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牛津初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 一．名詞 I. 名詞的種類： 專有名詞 普通名詞 國(guó)名.地名.人名， 團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 個(gè)體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 II. 名詞的數(shù)： 1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下： 規(guī)則 例詞 1 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外來(lái)詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)： 英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下： 規(guī)則 例詞 1 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) 7 表示“某國(guó)人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) women singers, men servants III. 名詞的所有格： 名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。 1. ’s所有格的構(gòu)成： 單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2. ’s所有格的用法： １ 表示時(shí)間 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然現(xiàn)象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 3 表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 4 表示工作群體 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及價(jià)值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 the life’s time, the play’s plot 7 某些固定詞組 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法： 用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠詞 冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。 I. 不定冠詞的用法： 1 指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠詞的用法： 1 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于樂(lè)器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠詞的用法： 1 專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類，棋類名詞前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 by train, by air, by land 7 以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí) husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前 Horses are useful animals. 三．代詞： I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類： 1 人稱代詞 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 賓格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主代詞 形容詞性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名詞性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代詞 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑問(wèn)代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 關(guān)系代詞 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代詞 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)： 1. one, some與any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四．形容詞和副詞 I. 形容詞： 1. 形容詞的位置： 1) 形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置： 1 修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí) nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí) a bridge 50 meters long 5 成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序： 代詞 數(shù)詞 性狀形容詞 冠詞前的形容詞 冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格 序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞 性質(zhì) 狀態(tài) 大小 長(zhǎng)短 形狀 新舊 溫度 顏色 國(guó)籍 產(chǎn)地 材料 質(zhì)地 名詞 all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成： 1 形容詞+名詞+ed kind-hearted 6 名詞+形容詞 world-famous 2 形容詞+形容詞 dark-blue 7 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 peace-loving 3 形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 ordinary-looking 8 名詞+過(guò)去分詞 snow-covered 4 副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 hard-working 9 數(shù)詞+名詞+ed three-egged 5 副詞+過(guò)去分詞 newly-built 10 數(shù)詞+名詞 twenty-year II. 副詞 副詞的分類： 1 時(shí)間副詞 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 頻度副詞 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地點(diǎn)副詞 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑問(wèn)副詞 how, where, when, why 3 方式副詞 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 連接副詞 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副詞 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)： 形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。 1. 同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。 3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型： Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。 五．介詞 I. 介詞分類： 1 簡(jiǎn)單介詞 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介詞 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短語(yǔ)介詞 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 雙重介詞 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞 considering(就而論), including 6 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞 like, unlike, near, next, opposite II. 常用介詞區(qū)別： 1 表示時(shí)間的in, on, at at表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān) 2 表示時(shí)間的since, from since 指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始 3 表示時(shí)間的in, after in指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中 4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外 5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 6 表示“穿過(guò)”的through, across through表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過(guò)，與on有關(guān) 7 表示“關(guān)于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指專門論述 8 between與among的區(qū)別 between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間 9 besides與except的區(qū)別 besides指“除了…還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首 10 表示“用”的in, with with表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語(yǔ)言，聲音 11 as與like的區(qū)別 as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…一樣”，指情形相似 12 in與into區(qū)別 in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置 六．動(dòng)詞 I. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)： 1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下： 現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí) 將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 進(jìn)行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成進(jìn)行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking 2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別： 1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。如： I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經(jīng)看過(guò)，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容) 2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“過(guò)”，“了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如： I read the novel last month. (只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)） 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別： 兩者都可以表示“從過(guò)去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 I have read that book.我讀過(guò)那本書了。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。 4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式： 將來(lái)時(shí) 用法 例句 1 will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事 It’s going to clear up. We’re going to have a party tonight. 3 be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? 4 be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái) 時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái) The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu)成 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu)成 1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are asked 6 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were being asked 2 一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were asked 7 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has been asked 3 一般將來(lái)時(shí) shall/will be asked 8 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had been asked 4 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) should/would be asked 9 將來(lái)完成時(shí) will/would have been asked 5 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are being asked 10 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的 can/must/may be asked 注 意 事 項(xiàng) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)be going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語(yǔ)有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 七．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 I. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法： 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 用法 否定式 疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答 can 能力（體力，智力，技能） 允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用） 可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中） can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…? Yes,…can. No,…can’t. could couldn’t do may 可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求） 可能，或許（表推測(cè)） 祝愿（用于倒裝句中） may not do May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. must 必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)） must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to. have to 只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化） don’t have to do Do…h(huán)ave to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. ought to 應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. shall 將要，會(huì) 用于一三人稱征求對(duì)方意見 用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. should 應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任） 本該（含有責(zé)備意味） should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…? will 意愿，決心 請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問(wèn)句中would比較委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. would would not/wouldn’t do dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中） dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. need 需要 必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中） need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. used to 過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再） used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測(cè)： 以must為例。must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。 1. must“肯定，一定”語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。 He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might“也許”，后者語(yǔ)氣弱，更沒(méi)有把握?？捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň?。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生） Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中) III. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)： 1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”，而can無(wú)法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。 2. used to和would: used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。 3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別： 兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…? 做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 八．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 I. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成： 非謂語(yǔ)形式 構(gòu)成 特征和作用 時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 否定式 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非謂語(yǔ)前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語(yǔ) 分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing having done being done having been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞 done 動(dòng)名詞 doing having done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定和表語(yǔ) II. 做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較： 情況 常用動(dòng)詞 只接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ) mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 兩者都可以 意義基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為） need, want, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式） 意義相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 意義不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生） remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生） go on to do（接著做另外一件事） go on doing（接著做同一件事） try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力） try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果） mean to do（打算做，企圖做） mean doing （意識(shí)是，意味著） can’t help to do（不能幫忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） III.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別： 常見動(dòng)詞 與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念 例句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成 I heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 現(xiàn)在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio. 過(guò)去分詞 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài) We found the village greatly changed. IV. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別： 區(qū)別 舉例 不定式 與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來(lái)，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. 動(dòng)名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途，無(wú)邏輯上的任何關(guān)系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 現(xiàn)在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 過(guò)去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成 V. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別： 區(qū)別 舉例 不定式 多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語(yǔ)有時(shí)可和主語(yǔ)交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來(lái)提問(wèn)主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。 My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用) 動(dòng)名詞 與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語(yǔ)，做表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以和主語(yǔ)互換位置。 It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job. 分詞 無(wú)名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語(yǔ)。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語(yǔ)，多表明主語(yǔ)的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。 現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，說(shuō)明主, 語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主語(yǔ)多為物。過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…”之意，主語(yǔ)多是人。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. (常見分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式) 九．定語(yǔ)從句 I. 定語(yǔ)從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。 關(guān)系詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句 備注 關(guān)系代詞 who 人 主語(yǔ) Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 賓語(yǔ) Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. whose 人，物 定語(yǔ) I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that 人，物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人，物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語(yǔ)一般不省略 關(guān)系副詞 when 時(shí)間 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地點(diǎn) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) This is the house where I was born. 可用