資源目錄里展示的全都有，所見即所得。下載后全都有,請放心下載。原稿可自行編輯修改=【QQ：401339828 或11970985 有疑問可加】 附錄C 外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯（變壓器濾油機(jī)） Study of Transformer Oil Filtration Machine Shreya Salvi1, A.P.Paranjape2, 1M.E. student, Dept. of Electrical Power System, P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India 2Professor, Dept. of Electrical Power System, P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Abstract - Nearly all load bearing transformers in electric power systems around the world are filled with insulating oil i.e. transformer oil. Insulating oil plays a major role in the transformer, acting as insulating medium and as coolant. Transformers in electric power distribution and transmission systems are expected to function reliably and efficiently for uninterrupted power supply and to do this the quality of the transformer oil must be high. To maintain high quality of the transformer oil, purification of transformer oil by high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine should be conducted regularly. In this paper, we will study about the transformer oil filtration machine and how it purifies the contaminated transformer oil. Key Words: Degasification, Insulating oil, Moisture, Purification, Transformer. 1. INTRODUCTION Transformer is one of the most important and costly components of power system. Extreme reliability is demanded of electric power system, and even though the failure risk of a transformer is small, when failures occur, they lead to high repair costs, long downtime and possible safety risks. Moreover, transformers are too expensive to replace regularly and must be properly maintained to maximize their life expectancy. So for getting high performance and long functional life of the transformer, it is desired to perform various maintenance activities. Purification of transformer oil is one of these maintenance activities, since transformer’s life mainly depends on its insulating oil i.e. transformer oil. To purify transformer oil, high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine is used. It consists of inlet pump, filters, heaters, ionic reaction column, degassing and dehydration chamber, discharge pump, vacuum pumps etc. In this paper, we will study about the transformer oil filtration machine and how it works to purify the contaminated transformer oil. 2. Insulating Oil Primarily, two kinds of basic insulation materials are widely used in the transformer, including the liquid insulation material such as insulating oil i.e. transformer oil and solid insulation material such as insulation paper. The widespread use of dielectric liquids for insulation and cooling is due to their greater electrical breakdown strength and thermal conductivity than gaseous insulators, while their ability to conform to complex geometries and self-heal means that they are often of more practical use than solid insulators. Transformer oil is highly refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is normally obtained by fractional distillation and subsequent treatment of crude petroleum. Hence why this oil is also known as mineral insulating oil. Transformer oil provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live parts in the transformer. It also helps cool the transformer i.e.it acts as a coolant. Causes of contamination of transformer oil are electrical disturbances and thermal decomposition. Various contaminants like moisture, sludge, dissolved gases etc. Present in the transformer oil reduces the breakdown strength of transformer oil, promotes local heating, increases the electrical conductivity and decreases the electrical and mechanical strength of the insulation system. The contaminants also decelerates the transformer efficiency. The failure of liquid insulation can cause catastrophic damage not only to the power equipment, but also to the surrounding environment. Furthermore, failure often leads to major operational disruption and financial loss. Purification of the transformer oil by high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine removes all these contaminants from transformer oil. The dielectric strength of fresh, thoroughly purified (filtered, degassed, dehumidified) insulating oil is several times higher than that of aged, contaminated insulating oil. Better the insulation of the transformer, longer the life of the transformer and lesser the breakdown of the transformer which eventually results in good returns on investment of the transformer asset and uninterrupted power supply. 3. High Vacuum Transformer Oil Filtration Machine Transformer oil when untreated will normally contain 50 to 60 ppm (parts per million) of water and also 10% to 12% of air by volume at saturation. In order to bring the oil in required standards, it has to be filtered to remove moisture, dissolved gases, ferrous and non-ferrous suspended particles so as to achieve the required properties of transformer oil. The high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine treats the transformer oil & switchgear oil by first heating it and then passing it through specially designed filter and then subjecting it to high vacuum treatment which dehydrates and degasifies the oil to the standard specifications after completion of the process. Fig -1: High Vacuum Transformer Oil Filtration Machine Fig. – 1 shows the high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine. Transformer oil filtration machines are available in various ratings starting from 100 LPH (liters per hour) to 16,000 LPH. The filtration machine is either stationary type or mobile type. The screw jacks are provided for relieving pressure on wheels at stationary conditions. It is weather proofed and suitable for outdoor use. The equipment is enclosed and protected against climatic conditions. All the components have adequate strength and rigidity to withstand the normal conditions of handling transport and usage. The plant is suitable for operation on 415 volts, three phase, 4 wire, 50 Hz, A.C. Supply. The high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine consists of: 3.1 Inlet Pump Inlet pump pumps the contaminated oil from transformer to oil filtration machine. It is thoroughly tested for vacuum and is suitable for continuous trouble free operation. It is provided with an automatic protection against over-pressure build-up. Interlocking arrangement is provided in between the oil inlet pump and the heater so that heater cannot be energized unless inlet pump is on. Interlocking arrangement is provided in the oil filtration machine between the inlet pump and high level float switch (located into degassing and dehydration chamber) to avoid excessive rise of oil in the degassing and dehydration chamber. 3.2 Heaters The first step in this serial process is to raise the oil temperature to a desired level, generally upto 65 Degree Celsius. This aids to give the oil latent heat which later aids to dissociate the moisture and gases from oil in the degassing and dehydration chamber. Additionally the viscosity of the oil drops which aids in better filtration to some extent. Heaters are provided in protection tubes to avoid localized overheating, hot spot & breaking oil. Heaters are thermostatically controlled. Heater elements consists of nichrome / kanthal wire filament, inserted in refractory formers which are located in protection tubes. Heater tank is adequately thermally insulated to minimize loss of heat. One suitable pressure relief valve is provided on the heater chamber to prevent any pressure rise above the acceptable limit. 3.3 Filtration System 3.3.1 Preliminary Filter The main function of this filter is to prevent any damage to the inlet pump. It have strainers capable of retaining all particles above 1 mm size and also magnetic particles. Incoming oil is passed through this filter. It is possible to clean the strainer without dismantling the filter from the pipeline. 3.3.2 Filter Press Filter press shall consist of filters held between metallic discs. It is suitable for removal of particles bigger than 50 microns. This is useful for removal of sludge content in the used oil. 3.3.3 Cartridge Filter Non-hygroscopic throw away type cartridge filters of one micron rating is provided. This cartridge elements have large dust holding capacity. The replacement of cartridge elements is very easy and can be done without any special tools. Compound (pressure / vacuum) gauge is provided on filter vessel for inlet pressure indication in order to ascertain condition of cartridge elements. Aeration is provided on the filter vessel to aerate the vessel during draining. The cartridge type filter facilitates to achieve desired value of particle size in micron. 3.4 Ionic Reaction Column An ionic reaction column is provided in high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine to reduce the acidity in the oil. It is an optional component in high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine which is provided if the customer demands it. 3.5 Degassing and Dehydration Chamber The third step in the oil filtration machine is dehydration and degasification of the transformer oil. In degassing and dehydration chamber, dissolved gases and moisture from the transformer oil is removed. It has mild steel welded construction. The chamber is able to withstand the vacuum to which it is subjected. Efficiently spread Raschig rings are placed in the degassing and dehydration chamber. Raschig rings are pieces of tubes which are approximately equal in length and diameter. Usually, Copper or Aluminum Raschig rings are used in high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine. The surface area offered by the Raschig rings is sufficient to form a thin film of oil and facilitates removal of dissolved gases and moisture at the rated flow rate of oil. A sight glass with illuminating lamp is provided for observation of oil flow in the degassing and dehydration chamber. One float switch on the degassing and dehydration chamber is provided for preventing excess rise of oil level and is electrically interlocked with the inlet pump. Another float switch to control the low level of the oil in degassing and dehydration chamber is provided and it is electrically interlocked with the discharge pump. Two or three stages are separated by a siphon seal. One airing valve is provided for airing the degassing and dehydration chamber. Fig -2: Circuit Diagram of High Vacuum Transformer Oil Filtration Machine 3.6 Vacuum Pumping System Vacuum pumps are provided for evacuation of degassing and dehydration chamber. These pumps are of imported make. 3.7 Discharge Pump A discharge pump is provided in high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine for sucking oil from the degassing and dehydration chamber held under vacuum. They are fully tested for pressure and vacuum leak rate. Interlocking arrangement are provided between low level float switch (located in degassing and dehydration chamber) and discharge pump to prevent dry running of discharge pump. 3.8 Oil Hoses Two nitrile rubber hoses with flanged end connection on both sides are provided, one for oil inlet & one for oil outlet. They are capable of handling the transformer oil at 100 Degrees Celsius (maximum) and vacuum. Fig -3: Transformer Oil Before and After Filtration After three to five passes in the high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine, the transformer oil gets purified. Fig. 3 shows the transformer oil before and after filtration from high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine. The brown colored oil is unfiltered oil whereas pale yellow colored oil is filtered (or purified) oil. Fig. 2 shows the circuit diagram of high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine. The dielectric properties of oil may vary depending upon the content of gas, moisture, suspended particles and contaminants. Even new oil absorbs gas and moisture while in storage. Therefore sometimes oil is to be treated before use. Degassing and dehumidification of oil is also necessary periodically, during use, because dielectric properties will be affected due to the absorption of gas and moisture in service at different weather conditions. 4. CONCLUSIONS This paper is related to the study of high vacuum transformer oil filtration machine and how its various components remove the contaminants like moisture, dissolved gases, sludge contents etc. from the transformer oil. Regular purification of transformer oil maintains its high quality, thus assures long and consistent results from the transfor 變壓器濾油機(jī)的研究 Paranjape，施利亞.薩爾維 （印度馬哈拉施特拉邦奧蘭加巴德工程學(xué)院電力系） 摘要：在世界各地的電力系統(tǒng)中，幾乎所有的負(fù)載變壓器都有絕緣油，即變壓器油。絕緣油在變壓器中起著重要的作用，起到絕緣介質(zhì)和冷卻劑的作用。變壓器在電力分配和傳輸系統(tǒng)中，預(yù)期能夠可靠有效地為不間斷電源供電，并做到這一點(diǎn)，變壓器油的質(zhì)量必須很高。為了保持變壓器油的高質(zhì)量，應(yīng)定期進(jìn)行高真空變壓器油過濾機(jī)的變壓器油凈化。本文對變壓器濾油機(jī)進(jìn)行了研究，并對其進(jìn)行了凈化處理。 關(guān) 鍵 詞：脫氣作用，絕緣油，水分，凈化，變壓器，2017年 1 介紹 變壓器是電力系統(tǒng)中最重要、最昂貴的部件之一。電力系統(tǒng)的可靠性要求極高，即使變壓器的故障風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很小。當(dāng)故障發(fā)生時，它們會導(dǎo)致高維修成本、長時間停機(jī)和可能的安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外，變壓器太昂貴，不能定期更換，必須妥善保養(yǎng)，以最大限度地延長壽命，因此：為了獲得高性能和長壽命的變壓器，需要進(jìn)行各種維護(hù)活動。變壓器油的凈化是其中一項(xiàng)維護(hù)工作，因?yàn)樽儔浩鞯膲勖饕Q于其絕緣油即變壓器油，為了凈化變壓器油，使用了高真空變壓器油過濾機(jī)。它由進(jìn)口泵、過濾器、加熱器、離子反應(yīng)柱、脫氣和脫水室、排氣泵、真空泵等組成。本文對變壓器濾油機(jī)進(jìn)行了研究，并對其工作原理進(jìn)行了研究。 2絕緣油 絕緣油主要有兩種基本絕緣材料在變壓器中廣泛使用，包括絕緣油等液體絕緣材料，變壓器油和絕緣紙等固體絕緣材料。絕緣和冷卻介質(zhì)的廣泛使用是由于它們比氣體絕緣體更強(qiáng)的電擊穿強(qiáng)度和導(dǎo)熱性。符合復(fù)雜幾何和自愈的能力意味著它們通常 比固體絕緣體更實(shí)用。變壓器油是一種高度精煉的礦物油，在高溫下穩(wěn)定，具有良好的電氣絕緣性能，它通常是通過分餾和原油的后續(xù)處理獲得的。因此，這種油也被稱為礦物絕緣油。變壓器油提供變壓器內(nèi)部帶電部件之間的電氣絕緣部分。它也有助于冷卻變壓器，冷卻劑的作用。變壓器油污染的原因是電干擾和熱分解，各種污染物如濕氣、污泥、溶解氣體等，在變壓器油中存在降低變壓器油的擊穿強(qiáng)度，促進(jìn)局部加熱，提高電導(dǎo)率，降低絕緣系統(tǒng)的電氣和機(jī)械強(qiáng)度。此外，污染物也會減慢變壓器的效率。液體絕緣的失效不僅會對電力設(shè)備造成災(zāi)難性的破壞，還會對周圍環(huán)境造成災(zāi)難性的破壞，而且失敗常常導(dǎo)致重大的業(yè)務(wù)中斷和財(cái)務(wù)損失。采用高真空變壓器濾油機(jī)凈化變壓器油，從變壓器油中去除所有污染物。新鮮、純化(過濾、除氣、除濕)絕緣油的電介質(zhì)強(qiáng)度要比老化的、受污染的絕緣油高好幾倍，因此：改善變壓器的絕緣，延長變壓器的壽命，減少變壓器的故障，最終使變壓器的資產(chǎn)和不間斷電源的投資得到良好的回報(bào)。 3 高真空變壓器濾油機(jī) 變壓器油在未經(jīng)處理的情況下，變壓器油通常含有50至60 ppm(百萬分之一)的水，以及10%到12%的空氣飽和量。為了使油達(dá)到要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，必須過濾掉水分、溶解氣體、亞鐵和非鐵的懸浮顆粒，以達(dá)到變壓器油的要求。高真空變壓器油過濾機(jī)先對變壓器油和開關(guān)柜油進(jìn)行加熱，然后經(jīng)過特殊設(shè)計(jì)的過濾器，然后將其置于高真空處理，在完成工藝后，將油脫水和脫氣，達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格。如圖3.1高真空變壓器濾油機(jī) 圖3.1高真空變壓器濾油機(jī) 圖3.1是高真空變壓器濾油機(jī)。變壓器濾油機(jī)從每小時100公升(升)到16000公升，可提供各種等級。濾油機(jī)可分為固定式或移動式。螺旋千斤頂是用來在固定條件下減輕車輪壓力的。它是防風(fēng)雨的，適合戶外使用。設(shè)備被封閉起來，以防氣候變化，所有部件都有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度來承受運(yùn)輸和使用的正常情況，并且該裝置適用于415伏特、三相、4線、50hz、A.C.供貨。高真空變壓器濾油機(jī)包括以下幾個部分： 3.1進(jìn)口泵 進(jìn)口泵將受污染的油從變壓器泵入濾油機(jī)，它經(jīng)過徹底的真空測試，適用于連續(xù)無故障運(yùn)行。它具有自動保護(hù)，防止壓力過大。在油泵和加熱器之間設(shè)有聯(lián)鎖裝置，除非進(jìn)氣泵開啟，否則加熱器無法通電。在進(jìn)口泵和高水平浮子開關(guān)(位于脫氣和脫水室)之間的油過濾機(jī)中提供聯(lián)鎖裝置，以避免在脫氣和脫水室中出現(xiàn)過量的油。 3.2 加熱器 這個系列過程的第一步是將油溫提高到一個理想的水平，通常達(dá)到65攝氏度。這有助于釋放出油潛熱，這些潛熱后來有助于分解脫氣和脫水室中的水分和氣體。此外，油滴的粘度在一定程度上有助于更好的過濾。在保護(hù)管中提供加熱器，以避免局部過熱、熱點(diǎn)和斷油。加熱器是恒溫控制的。加熱器元件由鎳鉻/ kanthal線絲組成，插入在保護(hù)管的耐火材料中。熱水器內(nèi)膽完全隔熱，以減少熱量損失。在加熱器腔上提供一個合適的壓力安全閥，以防止任何壓力超過可接受的極限。 3.3過濾系統(tǒng) 3.3.1初步篩選 該過濾器的主要功能是防止對進(jìn)口泵的任何損壞，它的過濾器能夠保持所有的粒子超過1毫米大小和磁性粒子。進(jìn)入的油通過這個過濾器。在不拆卸管道過濾器的情況下，可以清洗過濾器。 3.3.2壓濾機(jī) 壓濾機(jī)應(yīng)由金屬盤之間的過濾器組成。它適用于去除50微米以上的顆粒,這有助于去除廢油中的污泥。 3.3.3濾筒式除塵器 濾筒式除塵器提供了一個微米級別的非吸濕式濾嘴式過濾器,該彈殼元件具有較大的粉塵承載能力, 更換墨盒元素非常容易，可以不使用任何特殊工具,在進(jìn)口壓力指示的過濾器容器上提供復(fù)合(壓力/真空)壓力表，以確定閥芯元件的狀況。在排水過程中，過濾器容器上提供充氣，墨盒式過濾器有助于在微米范圍內(nèi)達(dá)到理想的粒徑大小。 3.4離子反應(yīng)列 離子反應(yīng)列在高真空變壓器油過濾機(jī)上提供離子反應(yīng)柱，以降低油的酸度。它是高真空變壓器油過濾機(jī)的可選部件，如果客戶要求，可提供。 3.5脫氣、脫水室 油過濾機(jī)的第三步是對變壓器油進(jìn)行脫水和脫氣。在脫氣和脫水室中，溶解氣體和變壓器油中的水分被除去，它有低碳鋼焊接結(jié)構(gòu)。脫水室能夠承受它所承受的真空，有效地將Raschig環(huán)放置在脫氣和脫水室中。Raschig環(huán)是長度和直徑近似相等的管子。通常，在高真空變壓器油過濾機(jī)上使用銅或鋁拉環(huán)。Raschig環(huán)所提供的表面積足以形成一層薄薄的油膜，并能使溶解氣體和水分在額定流量中去除，提供了一種帶有照明燈的觀察玻璃，用于觀察脫氣和脫水室的油流。在脫氣和脫水室中有一個浮動開關(guān)，用于防止油位的過度上升，并與進(jìn)氣泵進(jìn)行電聯(lián)鎖，另外還提供了另一種用于控制脫氣和脫水室的低油量的浮動開關(guān)，并與排出泵進(jìn)行電聯(lián)鎖，兩個或三個階段由虹吸密封分開。提供了一種通風(fēng)閥，用于真空脫氣和脫水室。 圖3.2高真空變壓器濾油機(jī)的電路圖 3.6抽真空系統(tǒng) 真空泵用于脫氣和脫水室的疏散，這些泵是進(jìn)口的。 3.7排出泵 高真空變壓器濾油機(jī)提供抽吸泵，從真空下的脫氣和脫水室吸油，它們完全測試壓力和真空泄漏率。在低水平浮子開關(guān)(位于脫氣和脫水室)和排出泵之間提供聯(lián)鎖裝置，以防止排出泵的干燥運(yùn)行。 3.8油軟管 油軟管提供了兩種帶有法蘭端連接的腈橡膠軟管，一種用于石油進(jìn)口，另一種用于石油出口，它們能夠在100攝氏度(最大)和真空的情況下處理變壓器油。 圖示3.3變壓器油在過濾前和過濾后 在高真空變壓器濾油機(jī)三到五次后，變壓器油得到提純。圖示3.3介紹了高真空變壓器濾油機(jī)過濾前后的變壓器油：褐色油是未過濾的油，而淺黃色油是過濾(或提純)油。圖2為高真空變壓器濾油機(jī)的電路圖。油的介電特性取決于氣體、水分、懸浮顆粒和污染物的含量，甚至新油在儲存時也會吸收氣體和水分。因此，有時在使用前要對油進(jìn)行處理。在使用過程中，油的脫氣和除濕也是必要的，因?yàn)樵诓煌奶鞖鈼l件下，由于氣體和水分的吸收，介電性能會受到影響。 4總結(jié) 本文主要研究了高真空變壓器油過濾機(jī)的研究，以及它的各種成分如何從變壓器油中去除濕氣、溶解氣體、污泥等污染物。變壓器油的常規(guī)凈化保持其高質(zhì)量，從而保證了變壓器長期穩(wěn)定的結(jié)果。