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1、考點(diǎn)十九　生態(tài)環(huán)保類 A 限時(shí)10分鐘 Known as “wolf girl” at her West Warwick, R．I． school, Alyssa Grayson has spent much of her young life teaching others to protect and respect animals． After starting a wolf club in the second grade, Alyssa learned all she could about her favorite animals． Today, she gives pr

2、esentations about protecting wolves at libraries and schools—she's even spoken at a university． In fact, she's become such a wolf expert that she was appointed as the first junior advisor to the National Wolfwatcher Coalition． When she's not teaching others about wolves, Alyssa can be found volunte

3、ering at her local animal shelter, taking care of dogs and cats． She's also trained as a citizen scientist for FrogWatch USA． In short, Alyssa Grayson proves that you are never too young to make a difference for animals． When asked how she got interested in saving wolves, Alyssa says, “I've loved w

4、olves since I saw them in a movie when I was 2 or 3 years old． Then one day I saw a commercial about wolf hunting． I asked my mother why people do this, and she told me because people don't like wolves． I decided from then on that I wanted to save wolves．” Today, wolves are hunted, trapped, or pois

5、oned． Hunters chase wolves for miles in an airplane until the wolves are too exhausted to run anymore． Then they shoot them． The animal doesn't have a chance to escape． Animals are also trapped for their fur． They are left to suffer in a trap with no food, water, or shelter． Alyssa thinks the fur lo

6、oks better on the animal in the wild, where it's meant to be, than on a human． Alyssa believes wolves are important to our worlds． She says, “Wolves are an apex predator, which means they are at the top of the food chain． Removing them from the ecosystem is a big mistake． The ecosystem is like a ch

7、ain of dominoes (多米諾骨牌)—with the apex predator as the one in front． If you were to knock down that domino, the rest of the chain would go down too．” People usually think of “the Big Bad Wolf” when they hear about wolves． However, Alyssa says, “If they would base their thoughts on facts, not fairy t

8、ales, we wouldn't have people wanting to kill wolves．” 1．Alyssa is known as “wolf girl” at her school because ________． A．she keeps wolves as pets B．she was raised by wolves C．she does a lot to protect wolves D．she started a wolf club at her school 答案：C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章首句中的“has spent ．．． to protec

9、t and respect animals”以及下文所述她喜歡狼并呼吁大家保護(hù)狼這一物種可知，阿莉莎在學(xué)校中被稱為“狼女”，是因?yàn)樗盟那啻航虝?huì)了其他人保護(hù)和尊重狼。故選C。 2．According to the first two paragraphs, Alyssa ________． A．gained knowledge about wolves at libraries B．cares about other animals besides wolves C．started to give presentations since the second grade D．is

10、the first junior citizen scientist for FrogWatch USA 答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段描述可知，她除了關(guān)心狼之外，還照顧其他的動(dòng)物，如貓和狗。故選B。 3．Paragraph 4 is mainly about ________． A．why wolves are killed B．why wolves are trapped C．the tools used to hunt wolves D．how wolves are treated 答案：D　段落大意題。文章第四段主要講述了狼被獵殺、被圍困或被毒亡的事實(shí)。人們?yōu)榱怂鼈?/p>

11、的皮毛不斷地去獵殺它們，不給它們逃生的機(jī)會(huì)，所以該段講述了狼是被如何對(duì)待的。故選D。 4．From the last paragraph we can infer that Alyssa ________． A．doesn't need fairy tales B．doesn't believe in fairy tales C．encourages people to find out the facts about wolves D．believes that more people will work to save wolves 答案：C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，當(dāng)人

12、們提到狼的時(shí)候往往說(shuō)“大壞狼”。如果人們把想法建立在事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，而不是童話上，我們?nèi)祟惥蜎](méi)有人想要?dú)⑺浪鼈兞?。因此可推知，阿莉莎鼓?lì)人們客觀地對(duì)待狼，看到狼真實(shí)的一面。故選C。 B 限時(shí)10分鐘 Drive through any suburb in the US today, and it's hard to miss the recycling bins that have become companions to America's trash cans． Recycling has become common, as people recognize the need to c

13、are for the environment． Yet most people's recycling consciousness extends only as far as paper, bottles, and cans． People seldom find themselves facing the growing problem of ewaste． Ewaste rapidly increases as the technofashionable frequently upgrade to the most advanced devices, and the major

14、ity of them end up in landfills (垃圾填埋地)． Some people who track such waste say that users throw away nearly 2 million tons of TVs, VCRs, computers, cell phones, and other electronics every year． Unless we can find a safe replacement, this ewaste may get into the ground and poison the water with dang

15、erous toxins (毒素), such as lead, mercury, and arsenic． Burning the waste also dangerously contaminates the air． However, ewaste often contains reusable silver, gold, and other electrical materials． Recycling these materials reduces environmental problems by reducing both landfill waste and the nee

16、d to look for such metals, which can destroy ecosystems． A growing number of states have adopted laws to ban dumping ewaste． Still, less than a quarter of this waste will reach lawful recycling programs． Some companies advertising safe disposal in fact merely ship the waste to some developing coun

17、tries, where it still ends up in landfills． These organizations prevent progress by unsafely disposing of waste in an outofsight, outofmind location． However, the small but growing number of cities and corporations that do handle ewaste responsibly represents progress toward making the world a

18、 cleaner, better place for us all． 5．What can we infer from the first paragraph? A．Many Americans now have access to recycling bins． B．Ewaste cannot be put into trash cans in the US． C．Most Americans have realized the dangers of ewaste． D．Most of America's trash cans are made of recycled ma

19、terial． 答案：A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句可知，在美國(guó)，廢棄物的回收利用變得很普遍，因?yàn)槿藗円呀?jīng)意識(shí)到需要關(guān)注環(huán)境。所以，A項(xiàng)(很多美國(guó)人可以利用回收箱)符合題意，故選A。 6．What can best replace the underlined word “contaminates” in Paragraph 2? A．Pollutes． B．Heats． C．Absorbs． D．Reduces． 答案：A　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中的“this ewaste may get into the ground and poison the wat

20、er with dangerous toxins (毒素), such as lead, mercury, and arsenic”可知，這些電子污染會(huì)進(jìn)入土地，污染到水源，那么燃燒污染物可能會(huì)污染空氣。由此可推斷出contaminates的意思與pollutes相近，即“毒害，污染”，故選A。 7．How does the author feel about burying ewaste in landfills? A．It's important． B．It's unsafe． C．It's acceptable． D．It's uncommon． 答案：B　

21、推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句中的“this ewaste may get into the ground and poison the water”和第四段尾句中的“These organizations prevent progress by unsafely ．．．”可知，只是把電子垃圾放在看不見(jiàn)的垃圾填埋場(chǎng)，但仍舊不安全，因?yàn)樗€在那里，分析選項(xiàng)可知B正確。 8．What's the author's purpose in writing this text? A．To tell us how to recycle ewaste． B．To talk about the f

22、uture of ewaste． C．To discuss if it's necessary to recycle ewaste． D．To encourage us to deal with ewaste properly． 答案：D　推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，人們對(duì)垃圾的回收普遍關(guān)注，回收普通垃圾已經(jīng)成為習(xí)慣。但隨著科技的發(fā)展，合理回收電子垃圾成為現(xiàn)代廢棄物回收的重點(diǎn)。故本文的目的是鼓勵(lì)我們合理處理電子垃圾，故選D。 C 限時(shí)8分鐘 About 5,000 children die each day because of preventable diseases suc

23、h as cholera and dysentery (痢疾), which spread when people use unclean water for drinking or cooking． A lack of water for personal health leads to the spread of totally preventable diseases like trachoma, which has blinded some six million people． Water troubles also trap many lowincome families i

24、n a cycle of poverty and poor education and the poorest suffer most from lack of access to water． People who spend much of their time on ill health, caring for sick children, or collecting water at a distance averaging 3．75 miles a day don't have educational and economic chances to better their live

25、s． Agriculture is called the lion's share of clean water worldwide, using some 70 percent, and industrial use needs another 22 percent． Water areas have no political borders and nations don't always work together to share common resources, so water can be a frequent source of international problems

26、 as well． Daybyday demand keeps growing, further draining water sources, from great rivers to groundwater． “We're going deeper into debt on our groundwater use，” Postel said, “and that has great effects on global water safety． The rate of groundwater use has doubled since 1960．” Some of Earth'

27、s groundwater is fossil water created when Earth's climate was far different． Today such water is as limited as petrol． “But we're pumping much of them out faster than ever，” Postel explained． “Man's growing thirst also causes a major problem about water and our ecosystems． And that also creates

28、a cost to us, to our sons and to our grandsons, not just to nature．” 9．What does the author mainly discuss in the passage? A．Water shortage has been a most serious challenge． B．So many children die of polluted water every day． C．Diseases should be properly controlled and treated． D．Wastin

29、g water leads to the unrest of the world． 答案：A　主旨大意題。本文講述了目前在全世界范圍內(nèi)，水資源短缺給人們的健康、生活、經(jīng)濟(jì)等帶來(lái)的不利影響，水資源短缺是人類面臨的一個(gè)相當(dāng)嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。 10．Why is agriculture called the lion's share of clean water? A．Because agriculture is much stronger than industry． B．Because more people live on the agricultural produce． C．B

30、ecause agriculture uses about twothirds of clean water． D．Because nations don't always work together to save water． 答案：C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文中第三段第一句中的“using some 70 percent, and industrial use needs another 22 percent”可知，世界上約70%的清潔水被農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)耗用，農(nóng)業(yè)是消耗清潔水最多的產(chǎn)業(yè)。 11．According to what Postel said we can know _

31、_______． A．groundwater is rich for us to use B．there is no need to dig deep for groundwater C．we are using our next generations' water D．we should use river water instead of groundwater 答案：C　推理判斷題。依據(jù)最后兩段中Postel的話，尤其是第五段最后一句可知，我們正在消耗我們子孫的水資源。 12．What can we infer from the passage? A．We should

32、n't use water from rivers． B．We should protect our ecosystems． C．Water should be distributed equally． D．Laws should be passed for groundwater． 答案：B　推理判斷題。文章在講述水資源的重要性，且用具體例子和數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行證明；再結(jié)合尾段倒數(shù)第二句“Man's growing thirst also causes a major problem about water and our ecosystems．”可推知，我們要保護(hù)我們的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。 D

33、 限時(shí)8分鐘 Our planet Earth is comparatively small, with only about 24,902 miles around the equator (赤道)． Its surface area may seem largest at 196,935,000 square miles, but of this, 71% is covered by sea． The actual land surface covers some 57,500,000 square miles—29% of the total surface area． O

34、nce again, this seems vast until we take into account the largely uninhabited regions such as the huge wastes of the Arctic and Antarctic, the deserts and wetlands． These regions are not always totally uninhabited, but they can usually support only very small populations． At present there is still

35、enough space on Earth for humans and wildlife, but what of the future? Our world cannot grow any larger, yet the human population keeps growing every year! As of July 2008, there were almost 6．7 billion people on the planet, and current estimates (估計(jì)) suggest that the population could be as high as

36、 9．1 billion by as soon as 2050． While the birth rate is slowing a little in parts of the Northern Hemisphere, in many other parts of the world, including developing countries, populations continue to grow． This population explosion is responsible for most world environmental problems today; so whe

37、ther our main concern is to breathe cleaner air, to drink purer water, to eliminate (消除) pollution, to protect wildlife and countryside, to produce more food to eat or to reach a higher standard of living generally, our chances of achieving any of these things become faint as the population increase

38、s sharply． The Earth's resources are vast but limited． We have a tendency to look to the short term, rather than seeing the bigger picture of the future． This is why it is so important that young people learn about looking after the planet—so that future generations of adults act responsibly with r

39、egard to the environment and create a future that is continuable, both for humans and all the other species with which we share our world． 13．What does the author worry about? A．How to find ways to live in uninhabited regions． B．The Earth is turning smaller and smaller． C．Whether there is enou

40、gh space for creatures in the future． D．What people will live on in the future． 答案：C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句中的疑問(wèn)句“but what of the future？”可以推斷出，作者對(duì)于在將來(lái)人和野生生物是否還有足夠的生存空間感到擔(dān)心。故選C。 14．According to the text, we can infer that ________． A．the population will increase by about 0．6 billion every ten years B．

41、the birth rate around the equator is a little low C．population explosion is caused by environmental problems D．more population brings more resources 答案：A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的最后一句可知，從2008年的大約67億人口到2050年的91億人口，在42年中，人口大約要增長(zhǎng)24億，即每十年大約增長(zhǎng)6億。故選A。由第四段第一句可知，北半球的某些地區(qū)人口出生率偏低，故B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；由第四段第二句可知，大部分環(huán)境問(wèn)題是由急劇增多的人口造成的，故C項(xiàng)

42、錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)不合常理。 15．What does the underlined word “faint” mean? A．Important． B．Slight． C．Necessary． D．Interesting． 答案：B　詞義猜測(cè)題。畫(huà)線詞前面提到人們想要呼吸更清潔的空氣、喝更純凈的水、消除污染、保護(hù)野生生物和鄉(xiāng)村、生產(chǎn)出更多的食物或普遍地達(dá)到一個(gè)更高的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，然而人口數(shù)量的急劇增加，使人們實(shí)現(xiàn)這些想法的機(jī)會(huì)都變得微小了。故可推斷出，faint的意思是“微小的；可能性不大的”，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可知，slight“微小的”含義與其相近。故選B。 16．Which of the fo

43、llowing ideas is suggested by the author? A．Taking strong measures to control the birth rate． B．Saving the Earth's natural resources． C．Calling on the young to care for the planet． D．Protecting the endangered species． 答案：C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的最后一段可知，作者呼吁年輕人關(guān)愛(ài)地球，以便保護(hù)人類和其他物種未來(lái)的生存空間。故選C。 A 限時(shí)10分鐘 (201

44、8·浙江高考)Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks． His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road． What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's j

45、obs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag． Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year． So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts (收銀臺(tái))． The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in C

46、alifornia, including Los Angeles． Eyeing these headwinds,_plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume． Among the bag makers' arguments: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags

47、, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport． And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today． The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping b

48、ags． The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plasticbag use it cancels out． However, longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make． One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic． Environmental

49、ists don't dispute (質(zhì)疑) these points． They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years． 1．What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A．Help increase grocery sales． B．Recycle the waste material． C．Stop things falling off trucks． D．Argue for

50、 the use of plastic bags． 答案：D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句并結(jié)合第二段最后一句中的“plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume”可知，塑料袋制造商雇傭Stein這樣的科學(xué)家來(lái)為塑料購(gòu)物袋的使用進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。故選D。 2．What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to

51、? A．Bans on plastic bags． B．Effects of city development． C．Headaches caused by garbage． D．Plastic bags hung in trees． 答案：A　詞義猜測(cè)題。畫(huà)線詞是承接其上一句的內(nèi)容描述，指在包括洛杉磯在內(nèi)的加利福尼亞州的90個(gè)城市，塑料袋是禁止使用的。再結(jié)合畫(huà)線詞后的“to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume”可推斷出，此處headwinds指的是

52、“bans on plastic bags”，即對(duì)塑料袋的禁令。故選A。 3．What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plasticbag makers? A．They are quite expensive． B．Replacing them can be difficult． C．They are less strong than plastic bags． D．Producing them requires more energy． 答案：D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第三句可知，環(huán)保袋的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是生產(chǎn)它們需

53、要更多能源。故選D。 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Plastic, Paper or Neither B．Industry, Pollution and Environment C．Recycle or Throw Away D．Garbage Collection and Waste Control 答案：A　標(biāo)題判斷題。通讀全文可知，文章第一、二段介紹了塑料袋的禁用及原因；第三、四段介紹了環(huán)保袋的使用及其缺點(diǎn)；再結(jié)合最后一段第二句可知，環(huán)境學(xué)家甚至希望某天也可以禁用紙袋。因此A項(xiàng)(到底是選擇塑料袋，紙袋還是兩者都不使用)準(zhǔn)確

54、地概括了文章的主題，適合作標(biāo)題。故選A。 B 限時(shí)8分鐘 ⊕(2019·陜西省部分學(xué)校摸底檢測(cè))Scientists are preparing to launch the world's first machine to clean up the planet's largest mass of ocean plastic． The experts believe the machine should be able to collect half of the detritus in the patch—about 40,000 metric tons—within five ye

55、ars． In the past few weeks they have been busy welding together giant tubes that will sit on the surface of the sea and form the skeleton of the machine, creating the largest floating barrier ever made． The system, originally dreamt up by Mr Slat, will be shipped out this summer to the Great Pacifi

56、c Garbage Patch, between Hawaii and California, which contains estimated 1．8 trillion pieces of plastic． It will be the first ever attempt to tackle the patch since it was discovered in 1997． Mr Slat was 16 and still at school when he was diving in Greece and first saw for himself the amount of pla

57、stic polluting the sea． “There were more bags than fish down there，” he recalls． Two years later he came up with a solution, quit university after six months and set up The Ocean Cleanup as a company． Mr Slat says the first plastic to arrive on shore will be a major milestone． “We as humanity creat

58、ed this problem, so I think it's also our responsibility to help solve it，” he says． The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) covers an area of 1．6 million square kilometers and contains at least 79,000 tons of plastic, research found last month． Most of it is made up of “ghost gear”—parts of abando

59、ned and lost fishing gear, such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels． Ghost gear kills more than 100,000 whales, dolphins and seals each year, according to scientific surveys． Seabirds and other marine life are increasingly being found dead with stomachs full of small pieces of plas

60、tic． Creatures eat plastic discarded in the sea thinking it's food but then starve to death because they are not feeding properly． Others are trapped and die of starvation or are strangled or suffocated by ghost gear． 5．What does the underlined word in the second paragraph probably mean? A．Waste

61、． B．Ocean． C．System． D．Machine． 答案：A　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段畫(huà)線詞前的“collect half of”，第四段第一句中的“first saw for himself the amount of plastic polluting the sea”和第五段最后一句中的“parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear, such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels”可推知，畫(huà)線詞的意思是“垃圾”，故選A。 6．Which one makes up

62、most of the garbage in Pacific from the passage? A．Fishing vessels． B．Dolphins and seals． C．Giant tubes． D．Abandoned fishing gear． 答案：D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句“Most of it is made up of ‘ghost gear’—parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear, such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels．”可知，太

63、平洋里的大部分垃圾是由廢棄的釣魚(yú)用具組成的。 7．Why do some creatures in The Great Pacific Garbage Patch die of starvation? A．Because they are killed by ghost gear． B．Because they are suffocated by ghost gear． C．Because they don't like eating plastic． D．Because they are not feeding properly． 答案：D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句中的

64、“but then starve to death because they are not feeding properly”可知，太平洋垃圾帶的一些生物死于饑餓是因?yàn)樗鼈儾荒苷嬲剡M(jìn)食。 8．What is the main idea of the passage? A．A report about the death of marine life． B．News about the first machine to clean up ocean plastic． C．Information about ocean plastic． D．The reason for invent

65、ing a machine． 答案：B　主旨大意題。本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了世界首個(gè)海洋垃圾清掃機(jī)的發(fā)明。第一段“Scientists are preparing to launch the world's first machine to clean up the planet's largest mass of ocean plastic．”點(diǎn)明了文章的主題，故選B。 C 限時(shí)7分鐘 (2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Par

66、k． Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park． By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves． Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development． By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area． They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around． The disappe