喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 外文原文 The Applications of Heat pumps 1.Heat pumps in industry 1). Systems Relatively few heat pumps are currently installed in industry. However, as environmental regulations become stricter, industrial heat pumps can become an important technology to reduce emissions, improve efficiency, and limit the use of ground water for cooling To ensure the sound application of heat pumps in industry, processes should be optimised and integrated. Through process integration improved energy efficiency is achieved by thermodynamically optimising total industrial processes. An important instrument for process integration is pinch analysis, a technology to characterise process heat streams and identify possibilities for heat recovery. Such possibilities may include improved heat exchanger networks, cogeneration and heat pumps. Pinch analysis is especially powerful for large, complex processes with multiple operations, and is an excellent instrument to identify sound heat pump opportunities. Industrial applications show a great variation in the type of drive energy, heat pump size, operating conditions, heat sources and the type of application. The heat pump units are generally designed for a specific application, and are therefore unique. The major types of industrial heat pumps are: o Mechanical vapour recompression systems (MVRs), classified as open or semi-open heat pumps. In open systems, vapour from an industrial process is compressed to a higher pressure and thus a higher temperature, and condensed in the same process giving off heat. In semi-open systems, heat from the recompressed vapour is transferred to the process via a heat exchanger. Because one or two heat exchangers are eliminated (evaporator and/or condenser) and the temperature lift is generally small, the performance of MVR systems is high, with typical coefficients of performance (COPs) of 10 to 30. Current MVR systems work with heat-source temperatures from 70-80℃, and deliver heat between 110 and 150℃, in some cases up to 200℃. Water is the most common 'working fluid' (i.e. recompressed process vapour), although other process vapours are also used, notably in the (petro-) chemical industry. o Closed-cycle compression heat pumps are described in the section Heat pump technology . Currently applied working fluids limit the maximum output temperature to 120℃. o Absorption heat pumps (Type I) are not widely used in industrial applications. Some have been realised to recover heat from refuse incineration plants, notably in Sweden and Denmark. Current systems with water/lithium bromide as working pair achieve an output temperature of 100℃ and a temperature lift of 65℃. The COP typically ranges from 1.2 to 1.4. The new generation of advanced absorption heat pump systems will have higher output temperatures (up to 260℃) and higher temperature lifts. o Heat transformers (Type II) have the same main components and working principle as absorption heat pumps. With a heat transformer waste heat can be upgraded, virtually without the use of external drive energy. Waste heat of a medium temperature (i.e. between the demand level and the environmental level) is supplied to the evaporator and generator. Useful heat of a higher temperature is given off in the absorber. All current systems use water and lithium bromide as working pair. These heat transformers can achieve a delivery temperatures up to 150℃, typically with a lift of 50℃. COPs under these conditions range from 0.45 to 0.48. o Reverse Brayton-cycle heat pumps recover solvents from gases in many processes. Solvent loaden air is compressed, and then expanded. The air cools through the expansion, and the solvents condense and are recovered. Further expansion (with the associated additional cooling, condensation and solvent recovery) takes place in a turbine, which drives the compressor. 2). Applications Industrial heat pumps are mainly used for: o space heating; o heating and cooling of process streams; o water heating for washing, sanitation and cleaning; o steam production; o drying/dehumidification; o evaporation; o distillation; o concentration. When heat pumps are used in drying, evaporation and distillation processes, heat is recycled within the process. For space heating, heating of process streams and steam production, heat pumps utilise (waste) heat sources between 20℃ and 100℃. The most common waste heat streams in industry are cooling water, effluent, condensate, moisture, and condenser heat from refrigeration plants. Because of the fluctuation in waste heat supply, it can be necessary to use large storage tanks for accumulation to ensure stable operation of the heat pump. o Space heating: Heat pumps can utilise conventional heat sources for heating of greenhouses and industrial buildings, or they can recover industrial waste heat that could not be used directly, and provide a low- to medium temperature heat that can be utilised internally or externally for space heating. Mainly electric closed-cycle compression heat pumps are used. o Process water heating and cooling: Many industries need warm process water in the temperature range from 40-90℃, and often have a significant hot water demand in the same temperature range for washing, sanitation and cleaning purposes. This can be met by heat pumps. Heat pumps can also be a part of an integrated system that provides both cooling and heating. Mainly electric closed-cycle compression heat pumps are installed, but a few absorption heat pumps and heat transformers are also in use. o Steam production: Industry consumes vast amounts of low-, medium- and high-pressure steam in the temperature range from 100-200℃. Steam is used directly in industrial processes, and for heat distribution. Current high temperature heat pumps can produce steam up to 150℃ (a heat pump prototype has achieved 300℃). Both open and semi-open MVR systems, closed-cycle compression heat pumps, cascade (combination) systems and a few heat transformers are in operation. o Drying process: Heat pumps are used extensively in industrial dehumidification and drying processes at low and moderate temperatures (maximum 100℃). The main applications are drying of pulp and paper, various food products wood and lumber. Drying of temperature-sensitive products is also interesting. Heat pump dryers generally have high performance (COP 5-7), and often improve the quality of the dried products as compared with traditional drying methods. Because the drying is executed in a closed system, odours from the drying of food products etc. are reduced. Both closed-cycle compression heat pumps and MVR systems are used. o Evaporation and distillation processes: Evaporation and distillation are energy-intensive processes, and most heat pumps are installed in these processes in the chemical and food industries. In evaporation processes the residue is the main product, while the vapour (distillate) is the main product in distillation processes. Most systems are open or semi-open MVRs, but closed-cycle compression heat pumps are also applied. Small temperature lifts result in high performance with COPs ranging from 6 to 30. 2．Heat pumps in residential and commercial buildings 1）.Functions Heat pumps for heating and cooling buildings can be divided into four main categories depending on their operational function: o Heating-only heat pumps, providing space heating and/or water heating. o Heating and cooling heat pumps, providing both space heating and cooling. The most common type is the reversible air-to-air heat pump, which either operates in heating or cooling mode. Large heat pumps in commercial/institutional buildings use water loops (hydronic) for heat and cold distribution, so they can provide heating and cooling simultaneously. o Integrated heat pump systems, providing space heating, cooling, water heating and sometimes exhaust air heat recovery. Water heating can be by desuperheating only, or by desuperheating and condenser heating. The latter permits water heating when no space heating or cooling is required. o Heat pump water heaters, fully dedicated to water heating. They often use air from the immediate surroundings as heat source, but can also be exhaust-air heat pumps, or desuperheaters on air-to-air and water-to-air heat pumps. Heat pumps can be both monovalent and bivalent, where monovalent heat pumps meet the annual heating and cooling demand alone, while bivalent heat pumps are sized for 20-60% of the maximum heat load and meet around 50-95% of the annual heating demand (in a European residence). The peak load is met by an auxiliary heating system, often a gas or oil boiler. In larger buildings the heat pump may be used in tandem with a cogeneration system (CHP). In residential applications room heat pumps can be reversible air-to-air heat pumps (ductless packaged or split type units). The heat pump can also be integrated in a forced-air duct system or a hydronic heat distribution system with floor heating or radiators (central system). In commercial/institutional buildings the heat pump system can be a central installation connected to an air duct or hydronic system, or a multi-zone system where multiple heat pump units are placed in different zones of the building to provide individual space conditioning. Efficient in large buildings is the water-loop heat pump system, which involves a closed water loop with multiple heat pumps linked to the loop to provide heating and cooling, with a cooling tower and auxiliary heat source as backup. The different heat sources that can be used for heat pumps in residential and commercial buildings are described in the section Heat sources. The next paragraph describes the types of heat and cold distribution systems that can be used in buildings. 2). Heat and cold distribution systems Air is the most common distribution medium in the mature heat pump markets of Japan and the United States. The air is either passed directly into a room by the space-conditioning unit, or distributed through a forced-air ducted system. The output temperature of an air distribution system is usually in the range of 30-50°C. Water distribution systems (hydronic systems) are predominantly used in Europe, Canada and the north eastern part of the United States. Conventional radiator systems require high distribution temperatures, typically 60-90°C. Today's low temperature radiators and convectors are designed for a maximum operating temperature of 45-55°C, while 30-45°C is typical for floor heating systems. Table 1 summarises typical temperature requirements for various heat and cold distribution systems. Table 1: Typical delivery temperatures for various heat and cold distribution systems. Application Supply temperature range?(°C) Air distribution Air heating 30 - 50 Floor heating; low temperature (modern) 30 - 45 Hydronic systems radiators 45 - 55 High temperature (conventional) radiators 60 - 90 District heating - hot water 70 - 100 District heating District heating - hot water/steam 100 - 180 Cooled air 10 - 15 Space cooling Chilled water 5 - 15 District cooling 5 - 8 Because a heat pump operates most effectively when the temperature difference between the heat source and heat sink (distribution system) is small, the heat distribution temperature for space heating heat pumps should be kept as low as possible during the heating season. Table 2 shows typical COPs for a water-to-water heat pump operating in various heat distribution systems. The temperature of the heat source is 5°C, and the heat pump Carnot efficiency is 50%. Table 2: Example of how the COP of a water-to-water heat pump varies with the distribution/return temperature. Heat distribution system (supply/return temperature) COP Conventional radiators (60/50°C) 2.5 Floor heating (35/30°C) 4.0 Modern radiators (45/35°C) 3.5