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1、Unit11 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) 考點(diǎn)一：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換 語(yǔ)態(tài)（Voices）用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系，它是動(dòng)詞的一種形式。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（Active Voice）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（Passive Voice）。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。be為助動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與系動(dòng)詞be相同。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟：先將主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)；再將主動(dòng)句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)形式；最后將主動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)橛蒪y引起的短語(yǔ)并后置。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

2、 Charles Dickens wrote this book. （主語(yǔ)）（謂語(yǔ)）（賓語(yǔ)） 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： This book was written by Charles Dickens. （主語(yǔ)）（謂語(yǔ)）（狀語(yǔ)） 注： 將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不變；主動(dòng)句中作賓語(yǔ)的人稱代詞須變?yōu)橹鞲?，作主語(yǔ)的人稱代詞放在介詞by后須變?yōu)橘e格；by短語(yǔ)常省略。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況： 主動(dòng)句的句型結(jié)構(gòu) 轉(zhuǎn)換方法 例句 主語(yǔ)＋謂

3、語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ) 將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句中的主語(yǔ) I sent an e-mail last night. 昨天夜里我發(fā)了一封電子郵件。（主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） An e-mail was sent (by me) last night. 一封電子郵件昨天夜里（由我）發(fā)出了。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） 主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ) 1）把間接賓語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)位置不變； 2）把直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)前面加上介詞to或for。 My parents bought me a new computer. 我的父母親給我買(mǎi)了一臺(tái)新電腦。（主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） I was bought a new comput

4、er. 有人給我買(mǎi)了一臺(tái)新電腦。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） A new computer was bought for me. 有人給我買(mǎi)了一臺(tái)新電腦。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） A watch was given to me (by my uncle) on my birthday. 在生日那天我叔叔給了我一只手表。 主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)位置不變。 People call her “Super Girl”. 人們稱她“超女”。（主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)為 “Super Girl”） She is called “Super Girl”. 她被稱為“超女”。

5、（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) “Super Girl”變成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)） The wall was painted green. 墻被刷成了綠色。（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：We painted the wall green.） 主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)從句 常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，將賓語(yǔ)從句變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)從句放在句尾；也可將從句的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，從句謂語(yǔ)及其他成分改為不定式短語(yǔ)。 We know that he is the best dentist in town. 我們知道他是城里最好的牙醫(yī)。（主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） It is known that he is the best dentist in tow

6、n. 大家都知道他是城里最好的牙醫(yī)。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)第一種變法：it作被動(dòng)句的形式主語(yǔ)） He is known to be the best dentist in the town. 他被認(rèn)為是城里最好的牙醫(yī)。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)第二種變法：主動(dòng)句中從句的主語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，從句謂語(yǔ)變成不定式短語(yǔ)） 小貼士： 在帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句里，若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)為不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，注意不定式前要加上to。例如：The boss often makes him work overtime. 這位老板經(jīng)常迫使他加班。He is often made to work overtime. 他經(jīng)常被迫加

7、班。 注： 用it作形式主語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句型還有：It is said that… 據(jù)說(shuō)……；It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道……；It is believed that… 人們相信……；It is thought that… 人們認(rèn)為……；It is well known that… 眾所周知……等。例如：It is said that this book has been translated into many languages in the world. 據(jù)說(shuō)這本書(shū)已譯成世界許多國(guó)家語(yǔ)言。 考點(diǎn)二：各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，不

8、同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的差別在于be的不同時(shí)態(tài)形式。下面為最常用的八種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 時(shí)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 例句 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am / is /are＋過(guò)去分詞 The meeting room is cleaned every day. 會(huì)議室每天都清掃。 The Grammys are not taken seriously by some musicians or music fans. 格萊美并不為某些音樂(lè)家或音樂(lè)迷看重。 一般過(guò)去時(shí) was / were＋過(guò)去分詞 In ancient Olympics only Greek men were allowed t

9、o compete. 在古代奧運(yùn)會(huì)，只允許希臘男子參加比賽。 All his was immediately locked in a safe. 他所有的錢(qián)立即被鎖在保險(xiǎn)柜里。 一般將來(lái)時(shí) shall / will be＋過(guò)去分詞 Everyone will be given a telephone number at birth that will never change no matter where they live. 每個(gè)人一出生就會(huì)給予一個(gè)電話號(hào)碼，無(wú)論他們?cè)谀膬鹤?，這個(gè)電話號(hào)碼都將不會(huì)更改。 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) would be＋過(guò)去分詞 He knew he

10、 would be punished for his parking offence. 他知道他會(huì)因違章停車(chē)受到處罰。 She hoped that she would be given a more suitable job. 她希望能得到更合適的工作。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am / is /are being＋過(guò)去分詞 My bike is being repaired. Could I use yours? 我的自行車(chē)正在修理，能否借用一下你的？ In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats

11、. 此外，大量的海洋生物正被捕撈船趕盡殺絕。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was / were being＋過(guò)去分詞 We couldn’t use the reading-room. It was being repaired. 我們不能使用閱覽室，它正在修繕。 In both China and Rome at this time, poetry, literature and philosophy were being developed. 此時(shí)，在中國(guó)和羅馬，詩(shī)歌、文學(xué)和哲學(xué)正在興起。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have / has been＋過(guò)去分詞 Some sports that were

12、part of the Olympics in the past have been removed. 有些曾是奧運(yùn)會(huì)的部分比賽項(xiàng)目如今已被淘汰了。 This kind of effect has never been achieved in the history of cinema. 電影史上從未產(chǎn)生過(guò)這種效果。 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had been＋過(guò)去分詞 When we got to the cinema, all the tickets had been sold out. 我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，票已售完。

13、考點(diǎn)三：其他形式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 類(lèi)別 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 例句 含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞 Our plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 我們的計(jì)劃必須盡早執(zhí)行。 In order for a new sport to be added, a current sport must be dropped. 要增加一個(gè)新的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目，就得去掉一個(gè)現(xiàn)有的項(xiàng)目。 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) be＋短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 I was brought up in a small village on the Yan

14、gtze River. 我是在長(zhǎng)江邊上的一個(gè)小村莊里長(zhǎng)大的。 Einstein’s new theory was laughed at by many scientists at that time. 當(dāng)時(shí)愛(ài)因斯坦的新學(xué)說(shuō)遭到許多科學(xué)家的嘲笑。 She was taken to the nearby hospital and was operated on immediately. 她被帶到附近的醫(yī)院，并立即實(shí)施了手術(shù)。 含be going to, used to, have to, had better，be to等結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式即可 The spor

15、ts meet is going to be held soon. 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)不久就要舉行。 All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. 有各種困難需要克服。 注： 1）含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，其中的副詞和介詞不可漏掉； 2）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用場(chǎng)合：動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不得而知，沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或是要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Now shopping is done online and delivered to your door.現(xiàn)在都是網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物并將東西送到家門(mén)口。The research was supp

16、orted by the government. 這項(xiàng)研究得到了政府的支持。 3）及物動(dòng)詞enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等以及短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of 等，一般不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 4）英語(yǔ)里某些連系動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如 The cake tastes nice. 這個(gè)蛋糕味道很好。 The theory proved correct. 這個(gè)理論證明是正確的。 The door won’t open. 這門(mén)打開(kāi)不了。 His novel is sell

17、ing well. 他的小說(shuō)很暢銷(xiāo)。 The cloth washes well. 這布料耐洗。 5）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：從形式上看，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和“be＋過(guò)去分詞”的系表結(jié)構(gòu)完全一樣，但它們的區(qū)別在于：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作，其后常跟有by短語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示狀態(tài)，其后一般不跟by短語(yǔ)。試比較以下幾組句子： The teacher was pleased with her answer. 老師對(duì)她的回答感到滿意。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The teacher was pleased by her answer. 她的回答令老師滿意。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） The door is

18、 closed. 門(mén)是關(guān)著的。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The door was closed by Alice. 門(mén)是艾麗斯關(guān)的。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 小貼士： 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)可以換成get，構(gòu)成“get＋過(guò)去分詞”的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：They got married at last. 他們最終結(jié)為伉儷。About 30 passengers got killed in that terrible traffic accident. 在那次特大交通事故中約有30名乘客喪生。 6）但在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶to，但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后都帶to。例如： His father made him do a lot of housework while his mother was ill. 母親生病期間，父親讓他做了很多家務(wù)活。 He was made to do a lot of housework by his father while his mother was ill.