喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 機(jī)床主軸設(shè)計(jì)及相關(guān)技術(shù)研究 摘要：隨著我們的機(jī)械加工的不斷發(fā)展，對(duì)于我們的加工零件的要求也在不斷的變化和提高，在如今的加工設(shè)備中，有用到很多的銑床設(shè)備，數(shù)控銑床就是比較新式的加工設(shè)備，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對(duì)我們的各種零部件進(jìn)行各個(gè)工序的銑削加工，加工的精度比較高，生產(chǎn)的效率也高，尤其是對(duì)一些形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸比較特殊的工件，能夠滿足各個(gè)部位的精準(zhǔn)加工工序，可以滿足加工企業(yè)的各種要求。 本次我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的是數(shù)控銑床的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)，是我們數(shù)控銑床的關(guān)鍵的零部件，也是我們加工設(shè)備的最主要核心部件，主軸的前端部分是跟我們的夾具結(jié)構(gòu)直接連接的部分，帶動(dòng)我們的被夾持的工件進(jìn)行高速旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的，本次的主軸的工作時(shí)候的轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到8000r/min,輸出的功率達(dá)到5KW，此主軸結(jié)構(gòu)能夠使用40把不同的刀具。主軸的性能和質(zhì)量的好壞直接會(huì)對(duì)我們加工的零件產(chǎn)生影響，因此我們對(duì)于主軸的設(shè)計(jì)，必須要求能夠有好的強(qiáng)度和韌性，這樣才能保證我們的銑床設(shè)備有著比較好的加工切削性能，滿足我們對(duì)于工件的加工的需求。如今市面上的用的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)種類較多，我們對(duì)于主軸結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，可以在現(xiàn)有的主軸的基礎(chǔ)上，更加注重去考慮工藝方面的完善，選擇一個(gè)合理又比較經(jīng)濟(jì)的傳動(dòng)的方案，并對(duì)我們選用的相關(guān)的零部件進(jìn)行計(jì)算和相應(yīng)的校核，最后畫出我們結(jié)構(gòu)的裝配圖跟零件圖。運(yùn)用我們所學(xué)的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的知識(shí)跟基礎(chǔ)原理，完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)，也能提高我們的動(dòng)手操作的能力。 關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)控銑床；主軸；設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 II 1 Machine tool spindle design and related technology research Abstract:With the continuous development of our machine, for the requirements of the processing parts also in constant change and improve, in today's processing equipment, useful to a lot of milling machine, CNC milling machine is a relatively new processing equipment to achieve various processes of milling to all parts of our, relatively high precision machining, production efficiency is high, especially for some of the shape, size and structure of special workpiece, can meet the needs of the various parts of the high precision machining process, and can satisfy the requirement of processing enterprises of all. This we design is CNC milling machine spindle structure, is the key to our numerical control milling machine parts, is also our processing equipment the main core components, part of the front end of the spindle is with our fixture structure directly connected, driven by our by clamping the workpiece high-speed rotation movement, achieve the working time of the spindle 8000r / min speed and power output to 5kW, the spindle structure to 40 different tools to use. Spindle performance and quality is good or bad will directly influence to our processing of parts, so we for the design of the spindle must request to note Oh ah good strength and toughness, so as to ensure our milling equipment has a good cutting performance and satisfy our demand for machining the workpiece. Now on the market with the spindle structure of many kinds, we design for the main structure of can on the basis of existing spindle, pay more attention to to consider the improvement of process, select a reasonable and economical transmission scheme, and the checking calculation and corresponding to our selection of related parts, and finally draw the assembly drawing and parts drawing. Using the knowledge of the mechanical transmission and the basic principles, the completion of the task of graduation design, but also to improve the ability of our hands. Key words: CNC milling machine ; principal axis ; design calculation 目 錄 摘 要 Ⅰ Abstract Ⅱ 目 錄 Ⅳ 1 緒 論 1 2 數(shù)控銑床主軸的介紹 3 2.1 電主軸的工作原理 3 2.2 電主軸的特征 3 3 電主軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 5 3.1 電主軸結(jié)構(gòu)圖原理 5 3.2主軸伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)器的選擇 5 3.3 主軸的轉(zhuǎn)子和定子的設(shè)計(jì) 5 3.4 軸承的選擇 7 3.5 冷卻系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 8 3.5.1 熱源的主要構(gòu)成 8 3.5.2 主軸傳動(dòng)的熱平衡計(jì)算 8 4 主軸的設(shè)計(jì) 10 4.1主軸的主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù) 10 4.1.1 前端懸伸量 10 4.1.2主支承間的跨距 10 4.1.3構(gòu)造 10 4.1.4材料和熱處理 10 4.1.5主軸的軸徑 11 4.2 軸的強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算 12 4.3 軸的剛度校核計(jì)算 15 5 軸承的校核 17 5.1 角接觸球軸承的校核 17 5.2 深溝球軸承的校核 18 總結(jié) 20 參考文獻(xiàn): 21 致 謝 22 6 1 緒 論 隨著國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的大力發(fā)展，以及工業(yè)進(jìn)程的加快，尤其是機(jī)加工零件的需求量的增加，需要用到的加工設(shè)備量也就非常的大。數(shù)控加工設(shè)備的使用能夠產(chǎn)生大大的提高我們生產(chǎn)的零件的質(zhì)量和提高生產(chǎn)的效率[1][2]。在機(jī)加工的過程中，對(duì)于很多的零部件的加工，往往都是大批量進(jìn)行加工，需要的量也是非常的大，并且在加工的零件精度要求上，這幾年也是越來的越嚴(yán)格了，各種的需求在提高，對(duì)于加工的單位來說的話也是一種動(dòng)力，但是也是非常的有壓力的，要想在加工的質(zhì)量上能夠滿足顧客的需求，并能夠按時(shí)完成大批量的工件加工，在規(guī)定的時(shí)間能生產(chǎn)出預(yù)期的產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量的話，完全通過傳統(tǒng)的加工設(shè)備和人力的加工生產(chǎn)，已經(jīng)完全無法滿足現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)需求了，因此，很多的現(xiàn)代高精度的加工設(shè)備也就被廣泛的應(yīng)用，數(shù)控銑床就是被我們用的比較多的設(shè)備，很多的企業(yè)加工車間都能看到數(shù)控銑床的身影。 數(shù)控銑床的使用，是在近幾十年來才不斷被廣泛使用的[4]。數(shù)控銑床的使用是跟我們的計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用相連的，通過我們?cè)谟?jì)算機(jī)中輸入我們需要對(duì)零件進(jìn)行加工的步驟和工序，以及加工的尺寸的需求，在計(jì)算機(jī)中又通過數(shù)字信息的形式傳給我們的數(shù)控銑床設(shè)備，進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的指令動(dòng)作，完成對(duì)我們工件的基本加工，這種的操作加工方式比較簡(jiǎn)單，也是高智能化的生產(chǎn)，完全通過設(shè)備的自動(dòng)走刀實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)零件的加工，并且精度也非常的高，生產(chǎn)的效率非常高，數(shù)控銑床對(duì)于我們的操作人員的要求也不高。對(duì)于企業(yè)來說，加工的成本相對(duì)也就低了，能夠達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)性的生產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5][6]。 我們國(guó)家的數(shù)控銑床的發(fā)展技術(shù)起步比較晚一些，相對(duì)與歐美的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家來比的話，整整遲了十幾年年，在改革開放初期，我們的企業(yè)很少能夠自主生產(chǎn)這些機(jī)床設(shè)備的，很多的機(jī)床設(shè)備都是靠進(jìn)口來滿足企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)要求的，沒有一個(gè)自主的數(shù)控銑床的專利，數(shù)控銑床的結(jié)構(gòu)也比較簡(jiǎn)單，很多機(jī)加工的企業(yè)有通過買一些國(guó)外的二手機(jī)床來滿足加工的生產(chǎn)要求。在改革開發(fā)的帶動(dòng)下，我們國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展比較快，各行各業(yè)欣欣向榮的一副景象，在這么一個(gè)背景下，對(duì)于數(shù)控機(jī)床的需求量非常的大。企業(yè)通過進(jìn)口的話成本非常高，因此獨(dú)立自主的設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床的出現(xiàn)成為一個(gè)必然的趨勢(shì)，在這么一個(gè)背景下，我們的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員，通過國(guó)外高精度的數(shù)控機(jī)床的基礎(chǔ)知 Machine tool spindle units1 IntroductionMachine tool spindles basically fulfill two tasks:rotate the tools (drilling, milling and grinding) or work piece (turning) precisely inspace transmit the required energy to the cutting zone for metal removalObviously spindles have a strong influence on metal removal rates and quality of the machinedparts. This paper reviews the current state.and presents research challenges of spindle technology.1.1.Historical reviewClassically, main spindles were driven by belts or gears and the rotational speeds could only bevaried by changing either the transmission ratio or the number of driven poles by electricalswitches.Later simple electrical or hydraulic controllers were developed and the rotational speed of thespindle could be changed by means of infinitely adjustable rotating transformers (Ward Leonardsystem of motor control).The need for increased productivity led to higher speed machiningrequirements which led to the development of new bearings, power electronics and invertersystems. The progress in the field of the power electronics (static frequency converter) led to thedevelopment of compact drives with low-cost maintenance using high frequency three-phaseasynchronous motors.Through the early 1980s high spindle speeds were achievable only by usingactive magnetic bearings. Continuous developments in bearings, lubrication, the rolling elementmaterials and drive systems (motors and converters) have allowed the construction of direct drivemotor spindles which currently fulfill a wide range of requirements.1.2. Principal setupToday, the overwhelming majority of machine tools are equipped with motorized spindles.Unlike externally driven spindles, the motorized spindles do not require mechanical transmissionelements like gears and couplings.The spindles have at least two sets of mainly ball bearing systems. The bearing system is thecomponent with the greatest influence on the lifetime of a spindle. Most commonly the motor isarranged between the two bearing systems.Due to high ratio of power to volume active cooling is often required, which is generallyimplemented through water based cooling. The coolant flows through a cooling sleeve around thestator of the motor and often the outer bearing rings.Seals at the tool end of the spindle prevent the intrusion of chips and cutting fluid. Often this isdone with purge air and a labyrinth seal.A standardized tool interface such as HSK and SK is placed at the spindles front end. Aclamping system is used for fast automatictool changes. Ideally, an unclamping unit (drawbar)which can also monitor the clamping force is needed for reliable machining. If cutting fluid has tobe transmitted through the tool to the cutter, adequate channels and a rotary union become requiredfeatures of the clamping system.Today, nearly every spindle is equipped with sensors for monitoring the motor temperature(thermistors or thermocouples) and the position of the clamping system. Additional sensors formonitoring the bearings, the drive and the process stability can be attached, but are not common inmany industrial applications.1.3. State of the artSpindles with high power and high speeds are mainly developed for the machining of largealuminum frames in the aerospace industry. Spindles with extremely high speeds and low powerare used in electronics industry for drilling printed circuit boards (PCB).1.4. Actual development areas in industryCurrent developments in motor spindle industrial application focus on motor technology,improving total cost of ownership(TCO) and condition monitoring for predictive maintenanceAnother central issue is the development of drive systems which neutralize the existing constraintsof power and output frequency while reducing the heating of the spindle shaft.Particular attention was paid to the increase of the reliable reachable rotational speeds in the past.However, the focus has changed towards higher torque at speeds up to 15,000 rpm. Because ofIncreased requirements in reliability, life-cycle and predictable maintenance the conditionmonitoring systems in motor spindles have become more important. Periodic and/or continuousobservation of the spindle status parameters is allowing detection of wear, overheating andimminent failures.Understanding the life cycle cost (LCC) of the spindles has steadily gained importance inpredicting their service period with maintenance, failure and operational costs.2. Fields of application and specific demandsSpindles are developed and manufactured for a wide range of machine tool applications with acommon goal of maximizing the metal removal rates and part machining accuracy.The work materials range from easy to machine materials like aluminum at high speeds withhigh power spindles, to nickel and titanium alloys which require spindles having high torque andstiffness at low speeds. Cutting work materials with abrasive carbon or fiber-reinforced plastics(FRP) content need good seals at the spindle front end.Spindles for drilling printed circuit boards operate in the angular speed range of 100,000 to300,000 rpm. The increase in productivity and speed in this application field over the last fewyears was possible with the development of precision air bearings.Spindles used in die and mould machining have to fulfill the roughing operations (highperformance cutting, HPC) at high feed rates as well as the finishing processes (high-speed cutting,HSC) at high cutting speeds. Depending on the strategy and the machinery of the mould and dieshop either two different machine tools equipped with two different spindles are used or onemachine is equipped with a spindle changing unit. Another possibility is to use a spindle which canfulfill both, HSC and HPC conditions, but this still remains a compromise regarding overallproductivity.Aerospace spindles are defined by high power as well as high rotational speeds. Todaysspindles allow a material removal rate(MRR) of more than 10 l of aluminum per minute.Grinding is a finishing operation where high accuracy is necessary, which requires stiff spindleswith bearings having minimum runout. The present internal cylindrical grinding spindles have arunout requirement of less than 1 mm.Spindle units which are used mainly for boring and drilling operations require high axialstiffness, which is achieved by using angular contact bearings with high contact angles. On thecontrary, high-speed milling operations use spindles with bearings having small contact angles inorder to reduce the dependency of radial stiffness on the centrifugal forces.Contemporary machining centers tend to have multi functions where milling, drilling, grindingand sometimes honing operations can be realized on the same work piece. The bottleneck for theenhancement of the multi-technology machines is still the spindle, which cannot satisfy all themachining operations with the same degree of performance. Reconfigurable and modular machinetools require interchangeable spindles with standardized mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic andelectrical interfaces.3. Spindle analysisThe aim of modeling and analysis of spindle units is to simulate the performance of the spindleand optimize its dimensions during the design stage in order to achieve maximum dynamicstiffness and increased material removal rate with minimal dimensions and power consumption.The mechanical part of the spindle assembly consists of hollow spindle shaft mounted to a housingwith bearings. Angular contact ball bearings are most commonly used in high-speed spindles dueto their low-friction properties and ability to withstand external loads in both axial and radialdirections. The spindle shaft is modeled by beam, brick or pipe elements in finite elementenvironment. The bearing stiffness is modeled as a function of ball bearing contact angle, preloadcaused by the external load or thermal expansion of the spindle during operation. The equation ofmotion is derived in matrix form by including gyroscopic and centrifugal effects, and solved toobtain natural frequencies, vibration mode shapes and frequency response function at the toolattached to the spindle. If the bearing stiffness is dependent on the speed, or if the spindle needs tobe simulated under cutting loads, the numerical methods are used to predict the vibrations alongthe spindle axis as well as contact loads on the bearings.Spindle simulation models allow for the optimization of spindle design parameters either toachieve maximum dynamic stiffness at all speeds for general operation, or to reach maximum axialdepth of cut at the specified speed with a designated cutter for a specificmachining application.The objective of cutting maximum material at the desired speed without damaging the bearingsand spindle is the main goal of spindle design while maintaining all other quality and performancemetrics, e.g. accuracy and reliability.does not always lead to accurate identification of the spindles dynamicparameters； A.3.2. Theoretical modelingTheoretical models are based on physical laws, and used to predict and improve theperformance of spindles during the design stage. The models provide mathematical relationbetween the inputs F (force, speed) and the outputs q (deflections, bearing loads, and temperature).The mathematical models can be expressed in state space forms or by a set of ordinary differentialequations. In both cases linear or nonlinear behavior of the spindles can be modeled.3.2.1. Mechanical modeling of shaft and housingFinite element (FE) methods are most commonly used to model structural mechanics anddynamics of the spindles. The method is based on discretization of the structure at finite elementlocations by partial derivative differential equations. The analysis belongs to the class of rotor-dynamic studies where the axis-symmetric shaft is usually modeled by beam elements, which leadto construction of mass (Me) and stiffness (Ke) matrices.Timoshenko beam element is most commonly used because it considers the bending, rotaryinertia and shear effects, hence leads to improved prediction of natural frequencies and modeshapes of the spindle .The element PIPE16 of the commonly known FEA software ANSYS is alsoan implementation of the Timoshenko theory and use the mass matrix and stiffness matrixAs an example in the finite element model in Fig. 1, the black dots represent nodes, and eachnode has three Cartesian translational displacements and two rotations . The pulley is modeled as arigid disk, the bearing spacer as a bar element, and the nut and sleeve as a lumped mass. Thespindle in this case has two front bearings in tandem and three bearings in tandem at the rear. Thefive bearings are in overall back-to-back configuration. The tool is assumed to be rigidlyconnected to the tool holder which is fixed to the spindle shaft rigidly or through springs withstiffness in both directions translation and rotation. The flexibility of the spindle mounting has tobe reflected in the model of the spindle-machine system. Springs are also used between the spindlehousing and spindle head, whose stiffness is obtained from experience.Fig. 1. The finite element model of the spindle-bearing-machine-tool system