塑料殼體注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)(φ10)
塑料殼體注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)(φ10),塑料,殼體,注塑,模具設(shè)計(jì),10
廣西科技大學(xué)鹿山學(xué)院塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)說明書
廣西工學(xué)院鹿山學(xué)院
課程設(shè)計(jì)說明書
課程名稱:
課題名稱: 塑料殼體注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)
指導(dǎo)教師:
班 級(jí):
姓 名:
學(xué) 號(hào):
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年 月 日
II
目 錄
1 前言 1
1.1 模具的介紹 1
1.2 模具制造業(yè)的特點(diǎn) 1
1.3 模具工業(yè)發(fā)展的歷史和現(xiàn)狀 2
2 塑件殼體的工藝分析 3
2.1殼體的工藝性分析 3
2.2殼體的特點(diǎn) 4
2.3塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸精度及表面質(zhì)量分析 5
2.4計(jì)算塑件的體積和質(zhì)量 6
2.5注塑機(jī)的選擇 6
3 分型面選擇和澆注系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 7
3.1 注射模具分型面的選擇 7
3.2 澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 8
4 成型零件的設(shè)計(jì) 12
4.1 模具型腔的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 12
4.2 型芯的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 12
4.3 成型零件的尺寸確定 12
4.4 型芯的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 13
4.5 成型零件的尺寸確定 13
5 頂出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 17
6 冷卻系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 19
7 排氣系統(tǒng) 20
8 成型設(shè)備有關(guān)參數(shù)校核 21
9 模具特點(diǎn)和工作原理 22
參考文獻(xiàn) 23
廣西科技大學(xué)鹿山學(xué)院塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)說明書
1 前言
1.1 模具的介紹
隨著塑料工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展和通用塑料與工程塑料在強(qiáng)度和精度方面的不斷提高,塑料制品的應(yīng)用范圍不斷地?cái)U(kuò)大,如:家用電器、儀器儀表、建筑材料、汽車工業(yè)、日用五金等眾多領(lǐng)域,塑料制品所占的比例正迅速猛增加。注塑成型是塑料加工中最普遍采用的方法,該方法適用于全部熱塑性塑料和部分熱固性塑料,制得的塑料制品數(shù)量之大是其它成型方法望塵莫及的。由于注塑成型加工不僅產(chǎn)量多,而且運(yùn)用于多種原料,能夠成批,連續(xù)的生產(chǎn),并且具有固定的尺寸,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化,高速化,因此,具有得極高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
模具是指一種專用工具,用于裝在各種壓力機(jī)上,通過壓力把金屬或非金屬材料制出所需另件的形狀制品,這種專用工具即統(tǒng)稱模具。?模具已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中使用的極為廣泛的主要工藝裝備,是最重要的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)手段及工藝發(fā)展方向.一個(gè)國家工業(yè)水平的高低,在很大生活方式上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平,模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平,是衡量一個(gè)國家工業(yè)水平的重要標(biāo)志之一。
作為注塑成型加工的主要工具之一注塑模具,在質(zhì)量、精度、制造周期以及注塑成型過程中的生產(chǎn)效率等方面水平高低,直接影響產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)量、成本及產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代,同時(shí)也決定著企業(yè)在市場競爭中的反應(yīng)能力和速度。
1.2 模具制造業(yè)的特點(diǎn)
與其它機(jī)械行業(yè)相比,模具制造業(yè)主要有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn):
第一,模具不能像其它機(jī)械那樣可作為基本定型的商品隨時(shí)都可以在機(jī)電市場上買到。這是因?yàn)槊扛蹦>叨际轻槍?duì)特定塑料制品的規(guī)格而生產(chǎn)的,由于塑料制品的形狀、尺寸各異,差距甚大,其模具結(jié)構(gòu)也是大相徑庭,所以模具制造不可能形成批量生產(chǎn)。換句話說,模具是單件生產(chǎn)的,其壽命越長,重復(fù)加工的可能性越小。因此,模具的制造成本較高。
第二,因?yàn)樽⑺苣>呤菫楫a(chǎn)品中的塑料制品而訂制的,作為產(chǎn)品,除質(zhì)量、價(jià)格等因素之外,很重要的一點(diǎn)就是需盡快地投放市場,所以對(duì)于為塑料制品而特殊訂制的模具來說,其制造周期一定要短。
第三,模具制造是一項(xiàng)技術(shù)性很強(qiáng)的工作,其加工過程集中了機(jī)械制造中先進(jìn)技術(shù)的部分精華與鉗工技術(shù)的手工技巧,因此要求模具工人具有較高的文化技術(shù)水平,特別是對(duì)于企業(yè)來說要求培養(yǎng)“全能工人”(既多面手),使其適應(yīng)多工種的要求,這種技術(shù)工人對(duì)模具單件生產(chǎn)方式組織均衡生產(chǎn)是非常重要的。
綜上所述,模具制造業(yè)存在成本高,要求制造周期短,技術(shù)性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),目前,隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用,這些問題得到了很大的改善。由于有了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助加工,從根本上改變了模具生產(chǎn)的面貌,可靠地保證了模具所需要的精度與質(zhì)量。預(yù)硬、易切削以及高光亮等,新型模具材料的應(yīng)用,大大的方便了加工及熱處理。另外,模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件和以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件為基體的特殊定制零件的普及,明顯的縮短了模具制造周期。
1.3 模具工業(yè)發(fā)展的歷史和現(xiàn)狀
我國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展的歷史和現(xiàn)狀可分為:
1. 八十年代以前的模具工業(yè)發(fā)展:在大中型國有企業(yè),模具車間或稱工具車間,作為配套部門,專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)模具的廠家少,模具的種類是沖壓模,鍛造模。
2. 八十年代隨著我國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,特別是工程塑料的推廣及應(yīng)用,推動(dòng)模具工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,主要表現(xiàn)在塑料模的快速發(fā)展。1987年在全國工科院校試點(diǎn)開設(shè)模具專業(yè),模具工業(yè)的國際行標(biāo)的制訂與完善,壓鑄模,鉆合金擠壓模,銅墻鐵壁型材模的開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)。
3. 九十年代后期,模具的生產(chǎn)向?qū)I(yè)化,精密化發(fā)展,模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造的科技含量與技術(shù)含量越來越高。特別是CAD/CAM的高新軟件的出現(xiàn),象AutoCAD、pro/g,MasterCAM、UG、Cimatron 等,用于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和模具設(shè)計(jì)和模具設(shè)計(jì),加快了模開發(fā)的速度,又保證了模具的質(zhì)量、而數(shù)控加工技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)使復(fù)雜模具的加工成為可能,實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)與制造的體化流程,加快了模具開發(fā)的建設(shè),提高了模具制造的質(zhì)量。
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廣西科技大學(xué)鹿山學(xué)院塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)說明書
2 塑件殼體的工藝分析
該塑件是塑料殼體產(chǎn)品,其零件圖如圖所示。生產(chǎn)類型為大批量生產(chǎn)。
圖2.1 塑料殼體圖
2.1殼體的工藝性分析
該材料為PP
聚丙烯為無毒、無臭、無味的乳白色高結(jié)晶的聚合物,密度只有0. 90--"0. 91g/cm3,是目前所有塑料中最輕的品種之一。它對(duì)水特別穩(wěn)定,在水中的吸水率僅為0. 01%,分子量約8萬一15萬。成型性好,但因收縮率大(為1%~2.5%).厚壁制品易凹陷,對(duì)一些尺寸精度較高零件,還難于達(dá)到要求,制品表面光澤好,易于著色。
聚丙烯的結(jié)晶度高,結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)整,因而具有優(yōu)良的力學(xué)性能。聚丙烯力學(xué)性能的絕對(duì)值高于聚乙烯,但在塑料材料中仍屬于偏 低的品種,其拉伸強(qiáng)度僅可達(dá)到30 MPa或稍高的水平。等規(guī)指數(shù)較大的聚丙烯具有較高的拉伸強(qiáng)度,但隨等規(guī)指數(shù)的提高,材料的沖擊強(qiáng)度有所下降,但下降至某一數(shù)值后不再變化。
溫度和加載速率對(duì)聚丙烯的韌性影響很大。當(dāng)溫度高于玻璃化溫度時(shí),沖擊破壞呈韌性斷裂,低于玻璃化溫度呈脆性斷裂,且沖擊強(qiáng)度值大幅度下降。提高加載速率,可使韌性斷裂向脆性斷裂轉(zhuǎn)變的溫度上升。聚丙烯具有優(yōu)異的抗彎曲疲勞性,其制品在常溫下可彎折106次而不損壞。
但在室溫和低溫下,由于本身的分子結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)整度高,所以抗沖擊強(qiáng)度較差。聚丙烯最突出的性能就是抗彎曲疲勞性,俗稱百折膠
2.2殼體的特點(diǎn)
無毒、無味,密度小,強(qiáng)度、剛度、硬度耐熱性均優(yōu)于低壓聚乙烯,可在100℃左右使用。具有良好的電性能和高頻絕緣性且不受濕度影響,但低溫時(shí)變脆,不耐磨、易老化。適于制作一般機(jī)械零件、耐腐蝕零件和絕緣零件。常見的酸、堿等有機(jī)溶劑對(duì)它幾乎不起作用,可用于食具。
聚丙烯具有許多優(yōu)良特性:
1、相對(duì)密度小,僅為0.89-0.91,是塑料中最輕的品種之一。
2、良好的力學(xué)性能,除耐沖擊性外,其他力學(xué)性能均比聚乙烯好,成型加工性能好。
3、具有較高的耐熱性,連續(xù)使用溫度可達(dá)110-120℃。
4、化學(xué)性能好,幾乎不吸水,與絕大多數(shù)化學(xué)藥品不反應(yīng)。
5、質(zhì)地純凈,無毒性。
6、電絕緣性好。
7、聚丙烯制品的透明性比高密度聚乙烯制品的透明性好。
它有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)但也有缺點(diǎn):
1、制品耐寒性差,低溫沖擊強(qiáng)度低。
2、制品在使用中易受光、熱和氧的作用而老化。
3、著色性不好。
4、易燃燒。
5、韌性不好,靜電度高,染色性、印刷性和黏合性差
PP的注塑工藝參數(shù)
料筒溫度
喂料區(qū)
30~50℃(50℃)
?
區(qū)1
160~250℃(200℃)
?
區(qū)2
200~300℃(220℃)
?
區(qū)3
220~300℃(240℃)
?
區(qū)4
220~300℃(240℃)
?
區(qū)5
220~300℃(240℃)
?
噴嘴
220~300℃(240℃)
括號(hào)內(nèi)的溫度建議作為基本設(shè)定值,行程利用率為35%和65%,模件流長與壁厚之比為50:1到100:1
熔料溫度 220~280℃
料筒恒溫 220℃
模具溫度 20~70℃
注射壓力 具有很好的流動(dòng)性能,避免采用過高的注射壓力80~140MPa(800~1400bar);
一些薄壁包裝容器除外可達(dá)到180MPa (1800bar)
保壓壓力 避免制品產(chǎn)生縮壁,需要很長時(shí)間對(duì)制品進(jìn)行保壓(約為循環(huán)時(shí)間的30%);約為注射壓力的30%~60%
背壓 5~20MPa(50~200bar)
注射速度 對(duì)薄壁包裝容器需要高的注射速度(帶蓄能器);中等注射速度往往比較適用于其它類的塑料制品
螺桿轉(zhuǎn)速 高螺桿轉(zhuǎn)速(線速度為1.3m/s)是允許的,只要滿足冷卻時(shí)間結(jié)束前完成塑化過程就可以
計(jì)量行程 0.5~4D(最小值~最大值);4D的計(jì)量行程為熔料提供足夠長的駐留時(shí)間是很重要的
殘料量 2~8mm,取決于計(jì)量行程和螺桿轉(zhuǎn)速
預(yù)烘干 不需要;如果貯藏條件不好,在80℃的溫度下烘干1h就可以
回收率 可達(dá)到100%回收
收縮率 1.2~2.5%;收縮程度高;24h后不會(huì)再收縮(成型后收縮)
澆口系統(tǒng) 點(diǎn)式澆口或多點(diǎn)澆口;加熱式熱流道,保溫式熱流道,內(nèi)澆套;澆口位置在制品最厚點(diǎn),否則易發(fā)生大的縮水
機(jī)器停工時(shí)段 無需用其它材料進(jìn)行專門的清洗工作;PP耐溫升
料筒設(shè)備 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)螺桿,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使用的三段式螺桿;對(duì)包裝容器類制品,混合段和切變段幾何外形特殊(L:D=25:1),直通噴嘴,止逆閥
塑件精度要求,塑件工作要求不高,故選普通精度:4級(jí)
2.3塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸精度及表面質(zhì)量分析
2.3.1結(jié)構(gòu)分析
從零件圖上分析,該零件總體形狀為圓形。因此,模具設(shè)計(jì),該零件屬于中等復(fù)雜程度.
2.3.2尺寸精度分析
從塑件的壁厚上來看,壁厚最大處為3mm,壁厚均勻,,在制件的轉(zhuǎn)角處設(shè)計(jì)圓角,防止在此處出現(xiàn)缺陷,由于制件的尺尺寸中等。
2.3.3表面質(zhì)量分析
該零件的表面除要求沒有缺陷﹑毛刺,內(nèi)部不得有雜質(zhì)外,沒有什么特別的表面質(zhì)量要求,故比較容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。
綜上分析可以看出,注塑時(shí)在工藝控制得較好的情況下,零件的成型要求可以得到保證.
2.4計(jì)算塑件的體積和質(zhì)量
計(jì)算塑件的質(zhì)量是為了選用注塑機(jī)及確定模具型腔數(shù)。
計(jì)算塑件的體積:V=46.87cm
計(jì)算塑件的質(zhì)量:根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)可查得ABS的密度為ρ=1.06kg/dm
塑件質(zhì)量:M=Vρ=50g(通過3D軟件測量得到)
2.5注塑機(jī)的選擇
根據(jù)塑件的計(jì)算重量或體積,選擇設(shè)備型號(hào)規(guī)格,確定型腔數(shù)當(dāng)未限定設(shè)備時(shí),須考慮以下因素:
采用一模兩件的模具結(jié)構(gòu),考慮其外形尺寸,注塑時(shí)所需壓力和工廠現(xiàn)有設(shè)備等情況,初步選用注塑機(jī)XS—ZY—125型。
廣西科技大學(xué)鹿山學(xué)院塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)說明書
3 分型面選擇和澆注系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
3.1 注射模具分型面的選擇
3.1.1分型面的基本形式
分型面的形式由塑料的具體情況而定,但大體上有平面式分型面、階梯式分型面、斜面式分型面、曲面式分型面、綜合式分型面。
3.1.2分型面選擇的基本原則
選擇分型面的基本原則:(1)保持塑料外觀整潔;(2)分型面應(yīng)有利于排氣;(3)應(yīng)考慮開模是塑料留在動(dòng)模一側(cè);(4)應(yīng)容易保證塑件的精度要求;(5)分型面應(yīng)力求簡單適用并易于加工;(6)考慮側(cè)向分型面與主分型面的協(xié)調(diào);(7)分型面應(yīng)與成型設(shè)備的參數(shù)相適應(yīng);(8)考慮脫模斜度的影響[11]。
3.1.3分型面的選擇
1、確定成型位置
由于塑件結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,所以不用設(shè)計(jì)小型心,型腔直接開設(shè)在定模板和中間板上.采用兩排各8個(gè)型腔分布.
2、確定分型面
采用單分型面注射模,從AA分型面一次分型,如下圖所示:
圖3.1 分型面
3.2 澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
3.2.1澆注系統(tǒng)的組成
澆注系統(tǒng)是將熔融的塑料從成型設(shè)備噴嘴進(jìn)入模具型腔所經(jīng)的通道,它包括主流道、分流道、澆口及冷料。在設(shè)計(jì)注射模具的澆注系統(tǒng)應(yīng)注意以下幾項(xiàng)原則[12]。
(1)根據(jù)所確定的塑件型腔數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)合理的澆注系統(tǒng)布局。
(2)根據(jù)塑件的形狀和大小以及壁厚等諸多因素,并結(jié)合選擇分型面的形式選擇澆注系統(tǒng)的形式及位置。
(3)應(yīng)盡量的縮短物料的流程和便于清除料把,以節(jié)省原料,提升注射效率。
(4)應(yīng)根據(jù)所選用塑件的成型性能,特別是它的流動(dòng)性能,選擇澆注系統(tǒng)的截面積和長度,并使其圓滑過渡以利于物流的流動(dòng)。
3.2.2注射模具主流道的設(shè)計(jì)
主流道是熔融塑料由成型設(shè)備噴嘴先經(jīng)過的部位,它與成型設(shè)備噴嘴在同一軸心線上。由于主流道與熔融成型設(shè)備噴嘴反復(fù)接觸、碰撞,一般澆口不直接開設(shè)在定模上,為了制造方便,都制成可拆卸的澆口套,用螺釘或迫合形式在定模板上[13]。
(1)主流道的設(shè)計(jì)
主流道是指澆注系統(tǒng)中從成型設(shè)備噴嘴與模具接觸處開始到分流道為止的塑料熔體的流動(dòng)通道。主流道的形狀與尺寸對(duì)塑料熔體的流動(dòng)速度和充模時(shí)間有較大的影響,因此,必須使熔體的溫度降和壓力損失最小。
(2)主流道尺寸
在臥式或立式成型設(shè)備上使用的模具中,主流道垂直于分型面。為了讓主流道凝料能從澆口套中順利拔出,主流道設(shè)計(jì)成圓錐形,其錐角 為2o~6o。小端直徑d比成型設(shè)備噴嘴直徑大0.5mm~1 mm。由于小端的前面是球面,其深度為3mm~5 mm,成型設(shè)備噴嘴的球面在該位置與模具接觸并且貼合,因此要求主流道球面半徑比噴嘴球面半徑大1mm~2mm。流道的表面粗糙度值Ra為0.08 。
(3)主流道澆口套
主流道澆口套一般采用碳素工具鋼如T8A、T10A等材料制造,熱處理淬火硬度53HRC—57HRC。
澆口套的材料應(yīng)選用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼T8A,并應(yīng)進(jìn)行淬火處理,為了防止成型設(shè)備噴嘴不被碰撞而損壞,澆口套的硬度應(yīng)低于成型設(shè)備噴嘴的硬度。為了便于澆注凝料從主流道中取出,主流道采用α為3o~6o左右的圓錐孔。澆口套于成型設(shè)備的噴嘴頭的接觸球面必須吻合,由于成型設(shè)備噴嘴是球面,半徑是固定的,所以為使熔融塑料從噴嘴完全進(jìn)入主流道而不溢出,應(yīng)使?jié)部谔锥嗣娴陌记蛎媾c成型設(shè)備噴嘴端的凸面接觸良好,圓錐孔的小端直徑則大于噴嘴的內(nèi)孔直徑,球面與主流道孔應(yīng)以清角連接,不應(yīng)有倒拔痕跡。為了便于澆注凝料從主流道中取出,主流道采用α為3o~6o度左右的圓錐孔,對(duì)流動(dòng)性較差的塑料也可取得稍大一些,但過于大則容易引起注射速度緩慢,并容易形成渦流。
澆口套與塑料注射區(qū)直接接觸時(shí),其出料端端面直徑應(yīng)盡量選得小些。澆口套于成型設(shè)備的噴嘴頭的接觸球面必須吻合,由于成型設(shè)備噴嘴是球面,所以為使熔融塑料從噴嘴完全進(jìn)入主流道而不溢出,應(yīng)使?jié)部谔锥嗣娴陌记蛎媾c成型設(shè)備噴嘴端的凸面接觸良好,圓錐孔的小端直徑則大于噴嘴的內(nèi)孔直徑,球面與主流道孔應(yīng)以清角連接,不應(yīng)有倒拔痕跡,以保證主流道凝料順利脫模[14]。
定位環(huán)是模體與成型設(shè)備的定位裝置,它保證澆口套與成型設(shè)備的噴嘴對(duì)中定位,定位環(huán)的外徑應(yīng)與成型設(shè)備的定位孔間隙配合。澆口套端面應(yīng)與定模相配合部分的平面高度一致。成型設(shè)備SZ-63/400的噴嘴球半徑為18 mm,噴嘴孔徑為2 mm。所以要使?jié)部谔锥嗣娴陌记蛎媾c成型設(shè)備噴嘴的端凸球面接觸良好,凹球面半徑取19 mm,圓錐孔的小端直徑則應(yīng)大于噴嘴口內(nèi)徑,取3 .2mm,如圖3.2。
圖3.2 澆口套
主流道垂直于分型面。為了讓主流道凝料能順利從澆口中拔出,主流道設(shè)計(jì)成圓錐形,其錐角為 3o。小端直徑d比成型設(shè)備噴嘴直徑大0.5-1mm。由于小端的前面是球面,其深度為3-5mm,取值為5mm,成型設(shè)備噴嘴的球面在該位置與模具接觸并且貼合,因此要求主流道球面半徑比噴嘴球面大1-2mm。
3.2.3分流道的設(shè)計(jì)
分流道是將熔融塑料從主流道截面及其方向的變化,平穩(wěn)進(jìn)入單腔中的進(jìn)料澆口或主流道進(jìn)入多腔的澆口的通道,它是主流道與澆口的中間連接部分,起分流和轉(zhuǎn)換方向的作用,通常分流道設(shè)置在分型面的成型區(qū)域內(nèi)。
在注射過程中,熔融的塑料在流經(jīng)分流道時(shí),應(yīng)是它的壓力損失以及熱量損失最小,而以分流道中產(chǎn)生的凝料最少為原則,分流道的設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)總體歸納如下:
分流道的形狀要考慮分流道的截面積與其周邊長度的比最大為好,這樣可以減少熔料的散熱面積和摩擦阻力,減少壓力損失。
在可能情況下,分流道的長度應(yīng)盡量的短,以減少壓力損失,避免模體過大影響成本,在多型腔模具中和型腔的分流道長度盡量相等,以達(dá)到注射大時(shí)壓力傳遞的平衡,保證塑料盡可能同時(shí)均勻的充滿各個(gè)型腔。在有些情況下分流道長度不能相等時(shí),則應(yīng)在澆口處作必要的補(bǔ)救措施,如果分流道較長時(shí),應(yīng)在其末端設(shè)置冷料穴,放置冷料和空氣進(jìn)入模腔[15]。
在滿足注射成型工藝的前提下,分流道的截面積應(yīng)盡量的小,但分流道的截面積過小會(huì)降低注射速度,使填充時(shí)間延長,同時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)缺料、焦燒、皺紋、縮孔等塑件缺陷,而分流道過大則增大冷卻時(shí)間應(yīng)比型腔中塑件的冷卻時(shí)間要短,才不影響注射時(shí)的效率。因此在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)采用較小的截面積,以便于在試模是為不要的修正留有余地。
分流道和型腔的分布是排列緊湊,距離合理,應(yīng)采用軸對(duì)稱或中心對(duì)稱,使其平衡,盡量縮小成型區(qū)域的總面積。最好使型腔和分流道在分型面上的總投影面積的幾何中心和鎖緊力的中心相重合。
在分流道上的轉(zhuǎn)向次數(shù)盡量少,在轉(zhuǎn)向處應(yīng)圓滑過渡,不能有尖角,這些都是為了減小壓力損失,有利于物料的流動(dòng)。
當(dāng)分流道設(shè)在定模一側(cè)或分流道延伸較長時(shí),應(yīng)在澆口附近或分流道的交叉處設(shè)置鉤料桿,以便于在開模時(shí)在鉤料桿的作用下首先從定模中拉出分流道的凝料,并與塑料一起頂出。
分流道的內(nèi)表面不必要求很光,一般表面粗糙度取1.6μm即可,這樣可以在分流道的摩擦阻力下使料流外層的流動(dòng)小些,使其分流道的冷卻皮層固定,有利于熔融塑料的保溫。
在總體分布中,應(yīng)綜合考慮冷卻系統(tǒng)的方式和布局,并留出冷卻水路的空間。
a.分流道的形狀和尺寸
分流道開設(shè)在定模板上,其截面形狀為半圓形,底部以圓角相連。分流道為二次分流道,具體形狀如圖三。
b、分流道的表面粗糙度
由于分流道與模具接觸的外層塑料迅速冷卻,只有內(nèi)部的熔體流動(dòng)狀態(tài)比較理想,因此分流道表面粗糙度要求不太低,一般Ra取1.6μm左右,這可增加對(duì)外層塑料熔體的阻力,使外層塑料冷卻皮層固定,形成絕熱層。
c、分流道在分型面上的布置形式
分流道在分型面上的布置形式與行腔在分型面上的布置形式密切相關(guān)。由于行腔呈矩形形狀分布,則分流道一般采用“非”字狀分布。
3.2.4澆口的設(shè)計(jì)
此套模具采用的是點(diǎn)澆口的形式,點(diǎn)澆口是一種截面尺寸很小的澆口。這種澆口由于前后兩端存在較大的壓力差,可較大程度地增加塑料熔體的剪切速率并產(chǎn)生較大的剪切熱,從而導(dǎo)致容體的表現(xiàn)粘度下降,流動(dòng)性增加,有利于型腔的充填。
4 成型零件的設(shè)計(jì)
4.1 模具型腔的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
型腔大體有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)形式:整體式、整體組合式、局部組合式和完全組合式。
型腔由整塊材料制成,用臺(tái)肩或螺栓固定在模板上。它的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是便于加工,特別是在多型腔模具中,型腔單個(gè)加工后,在分別裝入模板,這樣容易保證各型腔的同心度以及尺寸精度要求,并且便于部分成型件進(jìn)行處理等。
型腔由整塊材料制成,但局部鑲有成型嵌件的局部組合式型腔。局部組合式型腔多于型腔較深或形狀較為復(fù)雜,整體加工比較困難或局部需要淬硬的模具。
完全組合式是由多個(gè)螺栓拼塊組合而成的型腔。它的特點(diǎn)是,便于機(jī)加工,便于拋光研磨和局部熱處理。節(jié)約優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼材。這種形式多用于不容易加工的型腔或成型大面積塑件的大型型腔上。這里選擇整體式型腔。
在塑料注射模具的注射過程中,型腔從合模到注射保證過程中受到高壓的沖擊力,因此模具型腔應(yīng)該有足夠的硬度和剛度,總的來說,型腔所承受的力大體有合模時(shí)的壓應(yīng)力、注射過程中塑料流動(dòng)的注射壓力、澆口封閉前一瞬間的壓力保證和開模時(shí)的壓應(yīng)力,但型腔所承受的力主要是注射壓力和保證壓力,并在注射過程中總是在變化。在這些壓力作用下,當(dāng)型腔的剛度不足時(shí),往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生彈性變形,導(dǎo)致型腔向外膨脹,它將直接影響塑件的質(zhì)量和尺寸精度。所以在模具設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要首先考慮使型腔的壁厚和底板厚度都有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度,以保證型腔在注射過程中產(chǎn)生超過規(guī)定限度的彈性變形。因此型腔壁厚和底板的計(jì)算和選擇是十分重要的。
4.2 型芯的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
型芯的結(jié)構(gòu)形式大體有:整體式、整體復(fù)合式、局部組合式、完全組合式。
4.3 成型零件的尺寸確定
(1)型腔側(cè)壁厚度的計(jì)算
按強(qiáng)度計(jì)算
其壁厚S按下列公式計(jì)算
式中 [σ]— 型腔材料的許用應(yīng)力,[σ]=156.8MPa
p—型腔內(nèi)單位平均壓力,P=38.4MPa
r—型腔內(nèi)半徑,r=10mm
代入公式得:S=4mm
(2)底板厚度的計(jì)算
按強(qiáng)度計(jì)算
其壁厚H按下面公式計(jì)算
式中 [σ]— 型腔材料的許用應(yīng)力,[σ]=156.8MPa
p—型腔內(nèi)單位平均壓力,P=38.4MPa
r—型腔內(nèi)半徑,r=10mm
代入公式得:H=5.5mm
4.4 型芯的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
型芯的結(jié)構(gòu)形式大體有:整體式、整體復(fù)合式、局部組合式、完全組合式。
4.5 成型零件的尺寸確定
(1)型腔尺寸計(jì)算
型腔的各部分尺寸一般都是趨于增大尺寸,因此應(yīng)選擇塑件公差△的1/2,取負(fù)偏差,再加上-1/4△的磨損量,而型芯深度則再加上-1/6的磨損量,這樣的型芯的計(jì)算尺寸的表述如下。
(a)型腔的徑向尺寸的計(jì)算式:
式中 D0—型芯的最小基本尺寸;
—塑件的最大基本尺寸;
S—塑件的平均收縮率,S=0.02;
△—塑件的公差,取八級(jí)精度;
δ—模具制造公差,按1/4△選取;
根據(jù)公式計(jì)算得型腔的徑向尺寸:
(b)型腔的深度根據(jù)尺寸的計(jì)算公式
式中 —型腔深度的最小尺寸;
—塑件的最大基本小尺寸;
S—塑件的平均收縮率;
△—塑件的公差,取八級(jí)精度;
δ—模具制造公差,按1/4△選??;
根據(jù)公式計(jì)算得型腔的深度尺寸:
(2)型芯尺寸的計(jì)算
型芯的各部尺寸除特殊情況外都是趨于縮小尺寸,因此應(yīng)選擇塑件公差的1/2,取正偏差,再加上+1/4的磨損量,而型芯高度則加上+1/6的磨損量.型芯的計(jì)算尺寸表達(dá)如下。
(a)型芯的徑向尺寸的計(jì)算式:
式中 —型芯的最大基本尺寸;
—塑件的最小基本尺寸;
S—塑件的平均收縮率;
△—塑件的公差,取八級(jí)精度;
δ—模具制造公差,按1/4△選??;
根據(jù)公式計(jì)算得型芯的徑向尺寸:
(b)型芯的高度尺寸的計(jì)算:
式中 —型芯高度的最大尺寸;
—塑件內(nèi)形深度的最小尺寸;
S—塑件的平均收縮率;
△—塑件的公差,取八級(jí)精度;
δ—模具制造公差,按1/4△選??;
根據(jù)公式計(jì)算得型芯的高度尺寸:
確定主要零件結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸
經(jīng)過初步設(shè)計(jì),預(yù)選中小型315×400×194標(biāo)準(zhǔn)A1模架,各板厚數(shù)值皆已有國際規(guī)定,其強(qiáng)度足夠。
定模座板
外形尺寸:400×315×25mm;材料:Q235A;調(diào)質(zhì)HB216-260;澆口套與板之間采用φ20H7/k6過渡配合,四個(gè)孔距為260×160mm,四個(gè)小孔為160×100的銷釘孔。如圖5所示。
圖5 定模座板
4.6.3、型腔
外形尺寸:315×315×32mm;材料:45鋼;調(diào)質(zhì)HB230-270;板上開16腔孔;采用四個(gè)φ30,孔距為230*6mm的導(dǎo)套孔采用過渡配合(H7/k6)。
4.6.3、型芯
外形尺寸:315×315×32mm;材料:45鋼;調(diào)質(zhì)HB230-270;板上開24腔孔;采用四個(gè)φ20mm、孔距為258×260mm的導(dǎo)柱與孔采用過渡配合(H7/k6);260×160mm。
4.6.7、推桿固定板
外形尺寸:199×315×20mm;材料:Q235A;四個(gè)與φ2.6推桿過渡配合、孔距為150×240mm的孔;四個(gè)用于連接推板的M12螺釘孔,孔距為285×160mm。
4.6.8、推板
外形尺寸:315×199×20mm;材料:45鋼;淬火HRC43-48;四個(gè)用于連接推桿固定板的φ12孔,孔距為285×160mm。如圖9所示。
圖9
4.6.9、動(dòng)模座板
外形尺寸:400×315×25mm;材料:Q235A;調(diào)質(zhì)HB216-260;四個(gè)孔距為260×160mm的M16螺釘孔。如圖10所示。
圖10 動(dòng)模座板
5 頂出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)
頂出機(jī)構(gòu)的分類:按驅(qū)動(dòng)方式分類可分為:手動(dòng)頂出、機(jī)動(dòng)頂出、啟動(dòng)頂出。
按模具結(jié)構(gòu)分類可分為:一次頂出、二次頂出、螺紋頂出、特殊頂出。
(1)推出機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成
在注射成形的每個(gè)周期中,將塑料制品及澆注系統(tǒng)凝料從模具巾脫出的機(jī)構(gòu)稱為推出機(jī)構(gòu),也叫頂出機(jī)構(gòu)或脫模機(jī)構(gòu)。推出機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)作通常是由安裝在成型設(shè)備上的機(jī)械頂桿或液壓缸的活塞桿來完成的。
結(jié)構(gòu)組成:由推出、復(fù)位和導(dǎo)向零件組成。
(2)結(jié)構(gòu)分類
手動(dòng)推出、機(jī)動(dòng)推出、液壓或氣動(dòng)推出。
(3)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)要求
塑件留在動(dòng)模,塑件在推出過程中不變形、不損壞,不損壞塑件的外觀質(zhì)量,合模時(shí)應(yīng)使推出機(jī)構(gòu)正確復(fù)位,動(dòng)作可靠。
(4)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
(a)推桿推出機(jī)構(gòu)
推桿推出機(jī)構(gòu)是整個(gè)推出機(jī)構(gòu)中最簡單、最常見的一種形式。由于設(shè)置推桿的自由度較大,而且推桿截面大部分為圓形,容易達(dá)到推桿與模板或型芯上推桿孔的配合精度.推桿推出時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)阻力小,推出動(dòng)作靈活可靠,因此在生產(chǎn)中廣泛應(yīng)用。 但是因?yàn)橥茥U的推出面積一般比較小,易引起較大局部應(yīng)力而頂穿塑件或使塑件變形,所以很少用于脫模斜度小和脫模阻力大的管類或箱類塑件。
(b)推管推出機(jī)構(gòu)
推管推出機(jī)構(gòu)是用來推出圓筒形、環(huán)形塑件或帶有孔的塑件的一種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式,其脫模運(yùn)動(dòng)方式和推桿相同。由于推管是一種空心推桿,故整個(gè)周邊接觸塑件,推出塑件的力量均勻,塑件不易變形,也不會(huì)留下明顯的推出痕跡。
(c)推件板的推出機(jī)構(gòu)
凡是薄壁容器、殼形塑件以及表面不允許有推出痕跡的塑料制品,可采用推件板推出.推件板推出機(jī)構(gòu)義稱頂板頂出機(jī)構(gòu),它由一塊與型芯按一定配合精度相配合的模板和推桿組成。
特點(diǎn):推件板推出的特點(diǎn)是頂出力均勻,運(yùn)動(dòng)平穩(wěn),且推出力大。但是對(duì)于截面為非圓形的塑件,其配合部分加工比較困難。
(d)活動(dòng)嵌件及凹模推出機(jī)構(gòu)
有一些塑件由于結(jié)構(gòu)形狀和所用材料的關(guān)系,不能采用推桿、推管、推件板等簡單推出機(jī)構(gòu)脫模時(shí),可用成形嵌件或型腔帶出塑件。
(5)頂出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)原則:
塑件在成型頂出后,一般都留有頂出痕跡,但應(yīng)盡量使頂出的殘留痕跡不影響塑件的外觀,這是在選擇頂出形式和頂出位置時(shí)必須考慮到的問題。一般頂出機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)設(shè)在塑件的內(nèi)表面以及不顯眼的位置。
注射設(shè)備的頂出裝置都設(shè)計(jì)在動(dòng)模一側(cè),因此,在一般情況下開模時(shí),盡量設(shè)計(jì)使塑件留在動(dòng)模一側(cè),以便于頂出塑件。這在分型面的選擇時(shí)就應(yīng)充分考慮。
在實(shí)踐中如果出現(xiàn)塑件并沒有留在動(dòng)模側(cè)的情況時(shí),可設(shè)法增加動(dòng)默一側(cè)的阻力,一是將型芯的脫模斜度變小,或增加型芯的表面粗糙度,或者在不影響塑件使用的前提下,在型芯側(cè)面人為的開設(shè)橫凹槽、凹窩等脫模障礙,以增大動(dòng)模的阻力。在特殊情況下必須使塑件留在定模時(shí)可采用定模頂出機(jī)構(gòu)。
塑件在成型頂出后,一般都留有頂出痕跡,但應(yīng)盡量使頂出的殘留痕跡不影響塑件的外觀,這是在選擇頂出形式和頂出位置時(shí)必須考慮到的問題。一般頂出機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)設(shè)在塑件的內(nèi)表面以及不顯眼的位置。
頂出零件應(yīng)有足夠的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度和耐磨性能,使其在相當(dāng)長的運(yùn)作周期內(nèi)平穩(wěn)順暢,無卡滯現(xiàn)象,并力求制造方便,容易維修。
頂出裝置力求均勻分布,頂出力作用點(diǎn)應(yīng)在塑件承受頂出力最大的部件,盡量避免頂出力作用于最薄的部位,防止塑件在頂出過程中的變形和損傷。
頂出零件應(yīng)有足夠的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度和耐磨性能,使其在相當(dāng)長的運(yùn)作周期內(nèi)平穩(wěn)順暢,無卡滯現(xiàn)象,并力求制造方便,容易維修。
6 冷卻系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
塑料在生產(chǎn)過程中由于需要對(duì)熔融的塑料流體進(jìn)行冷卻,塑料制件不能有太高的溫度(防止出模后制件發(fā)生翹曲,變形)冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)可按下式進(jìn)行計(jì)算:
設(shè)該模具平均工作溫度為60°,用20°的常溫水作為模具的冷卻介質(zhì),其出口溫度為30°,產(chǎn)量為(1分鐘2模)1000g/h。
求塑件在硬化時(shí)每小時(shí)釋放的熱量為Q3,查有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)得尼龍1010的單位熱流量為Q2=314.3~398.1J/g ,取Q2=350J/g:Q3=WQ2=1008g/h×350J/h=352800J
求冷卻水的體積流量V
V=WQ1/Pc1(T1-T2)
=140cm3
溫度調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)塑件的質(zhì)量影響主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:變形尺寸精度 力學(xué)性能 表面質(zhì)量
在選擇模具溫度時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)使用情況著重滿足制件的質(zhì)量要求。
在注射模具中溶體從200 C,左右降低到60C左右,所釋放的能量5%以輻射,對(duì)流的方式散發(fā)到大氣中,其余95%由冷卻介質(zhì)帶走,因此注射模的冷卻時(shí)間只要取決與冷卻系統(tǒng)的冷卻效果。模具的冷卻時(shí)間約占整個(gè)循環(huán)周期的2/3??s短循環(huán)周期的冷卻時(shí)間是提高是提高生產(chǎn)效率的關(guān)鍵。在冷卻水冷卻過程中,在湍流下的熱傳遞是層流的10—20倍。在此我選擇湍流。 如表五:
冷卻水道直徑
d/(mm)
最低流量v
/(m/s)
流量
qv/(m/min)
12
1.10
7.4×10
7 排氣系統(tǒng)
在注塑模具的設(shè)計(jì)過程中,必須考慮排氣結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),否則,熔融的塑料流體進(jìn)入模具型腔內(nèi),在填充模具的型腔過程中同時(shí)要排出型強(qiáng)及流道原有的空氣,氣體如不能及時(shí)排出會(huì)使制件的內(nèi)部有氣泡, 除此以外,塑料熔體會(huì)產(chǎn)生微量的分解氣體。這些氣體必須及時(shí)排出。否則,被壓縮的空氣產(chǎn)生高溫,會(huì)引起塑件局部碳化燒焦,或塑件產(chǎn)生氣泡,或使塑件熔接不良引起強(qiáng)度下降,甚至充模不滿甚至?xí)a(chǎn)生很高的溫度使塑料燒焦,從而出現(xiàn)廢品。
排氣方式有兩種:開排氣槽排氣和利用合模間隙排氣。
由于塑料封蓋注塑模是小型鑲拼式模具,可直接利用分型面和鑲拼間隙進(jìn)行排氣,而不需在模具上開設(shè)排氣槽。
8 成型設(shè)備有關(guān)參數(shù)校核
1、模具閉合高度的確定
根據(jù)支承與固定零件中提供的數(shù)據(jù)確定:定模座板H1=25mm ,上固定板H2=20mm 下固定板H3=25mm支承板H4=32mm動(dòng)模座板H5=25mm,墊塊H6=50mm
H=H1+H2+H3H+H4+H5+H6+H7
=25+20+25+32+25+50=177mm
2、 注射機(jī)有關(guān)參數(shù)的校核
本模具的外形尺寸為300㎜×250㎜,XS—Z—125型注射機(jī)模板最大安裝尺寸為500㎜×500㎜;故能滿足模具的安裝要求。
經(jīng)驗(yàn)證,XS—Z—250型注射機(jī)能夠滿足使用要求,故可以采用
9 模具特點(diǎn)和工作原理
1、模具的特點(diǎn):
該模具是兩板模,設(shè)計(jì)了1 個(gè)水平分型面。設(shè)計(jì)了定距拉桿, A 分
型面是為了取出制件。該模具一模2件,節(jié)省了成本,降低了制造周期,提高了生產(chǎn)效率。
2、模具的工作過程
模具裝配試模完畢后,模具進(jìn)入正式工作狀態(tài),其基本工作過程如
下。
(1)對(duì)塑料進(jìn)行烘干,并裝入料斗。
(2)清理模具型芯、型腔,并噴上脫模劑,進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)念A(yù)熱。
(3)合模、鎖緊模具。
(4)對(duì)塑料進(jìn)行預(yù)塑化,注射裝置準(zhǔn)備注射。
(5)注射過程包括充模、保壓、倒流、澆口凍結(jié)后的冷卻和脫模。
(6)脫模過程。制件的推出同一般注塑模具推出方式相同,即由注
塑機(jī)推桿推動(dòng)模具推板,從而推動(dòng)推件桿將之間頂出。
廣西科技大學(xué)鹿山學(xué)院塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)說明書
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INEEL/CON-2000-00104PREPRINTSpray-Formed Tooling for Injection Molding andDie Casting ApplicationsK. M. McHughB. R. WickhamJune 26, 2000 June 28, 2000International Conference on Spray Depositionand Melt AtomizationThis is a preprint of a paper intended for publication in ajournal or proceedings. Since changes may be madebefore publication, this preprint should not be cited orreproduced without permission of the author.This document was prepared as a account of worksponsored by an agency of the United States Government.Neither the United States Government nor any agencythereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty,expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability orresponsibility for any third partys use, or the results ofsuch use, of any information, apparatus, product orprocess disclosed in this report, or represents that itsuse by such third party would not infringe privatelyowned rights. The views expressed in this paper arenot necessarily those of the U.S. Government or thesponsoring agency.B E C H T E L B W X T I D A H O , L L C1Spray-Formed ToolingFor Injection Molding and Die Casting ApplicationsKevin M. McHugh and Bruce R. WickhamIdaho National Engineering and Environmental LaboratoryP.O. Box 1625Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2050e-mail: kmm4inel.govAbstractRapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling is a spray forming technology tailored forproducing molds and dies. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and net-shapematerials processing in a single step. The ability of the sprayed deposit to capture features of thetool pattern eliminates costly machining operations in conventional mold making and reducesturnaround time. Moreover, rapid solidification suppresses carbide precipitation and growth,allowing many ferritic tool steels to be artificially aged, an alternative to conventional heattreatment that offers unique benefits. Material properties and microstructure transformationduring heat treatment of spray-formed H13 tool steel are described.IntroductionMolds, dies, and related tooling are used to shape many of the plastic and metal components weuse every day at home or at work. The process involves machining the negative of a desired partshape (core and cavity) from a forged tool steel or a rough metal casting, adding coolingchannels, vents, and other mechanical features, followed by grinding. Many molds and diesundergo heat treatment (austenitization/quench/temper) to improve the properties of the steel,followed by final grinding and polishing to achieve the desired finish 1.Conventional fabrication of molds and dies is very expensive and time consuming because: Each is custom made, reflecting the shape and texture of the desired part. The materials used to make tooling are difficult to machine and work with. Tool steels arethe workhorse of industry for long production runs. Machining tool steels is capitalequipment intensive because specialized equipment is often needed for individual machiningsteps. Tooling must be machined accurately. Oftentimes many individual components must fittogether correctly for the final product to function properly.2Costs for plastic injection molds vary with size and complexity, ranging from about $10,000 toover $300,000 (U.S.), and have lead times of 3 to 6 months. Tool checking and part qualificationmay require an additional 3 months. Large die-casting dies for transmissions and sheet metalstamping dies for making automobile body panels may cost more than $1million (U.S.). Leadtimes are usually greater than 40 weeks. A large automobile company invests about $1 billion(U.S.) in new tooling each year to manufacture the components that go into their new line of carsand trucks.Spray forming offers great potential for reducing the cost and lead time for tooling byeliminating many of the machining, grinding, and polishing unit operations. In addition, sprayforming provides a powerful means to control segregation of alloying elements duringsolidification and carbide formation, and the ability to create beneficial metastable phases inmany popular ferritic tool steels. As a result, relatively low temperature precipitation hardeningheat treatment can be used to tailor properties such as hardness, toughness, thermal fatigueresistance, and strength. This paper describes the application of spray forming technology forproducing H13 tooling for injection molding and die casting applications, and the benefits of lowtemperature heat treatment.RSP ToolingRapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling, is a spray forming technology tailored forproducing molds and dies 2-4. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and net-shape materials processing in a single step. The general concept involves converting a molddesign described by a CAD file to a tooling master using a suitable rapid prototyping (RP)technology such as stereolithography. A pattern transfer is made to a castable ceramic, typicallyalumina or fused silica (Figure 1). This is followed by spray forming a thick deposit of tool steel(or other alloy) on the pattern to capture the desired shape, surface texture and detail. Theresultant metal block is cooled to room temperature and separated from the pattern. Typically,the deposits exterior walls are machined square, allowing it to be used as an insert in a holdingblock such as a MUD frame 5. The overall turnaround time for tooling is about three days,stating with a master. Molds and dies produced in this way have been used for prototype andproduction runs in plastic injection molding and die casting.Figure 1. RSP Tooling processing steps.3An important benefit of RSP Tooling is that it allows molds and dies to be made early in thedesign cycle for a component. True prototype parts can be manufactured to assess form, fit, andfunction using the same process planned for production. If the part is qualified, the tooling can berun in production as conventional tooling would. Use of a digital database and RP technologyallows design modifications to be easily made.Experimental ProcedureAn alumina-base ceramic (Cotronics 780 6) was slurry cast using a silicone rubber master die,or freeze cast using a stereolithography master. After setting up, ceramic patterns weredemolded, fired in a kiln, and cooled to room temperature. H13 tool steel was induction meltedunder a nitrogen atmosphere, superheated about 100C, and pressure-fed into a bench-scaleconverging/diverging spray nozzle, designed and constructed in-house. An inert gas atmospherewithin the spray apparatus minimized in-flight oxidation of the atomized droplets as theydeposited onto the tool pattern at a rate of about 200 kg/h. Gas-to-metal mass flow ratio wasapproximately 0.5.For tensile property and hardness evaluation, the spray-formed material was sectioned using awire EDM and surface ground to remove a 0.05 mm thick heat-affected zone. Samples wereheat treated in a furnace that was purged with nitrogen. Each sample was coated with BN andplaced in a sealed metal foil packet as a precautionary measure to prevent decarburization.Artificially aged samples were soaked for 1 hour at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700C, andair cooled. Conventionally heat treated H13 was austenitized at 1010C for 30 min., airquenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at 538C.Microhardness was measured at room temperature using a Shimadzu Type M Vickers HardnessTester by averaging ten microindentation readings. Microstructure of the etched (3% nital) toolsteel was evaluated optically using an Olympus Model PME-3 metallograph and an AmrayModel 1830 scanning electron microscope. Phase composition was analyzed via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The size distribution of overspray powder was analyzed using aMicrotrac Full Range Particle Analyzer after powder samples were sieved at 200 m to removecoarse flakes. Sample density was evaluated by water displacement using Archimedes principleand a Mettler balance (Model AE100).A quasi 1-D computer code developed at INEEL was used to evaluate multiphase flow behaviorinside the nozzle and free jet regions. The codes basic numerical technique solves the steady-state gas flow field through an adaptive grid, conservative variables approach and treats thedroplet phase in a Lagrangian manner with full aerodynamic and energetic coupling between thedroplets and transport gas. The liquid metal injection system is coupled to the throat gasdynamics, and effects of heat transfer and wall friction are included. The code also includes anonequilibrium solidification model that permits droplet undercooling and recalescence. Thecode was used to map out the temperature and velocity profile of the gas and atomized dropletswithin the nozzle and free jet regions.4Results and DiscussionSpray forming is a robust rapid tooling technology that allows tool steel molds and dies to beproduced in a straightforward manner. Examples of die inserts are given in Figure 2. Each wasspray formed using a ceramic pattern generated from a RP master.Figure 2. Spray-formed mold inserts. (a) Ceramic pattern and H13 tool steel insert. (b) P20 toolsteel insert.Particle and Gas BehaviorParticle mass frequency and cumulative mass distribution plots for H13 tool steel sprays aregiven in Figure 3. The mass median diameter was determined to be 56 m by interpolation ofsize corresponding to 50% cumulative mass. The area mean diameter and volume meandiameter were calculated to be 53 m and 139 m, respectively. Geometric standard deviation,d=(d84/d16) , is 1.8, where d84 and d16 are particle diameters corresponding to 84% and 16%cumulative mass in Figure 3.5Figure 3. Cumulative mass and mass frequency plots of particles in H13 tool step sprays.Figure 4 gives computational results for the multiphase velocity flow field (Figure 4a), and H13tool steel solid fraction (Figure 4b), inside the nozzle and free jet regions. Gas velocity increasesuntil reaching the location of the shock front, at which point it precipitously decreases,eventually decaying exponentially outside the nozzle. Small droplets are easily perturbed by thevelocity field, accelerating inside the nozzle and decelerating outside. After reaching theirterminal velocity, larger droplets (150 m) are less perturbed by the flow field due to theirgreater momentum.It is well known that high particle cooling rates in the spray jet (103-106 K/s) and bulk deposit (1-100 K/min) are present during spray forming 7. Most of the particles in the spray haveundergone recalescence, resulting in a solid fraction of about 0.75. Calculated solid fractionprofiles of small (30 m) and large (150 m) droplets with distance from the nozzle inlet, areshown in Figure 4b.Spray-Formed DepositsThis high heat extraction rate reduces erosion effects at the surface of the tool pattern. Thisallows relatively soft, castable ceramic pattern materials to be used that would not be satisfactorycandidates for conventional metal casting processes. With suitable processing conditions, fine6Figure 4. Calculated particle and gas behavior in nozzle and free jet regions. (a) Velocity profile.(b) Solid fraction.7surface detail can be successfully transferred from the pattern to spray-formed mold. Surfaceroughness at the molding surface is pattern dependent. Slurry-cast commercial ceramics yield asurface roughness of about 1 m Ra, suitable for many molding applications. Deposition of toolsteel onto glass plates has yielded a specular surface finish of about 0.076 m Ra. At the currentstate of development, dimensional repeatability of spray-formed molds, starting with a commonmaster, is about 0.2%.ChemistryThe chemistry of H13 tool steel is designed to allow the material to withstand the temperature,pressure, abrasion, and thermal cycling associated with demanding applications such as diecasting. It is the most popular die casting alloy worldwide and second most popular tool steel forplastic injection molding. The steel has low carbon content (0.4 wt.%) to promote toughness,medium chromium content (5 wt%) to provide good resistance to high temperature softening,1 wt% Si to improve high temperature oxidation resistance, and small molybdenum andvanadium additions (about 1%) that form stable carbides to increase resistance to erosive wear8. Composition analysis was performed on H13 tool steel before and after spray forming.Results, summarized in Table 1, indicate no significant variation in alloy additions.Table 1. Composition of H13 tool steelElementCMnCrMoVSiFeStock H130.410.395.151.410.91.06Bal.Spray Formed H130.410.385.101.420.91.08Bal.MicrostructureThe size, shape, type, and distribution of carbides found in H13 tool steel is dictated by theprocessing method and heat treatment. Normally the commercial steel is machined in the millannealed condition and heat treated (austenitized/quenched/tempered) prior to use. It is typicallyaustenitized at about 1010C, quenched in air or oil, and carefully tempered two or three times at540 to 650C to obtain the required combination of hardness, thermal fatigue resistance, andtoughness.Commercial, forged, ferritic tool steels cannot be precipitation hardened because after electroslagremelting at the steel mill, ingots are cast that cool slowly and form coarse carbides. In contrast,rapid solidification of H13 tool steel causes alloying additions to remain largely in solution andto be more uniformly distributed in the matrix 9-11. Properties can be tailored by artificialaging or conventional heat treatment.A benefit of artificial aging is that it bypasses the specific volume changes that occur duringconventional heat treatment that can lead to tool distortion. These specific volume changes occuras the matrix phase transforms from ferrite to austenite to tempered martensite and must beaccounted for in the original mold design. However, they cannot always be reliably predicted.Thin sections in the insert, which may be desirable from a design and production standpoint, areoftentimes not included as the material has a tendency to slump during austenitization or distort8during quenching. Tool distortion is not observed during artificial aging of spray-formed toolsteels because there is no phase transformation.An optical photomicrograph of spray-formed H13 is shown in Figure 5 together with an SEMimage, in backscattered electron (BSE) mode. Energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS)composition analysis of some features in the photomicrographs is also given. While exactquantitative data is not possible due to sampling volume limitations, results suggest that grainboundaries are particularly rich in V. Intragranular (matrix) regions are homogeneous and richin Fe. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the matrix phase is primarily ferrite (bainite) withvery little retained austenite, and that the alloying elements are largely in solution. Discreteintragranular carbides are relatively rare, very small (about 0.1 m) and predominatelyvanadium-rich MC carbides. M2C carbides are not observed.ElementSiVCrMnMoFeSpot #1 (wt%)0.6132.136.680.172.0558.36Spot #2 (wt%)1.590.795.350.282.2889.72Figure 5. Photomicrographs of as-deposited H13 tool steel. 3% nital etch. (a) Opticalphotomicrograph. (b) SEM image (BSE mode) near a grain boundary. Table gives EDScomposition of numbered features.9Figure 6 illustrates the microstructure of spray-formed H13 aged at 500C for 1 hr. Duringaging, grain boundaries remain well defined, perhaps coarsening slightly compared to as-deposited H13 (Figure 5). The most prominent change is the appearance of very fine (0.1 mdiameter) vanadium-rich MC carbide precipitates. The precipitates are uniformly distributedthroughout the matrix and increase the hardness and wear resistance of the tool steel.Increasing the soak temperature to 700C results in prominent carbide coarsening, the formationof M7C3 and M6C carbides, and a decrease in hardness. The photomicrographs of Figure 7illustrate the dramatic change in carbide size. BSE imaging clearly differentiates Mo/Cr-richcarbides from V-rich carbides, shown as light and dark areas, respectively, in Figure 7. EDSanalysis of these carbides is also given in Figure 7.ElementSiVCrMnMoFeSpot #1 (wt%)0.0613.807.202.642.4473.86Spot #2 (wt%)1.520.825.480.232.3889.57Figure 6. Photomicrographs of spray-formed/aged H13 tool steel. 500C soak for 1 hr. 3% nitaletch. (a) Optical photomicrograph. (b) SEM image (BSE mode) near a grain boundary. Tablegives EDS composition of numbered features.10ElementSiVCrMnMoFeSpot #1 (wt%)082.279.0104.334.39Spot #2 (wt%)05.3025.70055.5513.45Spot #3 (wt%)1.600.886.320.282.9288.00Figure 7. SEM Photomicrograph (BSE mode) of spray-formed/aged H13 tool steel showingadjacent V-rich (dark) and Mo/Cr-rich (light) carbides. 700C soak for 1/2 hr, 3% nital etch.Table gives EDS composition of numbered features.Material PropertiesPorosity in spray-formed metals depends on processing conditions. The average as-depositeddensity of spray-formed H13 was 98-99% of theoretical, as measured by water displacementusing Archimedes principle.As-deposited hardness was typically about 59 HRC, harder than commercial forged and heattreated material (28 to 53 HRC depending on tempering temperature), and significantly harderthan annealed H13 (200 HB). The high hardness is attributable to lattice strain due to quenchingstresses and supersaturation.As shown in Figure 8, hardness can be varied over a wide range by artificial aging. 59 HRC as-deposited samples were given isochronal (1 hr) soaks at 50C increments from 400 to 700C, aircooled, and evaluated for microhardness. At 400C, a small decrease in hardness was observed,presumably due to stress relieving. As the soak temperature was further increased, hardness roseto a peak hardness of approximately 62 HRC at 500C. Higher soak temperature resulted in adrop in hardness as carbide particles coarsened.Peak age hardness in spray-formed H13 tool steel is notably higher than that of commercialhardened material. Normally, commercial H13 dies used in die casting are tempered to about 40to 45 HRC as a tradeoff since high hardness dies, while desirable for wear resistance, are proneto premature failure via thermal fatigue as the dies surface is rapidly cycled from 300C to700C during aluminum production runs.11Figure 8. Hardness of artificially aged spray-formed H13 tool steel following one hour soaks attemperature. Hardness range of conventionally heat treated H13 included for comparison.As-deposited spray-formed material was also hardened following the conventional heat treatmentcycle used with commercial material. Samples of forged/mill annealed commercial and spray-formed materials were austenitized at 1010C, air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus2 hr) at (538C). The microstructure in both cases was found to be tempered martensite with afew spheroidal particles of alloy carbide. Hardness values for both materials were very nearlyidentical.Table 2 gives the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of spray-formed, cast, andforged/heat treated H13 tool steel measured at test temperatures of 22 and 550C. Values forspray formed H13 are given in the as-deposited condition and following artificial aging andconventional heat treatments. Values for the spray-formed material are comparable to those offorged and are considerably higher than those of cast tool steel. The spray-formed material seemsto retain its strength somewhat better than forged/heat treated H13 at higher temperatures.12Table 2. H13 tool steel mechanical properties.Sample/Heat TreatmentUltimateTensile Strength(MPa)YieldStrength(MPa)TestTemperature(C)Spray formed/as-deposited106195122Spray formed /aged at 540C1964188122Spray formed /aged at 540C16471475550Spray formed /conventional heat treatment*1358115822Cast60022Cast/conventional heat treatment*88222Commercial forged/ heat treated*1799168122Commercial forged/ heat treated*13231247550* austenitized at 1010C, double tempered (2hr+ 2hr) at 590C. no yield at 0.2% offset.Summary Spray forming is a r
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