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1、一般過去時(shí) 一、一般過去時(shí)的基本構(gòu)成 1、be動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式：was , were 2、其他動(dòng)詞用過去式的形式 二、一般過去時(shí)的基本用法 1、在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Eg ① He didn't finish his homework yesterday. ② We visited the factory last week. 2、表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。因此在這類句子中，經(jīng)常使用always，o

2、ften，once a month等表示事情發(fā)生頻度的時(shí)間狀語。 ① When I was a child, I often played football in the street. ② Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那時(shí)，布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。 **表示過去經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作也可以用used to do 來表示。（強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不這樣了） Eg I used to get up early in the morning.

3、 3、有些句子，雖然沒有表示過去確定時(shí)間的狀語，但實(shí)際上是指過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的話，也要用過去時(shí)。 Eg I didn’t know you were in Paris. 我不知道你在巴黎。 （因?yàn)樵谡f話時(shí)，我已經(jīng)知道你在巴黎了。這句話指的是說話之前，所以只能用過去時(shí)表示。實(shí)際上，這句話暗指：But now I know you are here.） I thought you were ill. 我以為你病了呢。 （這句話應(yīng)是在說話之前，我以為你病了。但是現(xiàn)在我知道你沒?。? 4、wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、

4、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。 Eg I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。 Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven y

5、ears. （含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去） 5、 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。 ① 動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Eg Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。 ② 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。 Eg Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？ 6、特殊句型： ①It is time for sb. to do sth “到……時(shí)間了”；“

6、該……了”。 Eg It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。 ② It is time that sb. did sth. “時(shí)間已遲了”；“早該……了”， Eg It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。 ③ would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示“寧愿某人做某事”。 Eg I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。 三、小結(jié)： 與一般過去時(shí)連用的連詞有：last night, yesterday, last week, some years

7、 ago, in 1995, the other day, at that time, just now等. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本構(gòu)成： was /were + 現(xiàn)在分詞 二、 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：　 1、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常和表示過去時(shí)間的狀語then，at this（that） time， yesterday，at nine，last night等連用。但在不少情況下，沒有表示時(shí)間的狀語，這時(shí)需要通過上下文來表示。 Eg What were you doing at nine last night？　 昨晚九點(diǎn)時(shí)，你在做什么

8、？ 　 —I called you yesterday afternoon but there was no answer. 　　 昨天下午我打電話給你，但是沒有人接電話。 —I was visiting a friend of mine most of the afternoon. 　　 我昨天下午大部分時(shí)間，都在一個(gè)朋友家里。 We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七點(diǎn)到九點(diǎn)的時(shí)候我們?cè)诳措娨暋? 　 What was he researching all day last Sunday?

9、　 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？ 　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself .我哥哥騎自行車的時(shí)候從車上摔下來，受傷了。 　 It was raining when they left the station. 　　他們離開車站的時(shí)候天正在下雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)山頂?shù)臅r(shí)候，陽光燦爛。 2、當(dāng)兩個(gè)一長一短的動(dòng)作在過去某時(shí)間同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示較長 的動(dòng)作。過去進(jìn)

10、行時(shí)可用于主句，也可用于從句。 Eg It was raining hard when I left my office.　 當(dāng)我離開辦公室時(shí)，雨下得正大。 　　When you called，I was eating.　 你打電話時(shí)，我正在吃飯。 　　When I was cleaning the windows， my brother was sweeping the floor. ?。ó?dāng)）我在擦窗戶的時(shí)候，我弟弟在拖地。 　 Some students were playing football，while others were running round th

11、e track. 　 一些學(xué)生在踢足球，同時(shí)別的學(xué)生正在跑道上跑步。 　 We were walking along the river when（suddenly） It rained. 　 我們沿著河邊散步，突然下起雨來。 　 They were watching TV when the lights went out. 　 停電時(shí)，他們剛好在看電視。（注意：同上例） 3、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的動(dòng)作 　 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來的動(dòng)作，同樣，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示從過去某 時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常用在間接引語中。 Eg He was leaving early the n

12、ext morning.　 他第二天一早就要離開此地了。 　She asked him whether he was coming back to lunch. 她問他晚飯是否準(zhǔn)備回來吃。 4、在復(fù)合句中，如果主要?jiǎng)幼骱捅尘皠?dòng)作都是延續(xù)的或同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動(dòng)詞都可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 Eg While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他邊等車邊看報(bào)。 (兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是延續(xù)的) 　 He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦車時(shí)我在做飯。(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作

13、同時(shí)進(jìn)行 被動(dòng)語態(tài) 一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的結(jié)構(gòu) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：be done（be隨人稱變化） 一般過去時(shí)：was/were done 一般將來時(shí)：will be done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：be being done（前面的be隨人稱變化，后面的being固定） 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were being done（being固定） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has been done 過去完成時(shí)：had been done 過去將來時(shí)：would be done 將來完成時(shí)：will have been done 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：will be being don

14、e（being固定） 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：will have been being done 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have been being done 過去將來完成時(shí)：would have been done 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：had been being done 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：would be being done 過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：would have been being done 二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本用法： 被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示一種主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系，當(dāng)主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)， 就需要用到被動(dòng)語態(tài)，漢語中所說的，“汽車被撞壞了”“鋼筆被修好了” 等句子就是一種被動(dòng)語態(tài)

15、的句子，在漢語中常用“被”“由”等詞來表示這種被動(dòng)語態(tài)。在英語中則用動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式來表示。被動(dòng)語態(tài)中還可用 by 短語加在句后表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)中動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。也就是謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的邏輯上的主語，被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用在下列情況。 1、不知道誰是謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，或者沒有必要說出誰是執(zhí)行者時(shí)。 Eg The glass was broken last night. 玻璃昨天被打破了。 His bike has been stole

16、n. 他的自行車被偷了。 He was asked to go there once more. 他被要求再去那兒一次。 The bag was put into the box. 袋子放在了箱子里。 2、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。 Eg The plan has been sent to the headmaster. 計(jì)劃已經(jīng)送給校長了。 Killington wa

17、s elected the President of U.S.A. 克林頓被選為美國總統(tǒng)。 Five people were hurt in the explosion. 五個(gè)人在這次爆炸中受傷。 A new building was set up in a short time. 新大樓短期就建成了。 3、被動(dòng)語態(tài)也可以說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，構(gòu)成如下： 動(dòng)作承受者 + be + 過去分詞 + by +

18、 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者。 Eg The picture was praised by everybody. 照片得到了大家的好評(píng)。 The classroom was cleaned by us. 教室被我們打掃過。 The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi. 這座橋是山西的工人建的。 The little boy was found by the police. 小孩被警察找到了。 三、特殊現(xiàn)象 1、不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)

19、詞短語無被動(dòng)語態(tài)： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand,break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. Eg After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。 ① (錯(cuò)) The price has be

20、en risen. (對(duì)) The price has risen. ② (錯(cuò)) The accident was happened last week.　　 (對(duì)) The accident happened last week. ③ (錯(cuò)) The price has raised.　　　　　 (對(duì)) The price has been raised. ④ (錯(cuò)) Please seat.　　　　　 (對(duì)) Please be seated. 要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一 詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)

21、過程中多留意積累。 2、不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to Eg This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3、系動(dòng)

22、詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn Eg It sounds good. The steel feels cold The method proved (to be ) effective. It has gone bad. 4、當(dāng)賓語是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 Eg (對(duì)) She likes to swim. (錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her. 5、“be+過

23、去分詞”并不一定都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”表示動(dòng)作時(shí)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，be是助動(dòng)詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要?jiǎng)釉~，動(dòng)作的對(duì)象是主語；當(dāng)“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be是連系動(dòng)詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下： ① 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 Eg The glass is broken． 玻璃杯碎了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） ②．如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語

24、態(tài)。 Eg The magazine is published in Shanghai．這家雜志出版于上海。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） The door is locked． 門鎖著。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The door has already/just been locked．門已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） The shop is opened．這家商店開門了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開門。（被動(dòng)語態(tài) ③ 被動(dòng)語態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。

25、 Eg The machine is being repaired． 機(jī)器正在修。 A new school will be built here． 這里將要建一所新學(xué)校?！?　 6、carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。這類動(dòng)詞既能作及物動(dòng)詞，也能作不及物動(dòng)詞。作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，形式上雖為主動(dòng)，卻表示被動(dòng)意義。 Eg Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。 His novel sells well. 他的小說暢銷。 The car drove easil

26、y. 這車很容易開。 Your pen writes quite smoothly. 你的筆寫起來很滑。 The coat dries easily 這種外衣容易干 The door won’t lock 這門鎖不上 Food can keep fresh in a fridge食物在冰箱里能保鮮 Your speech reads well.你的演說講得好 在上述句子中，主語通常指物，起動(dòng)作承受者的作用，也可以說是不及物動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語。但是有時(shí)也有用人稱主語的。 Eg 比較：The girl does not photograph well.這女孩不上像。 The g

27、irl has not been photographed well.這女孩的照片沒拍好。 7、某些感覺動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。 Eg This shirt feels much softer than that one. 這件襯衫比那件襯衫摸起來柔軟得多 That book smells old. 那本書有一股霉味。 These oranges taste nice. 這些橙子味道很好。 以上這些動(dòng)詞都不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示。若用進(jìn)行時(shí)，則表示主動(dòng)含義。 Eg The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在聞?dòng)推岬臍馕丁? 8、動(dòng)詞get, come

28、, go之后接過去分詞，表示被動(dòng)意義。get的這種用法局限于口語和非 正式的書面語言，更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而非動(dòng)作本身，并常用來表示突發(fā)性的、出乎意 料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意義的過去分詞。 Eg After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last. 李先生在此地?zé)o私地干了好幾年，終于得到提升。 　　 They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.由于節(jié)日交通阻塞，他們被耽誤了。 　 The buttons on

29、my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松開了。 　　 The woman’s complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投訴無人理睬。 9、在need (want, require, deserve, etc.)doing句型中，動(dòng)名詞(doing)相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式(to be done)，在意思上沒有多大差別?！　? Eg ① The garden needs watering. The garden needs to be watered.花園需要澆水。 　　 ② The problem requires studying with

30、 great care. The problem requires to be studied with great care. 這個(gè)問題需要仔細(xì)研究。 ③ These jobs want doing at once. These jobs want to be done at once.這些工作需要馬上就做。 用法相似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,習(xí)慣不用動(dòng)詞不定式。 Eg That won’t bear thinking of. 那是不堪想象的。 　　 The little girl can’t stand

31、 criticizing. 小女孩經(jīng)不起批評(píng)。 　　 The food is not worth eating. 這種飯菜不值一吃。 　　 It”s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it. 很值得花一番功夫去學(xué)會(huì)怎么做這事。 值得注意的是，在be worth doing句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式，而在be worthy to be done中，才能用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式，兩者不可混淆。 　　 10、在某些性質(zhì)形容詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式的句型中，其動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。（difficult, easy, har

32、d, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe , dangerous） Eg The question is easy to answer.這問題容易回答。 　 That book is difficult to understand.那本書難懂。 　　 在這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和主語的關(guān)系實(shí)際上是一種邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，可以說是動(dòng)詞不定式作主語變換來的，相當(dāng)于It”s easy to answer the question.和It”s difficult to understand that b

33、ook.由于把動(dòng)詞賓語放在主語位置，所以和不定式的關(guān)系構(gòu)成一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 　　 11、有些動(dòng)詞不定式不論用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式，動(dòng)詞不定式和主語的關(guān)系都是被動(dòng)的。 Eg Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for the accident.這個(gè)事故，誰也不能責(zé)怪。 　 The house is to let (to be let).這房子出租。 　　 There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有許多書要讀。 　　 Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽車

34、出租。 　　 12、帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài) 謂語動(dòng)詞帶雙賓語時(shí)，既可將間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，也可以將直接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語。當(dāng)用直接賓語作主語時(shí)，要根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣配搭，要在間接賓語前補(bǔ)上介詞 to 或 for. (直接賓語指物，間接賓語指人) give, buy, sell, take, bring, make, hand, pass, keep, send, write, sing, find, mend, read，show 等帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞，改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，，它們的句型主要有以下幾個(gè)： give sth to sb. = give sb sth. buy

35、sth for sb. = buy sb sth. sell sth to sb. = sell sb sth. Take sth to sb. = take sb sth. bring sth to sb. = bring sb sth. make sth for sb. = make sb sth. hand sth to sb. = hand sb sth. Pass sth to s b. = pass sb sth. keep sth for sb. = keep sb sth. end

36、 sth to sb. = send sb sth. write sth to sb. = write sb sth. sing sth for sb. = sing sb sth. find sth for sb. = find sb sth. mend sth for sb. = mend sb sth. read sth for/to sb. = read sb sth. show sth to sb. = show sb sth. Eg ① He passed me some paper.(主動(dòng)) －Some

37、paper was passed to me by him.（被動(dòng)） ② You must keep some fruit for him.(主動(dòng)) －Some fruit must be kept for him.（被動(dòng)） ③ She gave me a book －I was given a book －A book was given to me 13、短語動(dòng)詞變位被動(dòng)語態(tài) 許多有不及物動(dòng)詞和介詞，副詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，可以有賓語，也可以變被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但是短語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞的介詞或者副詞。 Eg W

38、e should speak to old men politely －Old men should be spoken to politely 14、帶有復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài) 賓語加上賓語補(bǔ)足語以其構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。變被動(dòng)語態(tài)直把賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在原處，變成主語補(bǔ)足語。 Eg I heard Jane playing the piano in her room. －Jane was heard playing the piano in her room 15、被動(dòng)語態(tài)后動(dòng)詞形式的選擇 主動(dòng)句中在感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, watch, feel ,notice等，及使役動(dòng)詞let, make ,have等后跟省略to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，應(yīng)加上不定式符號(hào)to. Eg ① He makes the girl stay at home －The girl is made to stay at home ② Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre －They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theater last Sunday.