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1、Eight Types of FallacyDicto simpliciter 絕對判斷Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會第1頁/共16頁Contradictory premises 矛盾前提Ad misericordiam 文不對題False analogy 錯誤類比Hypothesis contrary to fact 與事實相反的假設(shè)Poisoning the well 井下放毒第2頁/共16頁Dicto simpliciter 絕對判斷Exercise is good，so everybody should exercise.No!第3頁/共1

2、6頁Dicto simpliciter 絕對判斷Exercise is good，so everybody should exercise.No!It means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. 即將普遍規(guī)則運用于有特殊情況發(fā)生的個別情形之中。第4頁/共16頁Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.No!第5頁/共16頁Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論

3、Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.No! It applies a special case to general rule.由個別情形來推斷普遍規(guī)則.第6頁/共16頁Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.No!第7頁/

4、共16頁Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.No!The cause has no connection with the result.原因和結(jié)果沒有必然聯(lián)系第8頁/共16頁He decided to give up all his decisions.No!Contradictory premises 矛盾前提When th

5、e premises of an argument contradicteach other, there can be no argument. 當(dāng)論證的前提相互矛盾時，這立論便不能成立。第9頁/共16頁We hope youll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it. No!The answer has no connection with the question.Ad misericordiam 文不對題第10頁/共16頁Young children are

6、 like flowers-flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.No!Making an analogy between different things.False analogy 錯誤類比第11頁/共16頁No!rawing any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that is not ture.Hypothesis contrary to fact 與事實相反

7、的假設(shè)第12頁/共16頁.Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!第13頁/共16頁.Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!Poisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false.第14頁/共16頁Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!第15頁/共16頁感謝您的觀看！第16頁/共16頁