Unit 2　Cloning [寫得準(zhǔn)] [用得活] [積得多] 1.obtain vt.　　　　獲得；贏得 2.merely adv. 僅；只；不過 3.owe vt. 欠(賬、錢、人情等)；歸功于…… 4.bother vt. 打擾 　　 vi. 操心 　　 n. 煩擾 5.vain adj. 虛榮的；自負(fù)的；徒勞的 6.breakthrough n. 突破 7.attain vt. 獲得；到達(dá)(水平、年齡、狀況等) 8.drawback n. 缺點(diǎn)；不利條件 9.accumulate vt.& vi.積累；聚積→accumulation n．積累；增加 10.reasonable adj.合情理的；講道理的；公道的→reason n．原因；道理 11.differ vi.不同；相異→different adj.不同的；與眾不同的→difference n．差異；不同 12.undertake vt.著手；從事；承擔(dān)→undertook_(過去式)→undertaken_ (過去分詞) 13.object vi.反對(duì)；不贊成→objection_n．不贊成；反對(duì)；異議 14.forbid vt.禁止；不準(zhǔn)→forbade/forbad_(過去式)→forbidden_(過去分詞) 15.strike vi.&vt.&n.打；撞擊；罷工→struck (過去式)→struck (過去分詞) 16.resist vt.抵抗；對(duì)抗→resistance n．抵抗；對(duì)抗→resistant adj.有抵抗力的；抵制的 17.retire vi.退休；離開→retirement n．退休；引退 18.assumption n．假定；設(shè)想→assume vt.假定；設(shè)想 19.regulation n．規(guī)則；規(guī)章；法規(guī)→regulate vt.調(diào)節(jié)；管理 20.popularity n．受人喜愛；流行→popular adj.流行的；通俗的；受歡迎的 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1.His explanation was not reasonable (reason), so all of us didn’t accept it. 2.All the new employees are asked to learn about the rules and regulations (regulate) of the company and they must obey them. 3.Jackie Chan enjoys great popularity (popular) both in Hong Kong and inland. 4.I didn’t say that I wanted to buy it but merely (mere) asked for the price. 5.The purpose of education is not only the accumulation of knowledge. And it also means accumulating intelligence as well as abilities.(accumulate) 6.From the appearance, we can not tell the differences between the twins, though they always have some different ideas. And as for this phenomenon, ideas differ among many people.(differ) 7.Grey decided to move to the countryside and his mother made no objection to it, while his father objected to it.(object) 8.Don’t assume that you are a princess and stop living in assumptions any more.(assume) 9.Nowadays few people can resist the temptation of money, whoever is resistant to it is bound to achieve a lot in their life.(resist) 10.He retired from the post as a manager. After his retirement,_ he settled down in a remote village.(retire) 1.巧記合成名詞 ①break through→breakthrough 突破 ②break out→outbreak 爆發(fā) ③fall down→downfall 垮臺(tái) ④get together→get­together 聚會(huì) 2.accumulate相關(guān)動(dòng)詞小結(jié) ①accumulate vt.&vi.　積累 ②increase vt.& vi. 增長 ③enlarge vt.& vi. 擴(kuò)大；放大 ④expand vt.& vi. 擴(kuò)大；膨脹 ⑤shrink vt.& vi. 收縮；縮小 ⑥r(nóng)educe vt.& vi. 減少 3.由forbid的用法想到的 4.resist形近詞集錦 ①resist v．　抵抗 ②insist v. 堅(jiān)持 ③assist v. 協(xié)助 ④assistant n. 助手 ⑤consist vi. 由……組成 ⑥consistent adj. 始終如一的； 一貫的 5.后綴ance名詞薈萃 ①resistance 抵抗 ②assistance 援助;協(xié)助 ③performance 表演;演奏 ④acquaintance 熟人 ⑤reliance 信賴;依賴 6.動(dòng)詞變名詞的不規(guī)則變化 ①assume→assumption 假定 ②describe→description 描述 ③explain→explanation 解釋 ④pronounce→pronunciation 發(fā)音 [寫得準(zhǔn)] [用得活] [積得多] 1.pay_off　　　　　得到好結(jié)果；取得成功；償清 2.cast_down 使失望；使沮喪 3.object_to 反對(duì) 4.in_favour_of 贊成；支持 5.(be)_bound_to_(do)_．.. 一定或注定(做)…… 6.strike_...into_one’s_heart 使……刻骨銘心 7.from_time_to_time 不時(shí)；偶爾 8.bring_back_to_life 使復(fù)生；使復(fù)活 9.in_vain 白費(fèi)力氣；枉費(fèi)心機(jī) 10.in_good/poor_condition 狀況很好/壞；情況很好/壞 選用左欄短語填空 1.With all the efforts in_vain,_he was very desperate, falling ill. 2.She has succeeded. She is pleased that her devotion to studying has paid_off. 3.In making scientific experiments, one should not be cast_down by temporary setbacks. 4.Now that I’ve grown up, I object_to being treated like a child. 5.The house really is in_poor_condition — it would cost far too much to repair. 6.Keep on working hard like this, and your research is_bound_to obtain great success. 1.“in＋名詞＋of”短語全接觸 ①in favour of　　 贊成；支持 ②in memory of 為了紀(jì) 念…… ③in search of 尋找 ④in honour of 為了紀(jì)念……； 向……表示尊敬 ⑤in view of 鑒于；由于 ⑥in terms of 談及；就……而言； 在……方面 2.heart相關(guān)短語全掃描 ①strike ... into one’s heart　使……刻骨銘心 ②put one’s heart into ... 用心對(duì)待 ③lose heart 灰心 ④heart and soul 全心全意地 [背原句] [記句式] [會(huì)仿用] 1.Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. 接著傳來了多莉病重的壞消息。 then 位于句首，句子用全部倒裝語序。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。 接著傳來了屠呦呦，一位女科學(xué)家，獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的令人興奮的消息。 Then_came_the_exciting_news_that Tu Youyou, a woman scientist, won the Nobel Prize. 2.The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. 其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是如果發(fā)生某種新的疾病，這類動(dòng)物中的一些可能會(huì)死掉，但是另外一些卻能存活下來，并且把這種免疫力傳給下一代。 The advantage is that ...“其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是……”， that引導(dǎo)表語從句。 騎自行車上班的優(yōu)勢(shì)是我們可以過一種低碳生活。 The_advantage_of_cycling_to_work_is_that we can live a low­carbon life. 3.What do you think is the writer’s point of view in this reading passage？ 你認(rèn)為這篇閱讀文章中作者的觀點(diǎn)是什么？ 本句結(jié)構(gòu)為“疑問詞＋插入語＋其他部分”。 這本書中你認(rèn)為哪一部分最有趣？ Which_part_of_this_book_do_you_think is the most interesting？　 1．object vi.反對(duì)；不贊成 n．物體；目標(biāo) [經(jīng)典例句]　If anybody objects, we’ll postpone the meeting till next week.(牛津P1372)　 如果有人反對(duì)，我們就把會(huì)議推遲到下周。 (1)object to sb./sth.　　　　反對(duì)；不贊成某人/某事 object to doing sth. 反對(duì)做某事 (2)objection n. 反對(duì)；厭惡 raise an objection to sth. 對(duì)……提出異議 ①We object to being_blamed (blame) for something that we haven’t done. 我們反對(duì)把與我們無關(guān)的事情作為理由來譴責(zé)我們。 ②As far as I’m concerned, I have an objection (object) to charging for parking. 就我個(gè)人而言，我反對(duì)停車收費(fèi)。 [寫作聯(lián)想]　例句②的其他表達(dá)方式 ①In my opinion, I object to charging for parking. ②In my view, I am opposed to charging for parking. ③From my point of view, I’m against charging for parking. 2．forbid vt.(forbade/forbad, forbidden)禁止；不準(zhǔn) [教材原句]　Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning. 有些政府開始改革他們的法律制度，禁止進(jìn)行克隆人的研究。 (1)forbid sb. sth.　　　　　　禁止某人某事 forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事 禁止某人做某事 (2)forbidden adj. 被禁止的；嚴(yán)禁的 ①M(fèi)y father forbade me from meeting my friends online at the Internet café. →My father forbade me to_meet (meet) my friends online at the Internet café. 我父親禁止我去網(wǎng)吧見我的網(wǎng)友。 ②The students were forbidden, unless they had special passes, to_leave (leave) the base. 這些學(xué)生除非有特別的通行證，否則被禁止離開基地。 [名師指津]　forbid后不能直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，但可直接跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，也可用forbid sb.to do sth.形式，有類似用法的單詞還有：allow, permit, advise等。 3．owe vt.欠(賬、錢、人情等)；歸功于……；應(yīng)感謝 [經(jīng)典例句]　Thanks for sticking up for me, I owe you a favour.(牛津P1427) 謝謝你支持我，我欠你一個(gè)人情。 (1)owe sb.an apology　　　 該向某人道歉 owe sb.a favour 欠某人一個(gè)人情 owe sb.sth.＝owe sth.to sb. 欠某人某物 (2)owe ...to ... 把……歸功于…… owe it to sb. that ... 多虧某人…… (3)owing to 因?yàn)?；由? ①M(fèi)ary will take care of the baby — she owes_me_a_favour. 瑪麗會(huì)照看孩子的——她欠我一個(gè)人情。 ②I must say I owe all the achievements to the encouragement and help from my colleagues and friends. 我必須說我的所有成就都應(yīng)歸功于我的同事和朋友們的鼓勵(lì)和幫助。 ③Owing_to_my_lack_of_experience,_I didn’t do the work well. 由于缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我沒有把工作做好。 4．bother vt.打擾 vi.操心n.煩擾；令人煩惱的事或人 [教材原句]　However, the problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists. 然而，之后她患上了嚴(yán)重的肺病的問題使科學(xué)家們困擾。 (1)bother sb. with/about sth.　為某事打擾或麻煩某人 bother to do sth. 特意做某事 It bothers sb.that/to do sth. 使某人苦惱的是 (2)put sb.to any bother 給某人添亂 why bother沒有必要吧；何苦那么麻煩 ①Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students to talk over what is_bothering (bother) them.(2015·湖南高考單選) 有時(shí)對(duì)我的同學(xué)來說我充當(dāng)了聽眾的角色，以便與他們?cè)敿?xì)聊一聊正在困擾他們的事情。 ②In this kind of high­pressure situation, many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings. 在這種重壓下，很多領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人頻繁開會(huì)，從而讓員工感到厭煩。 ③I don’t want to put_him_to_any_bother,_so I try doing it by myself. 我不想給他添亂，所以，我試著靠自己做這件事。 5．undertake vt.著手；從事；承擔(dān)；保證 [教材原句]　It is a difficult task to undertake. 這是一項(xiàng)很難完成的任務(wù)。 undertake sth.　　　　著手/從事/承擔(dān)某事 undertake to do sth. 保證/答應(yīng)做某事 undertake that ... 保證…… undertake responsibility/a task/a project 承擔(dān)責(zé)任/任務(wù)/工程 ①We must act as quickly as possible now. Just tell us whether you can undertake_the_task or not.(2015·湖北高考完成句子) 現(xiàn)在我們必須盡快采取行動(dòng)。你就告訴我們你能否承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)任務(wù)吧。 ②The project undertaken (undertake) by the young engineer on his own turned out to be very successful. 由那位年輕工程師單獨(dú)承擔(dān)的項(xiàng)目最終獲得了巨大的成功。 ③Mr. Collins undertook to_look (look) after the children while his wife could go to the fit club with two of her friends. 柯林斯先生承擔(dān)了照料孩子的任務(wù)，這樣他妻子就能夠與她的兩位朋友去健身俱樂部了。 Ⅰ.基礎(chǔ)點(diǎn)全練 單句語法填空 1．He undertook to_finish (finish) the work, however difficult it is. 2．He is a successful businessman; he owes his success more to luck than to ability. 3．Why bother to_go (go) abroad to study, when there are so many good universities at home? 4．The boy couldn’t resist showing (show) off his being praised by the teacher on arriving home. 5．To be honest, I object to being_laughed (laugh) at in public. 6．We may ask her a few questions to make sure we know exactly (exact) what she wants. Ⅱ.重難點(diǎn)多練 forbid多棱鏡 (1)用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①I will forbid you to_leave (leave) unless you apologize for what you have done. ②We should take measures to forbid returning (return) illegal cooking oil to dinner tables. ③The students are forbidden, unless they have special passes, to_stay (stay) out after 11 pm. (2)句型轉(zhuǎn)換(每空一詞) ④We were forbidden from going out, so we had to stay at home aimlessly. →Forbidden from going out,_we had to stay at home aimlessly.(分詞作狀語) Ⅲ.閱讀詞匯專練 根據(jù)語境選出strike的詞性和詞義 (A)vt.使突然想到/想起　　　　　(B)vt.突然襲擊 (C)vt.打動(dòng)；給……以深刻印象　 (D)vt.打；敲；擊 (E)n.罷工 (F)vt.& vi.(鐘)報(bào)時(shí) 1．Greatly struck by the beauty of the language, I thought how even today Shakespeare’s writing remains powerful and true.__C__ 2．It struck me that we might have made a wrong decision.__A__ 3．I got up early this morning before the clock struck five.__F__ 4．A big earthquake struck the city last year, killing dozens of people.__B__ 5．You’d better strike while the iron is hot.__D__ 6．The key reason for the black people’s strike was their poor living and working conditions.__E__ 1．pay off 得到好結(jié)果；取得成功；償清 [教材原句]　But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough — the cloning of Dolly the sheep. 但是決心和耐心使科學(xué)家們最終于1996年收獲了突破性的結(jié)果——克隆羊“多莉”。 pay for sth.　　　　付某物的錢；為某事物付出代價(jià) pay sb. for sth. 因某事物給某人報(bào)酬 pay back 償還(欠款)；報(bào)復(fù)；回報(bào) ①I was very interested in English and worked hard at it. Finally all_my_efforts_paid_off.(2014·山東高考滿分作文) 我對(duì)英語非常感興趣而且努力學(xué)習(xí)它，最終我所有的努力都得到了回報(bào)。 ②What delighted him was that after all these years he at last paid_off_all_his_debts. 使他高興的是幾年之后他終于還清了所有的債務(wù)。 ③That I can pay_back the help people give me makes me happy. 能夠回報(bào)人們給我的幫助讓我感到很開心。 2．in good/poor condition 狀況很好/壞；情況很好/壞 [經(jīng)典例句]　The car has been well maintained and is in good condition.(朗文P412) 這輛車一直保養(yǎng)得很好，車況極佳。 out of condition　　　健康狀況欠佳 working/living/studying conditions 工作/生活/學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境 on condition that ... 在……條件下；倘若…… on no condition 一點(diǎn)也不；決不(放在句首時(shí)，用部分倒裝語序) ①What I want you to realize is that everybody is likely to be in_poor_condition.(2014·安徽高考書面表達(dá)) 我想讓你意識(shí)到的是每個(gè)人都可能有狀況不好的時(shí)候。 ②You can keep the books for about 3 weeks on_condition_that you preserve them well. 這些書你可以借三個(gè)禮拜，條件是你必須好好保存。 ③On no condition should_you_lose_heart when you are in trouble. 當(dāng)你處境危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，你決不能失去信心。 3．The_advantage_is_that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. 其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是如果發(fā)生某種新的疾病，這些動(dòng)物中的一些可能會(huì)死掉，但是另外一些卻能存活下來，并且把這種免疫力傳給下一代。 The advantage is that ...“優(yōu)勢(shì)是……”，that此處引導(dǎo)表語從句。 The advantage/strength of ...is that ... 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ……的優(yōu)勢(shì)是…… The disadvantage of ...is that ... ……的不足是…… The drawback of ...is that ... ……的缺點(diǎn)是…… The problem of ...is that ... ……的問題是…… The chance is that ... 有可能…… ①The_advantage/strength_of_smiling_is_that it can not only make us happy, but also please others. 微笑的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于它不僅僅讓我們高興，還能取悅別人。 ②The_chance_is_that our team will finish at the top, as our remaining matches aren’t too difficult. 由于我們隊(duì)余下的比賽不太艱難，我們隊(duì)在結(jié)束時(shí)有可能名列前茅。 ③The_drawback_of the popularity of cars is_that it brings about so much air pollution. 汽車普及的缺點(diǎn)是它帶來了嚴(yán)重的空氣污染。 Ⅰ.基礎(chǔ)點(diǎn)全練 1．單句語法填空 ①The disadvantage of the area is that there is no public transport.　 ②Mountain Tai struck (strike) its beauty into her heart and she decided to visit it again the next year. ③The athlete’s years of hard training paid off when she finally won the Olympic gold medal. ④Don’t let yourself be_cast (cast) down by a small failure in the experiment; try again. ⑤His parents tried to persuade him not to give up his well­paid job, but their efforts were in vain. ⑥The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 2．補(bǔ)全句子 ①在你所就讀的大學(xué)里住宿的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于如果你有問題可以得到幫助。 The_advantage/strength_of using your university accommodation is_that_you_can_get_support if you have a problem. ②當(dāng)戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)的消息傳來時(shí)，他決定參軍。 When the news came that_the_war_broke_out,_he decided to serve in the army. 3．運(yùn)用所學(xué)短語完成下列語段 Don’t feel ①cast_down (沮喪) if you fail in the coming examination. You must believe in yourself because your hard work will ②pay_off (得到好結(jié)果) sooner or later. Keep on trying your best, and you ③are_bound_to (一定會(huì)) be admitted into a key university. Ⅱ.重難點(diǎn)多練 condition面面觀 (1)句型轉(zhuǎn)換(每空一詞) ①You should tell him what has happened on no condition.(改為倒裝句) →On no condition should you tell him what has happened. ②They agreed to lend us the car as long as we returned it before the weekend. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換) →They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend. (2)補(bǔ)全句子 ③只要手機(jī)的狀況良好，我不在意價(jià)格。 I don’t care about the price; so/as_long_as_the_cellphone_is_in_good_condition. Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．Having_retired (retire) from business, he now occupies himself with his garden. 2．His efforts to raise money for his program were in vain because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets. 3．The new clothes in that shop are so beautiful that Anna cannot resist taking (take) a close look at them, although she cannot afford them at present. 4．—It’s reported that there’s a big breakthrough in the cancer treatment. —If only my son could be brought back to life! 5．I think it is her personality rather than her looks that has struck me. 6．Since her only child passed away a few years ago, family has been a forbidden (forbid) topic for her. 7．Liu Lei insisted that he merely did what everybody would have done and strongly objected to being_called (call) a hero. 8．Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from those of the past. 9．This morning my grandpa wrote his doctor a letter saying that he owes it to her that he is still alive. 10．Honey, look at your mistake in spelling this word, or you could_have_obtained (obtain) full marks in this exam. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．He has a strong objection to smoke in public places, especially with females present.smoke→smoking 2．Mother made a promise if I passed the College Entrance Examination, she would buy me a mobile phone.promise后加that 3．John is strongly convinced that extra time spent studying now will pay for in the future.for→off 4．It suddenly struck to me that we ought to make a new plan.去掉第一個(gè)to或struck→occurred 5．You can go swimming in condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.in→on 6．Owe to his absence, we had to put off the class meeting till next week.Owe→Owing Ⅲ.用本單元所學(xué)知識(shí)完成下列寫作訓(xùn)練 (一)依據(jù)提示補(bǔ)全短文 People differ_greatly (有很大分歧)in cloning technique. Some people are in_favour_of (支持) its development, for they believe it will be sure to benefit us.①Large quantities of commercial food can be produced to meet people’s needs, which is one of the advantages of cloning. Besides (as a result/besides), we can also clone human body organs for medical use. On the contrary, others strongly object_to (反對(duì)) it, feeling depressed to find that it could raise a storm of moral questions. In order to ban the technique, they don’t_bother_to_list (不厭其煩地列舉) as many disadvantages as possible. ②However (therefore/however), in my opinion, cloning will pay_off (取得成功) as long as all undertake to use it properly. (二)按要求將詞匯句式升級(jí) 1．用本單元高級(jí)詞匯替換加黑單詞或短語 (1)be sure to→be_bound_to (2)depressed→cast_down (3)ban→forbid 2．按要求改寫句式 (1)用表語從句改寫句① One_of_the_advantages_of_cloning_is_that large quantities of commercial food can be produced to meet people’s needs. (2)根據(jù)句②改寫同義句 However, in my opinion, cloning will pay off on_condition_that_all_undertake_to_use it properly. 12