低水平的股票是一個(gè)更困難的政策管理。 這部分是因?yàn)樗蕾囉诠?yīng)商的及時(shí)交貨，而且還因?yàn)樗黾恿吮仨毰c供應(yīng)商交付的訂單數(shù)量，這又增加了與庫(kù)存相關(guān)的管理時(shí)間和成本。 但是，它降低了庫(kù)存成本 2.?The?coding?system?needs?to?allow?for?the?different?characteristics?of?individual? items?being?coded.?The?method?of?coding?could?be?simple?sequential?or?structured.?Group?coding?is?a?struc

44、tured?system.?It?is?based?on?the?use?of?three?groups?of?figures?but?although?it?is?flexible,?it?does?not?allow?quick?interpretation.??編碼系統(tǒng)需要以允許不同的特性被個(gè)別項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)行編碼。的編碼方法可以簡(jiǎn)單的順序或結(jié)構(gòu)。集團(tuán)編碼是一款結(jié)構(gòu)完整的系統(tǒng)。它是基于使用的三組數(shù)字而雖然是靈活的,它不允許?快速的解釋。? 編碼系統(tǒng)需要考慮個(gè)體的不同特征項(xiàng)目正在編碼。 編碼的方法可以是簡(jiǎn)單的順序或結(jié)構(gòu)化。 組編碼是一種結(jié)構(gòu)化系統(tǒng)。 它是基于使用三組數(shù)字，但雖然它是靈活的，它不

45、允許快速解釋。 ? 3.?While?using?a?fixed?order?quantity?system?an?important?issue?is?to?set?the? quantity?which?will?be?ordered.?As?we?have?already?seen,?purchasing?in?large?quantities?leads?to?high?levels?of?stock,?but?orders?need?not?be?frequent?conversely,?purchasing?in?small?quantities?leads?to?low?s

46、tockholding?costs?but?high?administration?costs.?? 當(dāng)使用一個(gè)固定的訂單數(shù)量系統(tǒng)一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題是來(lái)定的數(shù)量將責(zé)令停業(yè)。我們已經(jīng)看到,采購(gòu)數(shù)量大導(dǎo)致高水平的股票,但訂單不需要頻繁的相反,購(gòu)買少量持股成本低而導(dǎo)致高的管理成本。? 在使用固定訂單數(shù)量系統(tǒng)時(shí)，一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題是設(shè)置將要訂購(gòu)的數(shù)量。 正如我們已經(jīng)看到的，大量采購(gòu)導(dǎo)致高水平的庫(kù)存，但訂單不需要頻繁，反之，小批量采購(gòu)導(dǎo)致低的庫(kù)存成本，但高的管理成本。 4.?Fixed?order?quantity?is?a?system?whereby?predetermined?quantities?

47、of?certain? items?are?ordered?at?fixed?intervals.?This?system?is?suitable?for?‘C’?class?items?with?a?fairly?steady?demand?pattern.?It?is?particularly?adaptable?to?automated?ordering,?particularly?using?e-procurement.? 固定訂貨量是一種系統(tǒng),借此預(yù)定的數(shù)量的某些項(xiàng)目已被要求在固定的時(shí)間間隔。該系統(tǒng)可適用于'?C課堂項(xiàng)目具有較穩(wěn)定的需求模式。它尤其適應(yīng)自動(dòng)化訂購(gòu),特別是用于電子采

48、購(gòu)。? 固定訂單數(shù)量是一種系統(tǒng)，其中預(yù)定數(shù)量的某些項(xiàng)目以固定的間隔排序。 該系統(tǒng)適用于具有相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定需求模式的“C”類產(chǎn)品。 它特別適用于自動(dòng)訂購(gòu)，特別是使用電子采購(gòu)。5.?While?using?a?fixed?order?quantity?system?an?important?issue?is?to?set?the? quantity?which?will?be?ordered.?As?we?have?already?seen,?purchasing?in?large?quantities?leads?to?high?levels?of?stock,?but?orders?need

49、?not?be?frequent?conversely,?purchasing?in?small?quantities?leads?to?low?stockholding?costs?but?high?administration?costs.? 當(dāng)使用一個(gè)固定的訂單數(shù)量系統(tǒng)一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題是來(lái)定的數(shù)量將責(zé)令停業(yè)。我們已經(jīng)看到,采購(gòu)數(shù)量大導(dǎo)致高水平的股票,但訂單不需要頻繁的相反,購(gòu)買少量持股成本低而導(dǎo)致高的管理成本。? 5.使用固定訂單數(shù)量系統(tǒng)時(shí)，一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題是設(shè)置將要訂購(gòu)的數(shù)量。 正如我們已經(jīng)看到的，大量采購(gòu)導(dǎo)致高水平的庫(kù)存，但訂單不需要頻繁，反之，小批量采購(gòu)導(dǎo)致低的庫(kù)存成本，但高的管理

50、成本。 Chapter?Eight??Logistic?Decision-Making物流決策? ? Ⅲ.Translation? 1.?The?modern?organization?in?a?free?market?place?needs?to?be?an?agile?one,?able? to?make?rapid?decisions?in?order?to?respond?to?changing?circumstances?and?thereby?gain?an?advantage?over?its?competitors.? 現(xiàn)代組織在一個(gè)自由市場(chǎng)的地方應(yīng)該是一個(gè)敏捷的人

51、,能夠做出迅速的決定,是為了應(yīng)對(duì)不斷變化的環(huán)境,從而獲得對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的優(yōu)勢(shì)。? 自由市場(chǎng)中的現(xiàn)代組織需要是一個(gè)敏捷的組織作出迅速的決定，以應(yīng)對(duì)不斷變化的情況，從而獲得優(yōu)于其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的優(yōu)勢(shì)。 2.?For?a?number?of?years?there?has?been?a?tendency?for?organizations?to?‘delayerand?create?what?is?known?as?a?‘flat?structure’.?This?means?that?some?layers?of?management?appearing?in?the?traditional?organi

52、zation?structure?have?been?removed.? 多年了,現(xiàn)在有一種傾向?yàn)榻M織的delayer?',創(chuàng)造了所謂的'扁平結(jié)構(gòu)”。這就意味著一些管理層級(jí)的出現(xiàn)在傳統(tǒng)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)被移除。? 多年來(lái)，組織傾向于“推遲并創(chuàng)造所謂的”平面結(jié)構(gòu)“。 這意味著傳統(tǒng)組織結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)的一些管理層已被刪除。 3.?Instead?of?having?many?layers?of?supervisory,?first-line,?middle,?senior?and? top?management,?organizations?have?stripped?out?some?of?the

53、?middle?layers,?leaving?a?shorter?‘chain?of?command’?and?placing?the?top?management?closer?to?the?operative?level.? 而不是有許多層的監(jiān)督、基層、中層和高層管理人員,高級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)去掉了一些中間,留下一短的層的指揮鏈”,并把最高管理層接近手術(shù)水平。? 而不是有許多層次的監(jiān)督，一線，中間，高級(jí)和高級(jí)管理層，組織已經(jīng)剝離了一些中間層，留下了一個(gè)更短的“指揮鏈”，并使最高管理層更接近操作級(jí)別。 4.?If?the?mission?is?the?desired?end?then?the

54、?tasks?are?merely?the?means?to?achieve? that?end;?they?are?not?ends?in?themselves.?There?can?be?only?one?mission?but?there?may?be?any?number?of?ways?in?which?it?can?be?achieved.?Different?departments?and?even?different?individuals?will?have?a?different?set?of?tasks?to?perform?but?there?must?be?the?

55、same?mission?that?those?tasks?contribute?to.? 如果他們的使命是理想的最終然后任務(wù)僅僅是手段,去做到這一點(diǎn),因?yàn)樗麄儾⒉皇且馕吨谒麄冎虚g結(jié)束。這是你唯一能做的任務(wù),但可能有多種方式可在其中實(shí)現(xiàn)。不同的部門,甚至是不同的個(gè)體將有不同的任務(wù)完成但是卻必須有相同的任務(wù),完成那些任務(wù)貢獻(xiàn)。? 如果任務(wù)是期望的結(jié)束，則任務(wù)僅僅是實(shí)現(xiàn)的手段結(jié)束; 它們本身不是目的。 只有一個(gè)任務(wù)，但可以有任何數(shù)量的方式可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。 不同的部門甚至不同的個(gè)人將有不同的任務(wù)要執(zhí)行，但必須有那些任務(wù)所貢獻(xiàn)的相同的任務(wù)。 5.?Investment?in?new?faciliti

56、es?and?equipment?is?a?major?issue?for?organizations?and?when?considering?this?the?full?cost?over?the?projected?lifetime?will?have?to?be?considered.?This?is?known?as?whole-life?or?life-cycle?costing?and?takes?into?account?the?cost?of?operating,?maintaining?and?disposing?of?the?equipment?as?well?as?ju

57、st?the?initial?purchase?price.? ? 投資于新設(shè)施和設(shè)備是一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題,組織和在考慮這個(gè)完整的成本超過(guò)預(yù)計(jì)一生要被考慮。這就是所謂的“終生或產(chǎn)品生命周期成本法同時(shí)考慮到成本的操作、維護(hù)和處分的設(shè)備以及只是最初的購(gòu)買價(jià)格。? 對(duì)新設(shè)備和設(shè)備的投資是組織的一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題，在考慮這一點(diǎn)時(shí)，必須考慮在預(yù)計(jì)壽命內(nèi)的全部成本。 這被稱為整個(gè)生命周期或生命周期成本計(jì)算，并且考慮到設(shè)備的操作，維護(hù)和處理的成本以及初始購(gòu)買價(jià)格。 Chapter?Nine??Logistics/Supply-Chain?Management物流/供應(yīng)鏈管理1.Full-spectrum?vis

58、ibility?and?real-time?management?of?increasingly?complex,?high-velocity?operations?will?be?land?mark?practices?of?supply-chain?management?in?the?twenty-first?century?these?practices?are?already?taking?shape?in?organizations?of?all?kinds.? 能見度和實(shí)時(shí)管理在內(nèi),高操作越來(lái)越復(fù)雜,將土地馬克實(shí)踐之供應(yīng)鏈管理在二十一世紀(jì),這些做法都是已成形機(jī)構(gòu)的所有的類型。?

59、 1.日益復(fù)雜的高速運(yùn)行的全光譜可視性和實(shí)時(shí)管理將是二十一世紀(jì)供應(yīng)鏈管理的地標(biāo)實(shí)踐，這些做法已經(jīng)在各種組織中形成。 2.In?particular,?the?emergence?of?the?internet?as?the?global?information?infrastructure?backbone?has?accompanied?the?globalization?of?markets.?It?has?given?companies?even?greater?tools?for?tightly?orchestrating?relationships?across?the?entir

60、e?value?chain?and?creating?strategic?partnerships?and?operational?linkages?with?a?dynamic?web?of?large?and?small?firms?spanning?all?continents.? 特別是,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)作為其全球信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的全球化骨干已伴隨市場(chǎng)。它給了公司更大的工具關(guān)系緊密配合貫穿整個(gè)價(jià)值鏈和創(chuàng)造的戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系和運(yùn)行聯(lián)系與動(dòng)態(tài)web的大型和小型企業(yè)跨越全球。? 特別是，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為全球信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施主干的出現(xiàn)伴隨著市場(chǎng)的全球化。 它為公司提供了更強(qiáng)大的工具，用于緊密協(xié)調(diào)整個(gè)價(jià)值鏈上

61、的關(guān)系，并通過(guò)跨越所有大陸的大型和小型公司的動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)建立戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系和運(yùn)營(yíng)聯(lián)系。 3.It?would?be?incorrect?to?assume?that?Internet?architecture?is?limited?to?North?America?or?Europe.?The?New?York?Times?reported?recently?that?10.48?percent?of?people?in?Hong?Kong?were?already?using?the?Internet;?in?Singapore,?the?estimate?is?8.82?percent.?

62、In?China,?50?Internet?Service?Providers?are?competing?for?an?Internet?user?base?that?increased?1,150?percent?in?1996?and?800?percent?in?1997,?according?to?the?Mosaic?Group.?Even?in?the?least-developed?continent,?Africa,?the?Internet?is?catching?on?quickly.?The?consensus?of?participants?in?a?1998?wor

63、kshop?sponsored?by?the?World?Bank?was?that,?“spurred?by?the?lower?cost?of?communications?and?led?by?the?private?sector,?the?use?of?the?Internet?is?growing?rapidly?in?Africa.”? 它會(huì)是錯(cuò)誤的假定網(wǎng)路架構(gòu)是限于北美或歐洲。《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道,近日,百分之10.48香港人已經(jīng)使用因特網(wǎng);在新加坡,估計(jì)是8.82百分點(diǎn)。在中國(guó),50互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商正在爭(zhēng)奪一個(gè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶基礎(chǔ),在1996年增加百分之1150?1997年和800百分

64、點(diǎn)根據(jù)馬賽克的集團(tuán)。即使在最不發(fā)達(dá)的大陸,非洲,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是抓得很快。參與者的共識(shí),1998年他們?cè)谲囬g是世界銀行資助的是這樣的,”受到成本較低的溝通和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的私營(yíng)企業(yè),使用因特網(wǎng)的快速增長(zhǎng)的在非洲。 假設(shè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)架構(gòu)僅限于北美或歐洲，這是不正確的。 “紐約時(shí)報(bào)”最近報(bào)道，香港有10.48％的人已經(jīng)在使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng); 在新加坡，估計(jì)為8.82％。 在中國(guó)，50家互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商正在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶群，根據(jù)馬賽克集團(tuán)，1996年增加了1,150％，1997年增長(zhǎng)了800％。 即使在最不發(fā)達(dá)的大陸，非洲，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)也在迅速趕上。 世界銀行贊助的1998年研討會(huì)的參與者的共識(shí)是，“由于通信成本較低，私營(yíng)部門

65、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的使用在非洲迅速增長(zhǎng)。4.In?striving?to?gain?full-spectrum?global?supply-chain?visibility?and?strategic?control?over?the?chain,?companies?are?seeking?to?create?a?virtual?process?across?all?the?functional?islands-whether?within?the?trading?organization?or?among?trading?partners.?Message?dialogue?(structure

66、d?electronic?conversations)?between?functional?islands?is?an?emerging?concept?to?integrate?the?supply?chain?in?a?virtual?communications?process.? 在努力獲得在內(nèi),全球供應(yīng)鏈可視性和戰(zhàn)略控制鏈,公司正試圖創(chuàng)造一個(gè)虛擬的過(guò)程islands-whether穿過(guò)所有的功能或在交易組織內(nèi)的貿(mào)易伙伴。消息對(duì)話(結(jié)構(gòu)化電子談話)之間的功能性的島嶼是一個(gè)新興的概念整合供應(yīng)鏈在虛擬通信過(guò)程。? 4.在爭(zhēng)取獲得全范圍全球供應(yīng)鏈可視性和對(duì)鏈條的戰(zhàn)略控制方面，公司正在尋求在所有功能島嶼（無(wú)論是在貿(mào)易組織內(nèi)還是在貿(mào)易伙伴之間）創(chuàng)建一個(gè)虛擬過(guò)程。 功能島之間的消息對(duì)話（結(jié)構(gòu)化電子對(duì)話）是一個(gè)新興的概念，將供應(yīng)鏈整合到虛擬通信過(guò)程中。 5.Information?and?knowledge?network?management,?which?seeks?to?exert?strategic?control?over?business-to-business?and?