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專(zhuān)題二 學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則 動(dòng)詞不定式 不定式由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，不定式雖然不能做謂語(yǔ)，但保留著動(dòng)詞的特征，可帶有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，從而形成不定式短語(yǔ)。不定式短語(yǔ)具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，可做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)及狀語(yǔ)等句子成分。 一、不定式做主語(yǔ) (1)英語(yǔ)中，不定式短語(yǔ)可放在句首充當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)。如： To learn English well is very important. 學(xué)好英語(yǔ)很重要。 (2)但為了使句子平衡，常用it做形式主語(yǔ)放在句首，而將真正的主語(yǔ)——不定式放到句末，特別是在疑問(wèn)句及感嘆句中必須采用這種方式。如： Is it necessary to bring an umbrella today? 今天帶雨傘有必要嗎？ (3)不定式做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能有單獨(dú)的名詞或代詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)，而應(yīng)用for sb. /of sb. 做它的邏輯主語(yǔ)，當(dāng)不定式表示對(duì)邏輯主語(yǔ)的利害關(guān)系時(shí)，用for sb；當(dāng)不定式用來(lái)對(duì)邏輯主語(yǔ)表示贊美或責(zé)備時(shí)，用of sb。如： It is not good for your eye to read in the sun. 在陽(yáng)光下看對(duì)你的眼睛不好。 It is very kind of you to help us. 你來(lái)幫助我們，真是太好了。 二、不定式做賓語(yǔ) (1)在英語(yǔ)中，不定式可用來(lái)做賓語(yǔ)。如： I want to buy a Chinese-English dictionary. 我想買(mǎi)一本漢英詞典。 (2)不定式做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)須注意： A.不定式并不是可做任何及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。能接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, desire, demand, determine, elect, expect, fail, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, know, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend, prefer, refuse, require, start, try, wait, want, wish, wonder. 如： I can’t afford to buy such an expensive computer. 我買(mǎi)不起這么昂貴的電腦。 B. 做賓語(yǔ)的不定式如果帶有自己的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則須用it做形式賓語(yǔ)，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)置于補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后。如： I find it interesting to stay with you. 我發(fā)覺(jué)與你呆在一起很有趣。 C. 不定式一般不做介詞的賓語(yǔ)，但可做介詞but, except的賓語(yǔ)，并且，當(dāng)but, except前面如果有動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，不定式的to須省略。如： He said nothing except to go away. 他一話沒(méi)說(shuō)就走了。 Now we can’t do anything but wait for him. 現(xiàn)在我們只能等待他。 三、不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 不定式做賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)須從三個(gè)方面來(lái)掌握。 (1)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式的to不能省略。這樣的動(dòng)詞有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for。如： The teacher advised us to learn through experiment. 老師勸我們通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。 They didn’t allow us to enter the hall. 他們不允許我們進(jìn)入大廳。 (2)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式的to須省略。這樣的動(dòng)詞有：have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe ，但它們變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式的to不能省略。如 I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike.—Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike. 我看見(jiàn)李蕾?gòu)膯诬?chē)上摔了下來(lái)。 (3)動(dòng)詞help接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式的to可省略也可不省略。如： He often comes to help us (to) do some farming work. 他經(jīng)常來(lái)幫我們干農(nóng)活。 四、不定式做表語(yǔ) (1)不定式短語(yǔ)可用來(lái)做系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)。如： My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein. 我的希望就是做一個(gè)像愛(ài)因斯坦那樣的科學(xué)家。 (2)不定式做表語(yǔ)時(shí)須注意兩點(diǎn)(from www.yygrammar.com)： A.一般說(shuō)來(lái)，不定式前面的to不能省略，但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分含有動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，to須省略。如： What I want is to visit the History Museum now. 我所想的就是現(xiàn)在去參觀歷史博物館。 B. 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示主語(yǔ)的責(zé)任、義務(wù)或?qū)?lái)的行為；當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式是表語(yǔ)，表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。如： We are to keep the order in the street. 我們將去街上維持秩序。(將來(lái)時(shí)) Our job is to keep the order in the street. 我們的工作是維持街上的秩序。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 五、不定式做定語(yǔ) (1)不定式做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在所修飾的名詞、代詞之后，表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： I have a letter to answer. 我有一封信要回復(fù)。 (2)不定式做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，中心詞與不定式的關(guān)系： A.主謂關(guān)系，即：中心詞是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如： Liu Ying was the very girl to meet you. 劉英正是來(lái)接你的那個(gè)女孩子。 B. 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即：中心詞是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。如： Do you have anything to do now? 你現(xiàn)在有事情要做嗎？ 當(dāng)不定式與所修飾的中心詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式中的動(dòng)詞須為及物動(dòng)詞，若是不及物動(dòng)詞，不定式后須加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如： Go ahead, please. I have a friend to wait for here. 請(qǐng)先走吧，我還有個(gè)朋友要在這兒等。 C. 說(shuō)明關(guān)系，即：不定式是中心詞的內(nèi)容。如： I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird. 我做了一個(gè)像鳥(niǎo)兒在天上飛的夢(mèng) 六、不定式做狀語(yǔ) 不定式做狀語(yǔ)，可表示動(dòng)作的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件和方式。 A.表目的 表目的時(shí)，不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾。但在句子前面時(shí)，不定式常與句子用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)；而在句子末尾時(shí)一般不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如： To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning. 為了按時(shí)到達(dá)那兒，我們?cè)绯课妩c(diǎn)就出發(fā)了。 He goes there to enjoy the fresh air. 他去那兒享受那兒的新鮮空氣。 比較：to do, in order to do, so as to do都可表示目的，但to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首，又可在句末；而so as to do只能在句末(from www.yygrammar.com)。 In order to build a house, he bought some wood and steel yesterday.—He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house. / He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house. 為了建房，昨天他買(mǎi)來(lái)了木料和鋼材。 B. 表結(jié)果 不定式在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，不定式的位置一般在句子末尾。 (1)表示終結(jié)性的動(dòng)詞find, see, hear, learn, discover的不定式，常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，并且，不定式前常有never, only等副詞修飾。如： I hurried to the railway station yesterday, (only) to find that the train had left. 昨天我急急忙忙趕到火車(chē)站時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。 I went to the classroom, to discover it empty. 我走到教室，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)教室是空的。 (2)在“so + adj. / adv. + as + to do”中。如： The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here every year. 景色非常美，每年都要吸引很多人來(lái)這里。 (3)在“adj. / adv. + enough + to do”中。如： He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei. 他跑得很快，結(jié)果趕上了李蕾。 (4)在“so + adj. / adv. +a(n) + n. + as + to do”中。如： This is so interesting a story as to interest children. 這是個(gè)很有趣的故事，使孩子們非常感興趣。 (5)在“such + adj. / adv. + n. + as + to do”中。如： She is such a good girl to help you make great progress. 她是個(gè)非常好的姑娘，幫助你取得了很大的進(jìn)步。 (6)在“too + adj. / adv. + to do”中。如： They went too slowly to catch the early bus. 他們走得太慢了，結(jié)果沒(méi)能趕上早班車(chē)。 C. 表原因 不定式表示原因時(shí)，一般放在句子的末尾，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)某種心情、情感(glad, pleased, sad, worried, sorrow, excited) 所產(chǎn)生的原因。如： I’m very glad to hear that Li Lei has been elected secretary of the Party. 聽(tīng)說(shuō)李蕾被選為了黨的書(shū)記，我很高興。 D. 表?xiàng)l件 不定式表示條件時(shí)，一般放在句首。如： To be heated, liquid will change into gas. 如果受熱，液體就會(huì)變成氣體。 E. 表方式 不定式可接在as if / as though之后表示方式時(shí)，如(from www.yygrammar.com)： He moved his mouth as if to say something. 他的嘴唇動(dòng)了動(dòng)，好像要說(shuō)什么事似的。 七、不定式做同位語(yǔ) 不定式可用作同位語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明某些名詞或代詞task, idea, thought的內(nèi)容。不定式做同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，在名詞或代詞與不定式之間常用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如： Suddenly I have got the idea, to hunt rabbits in the woods. 突然，我有了這個(gè)想法，去林子里去獵取野兔子。 八、不定式做獨(dú)立成分 To tell you the truth, I don’t like it. 告訴你實(shí)話，我不喜歡它。 不定式的形式變化 概念：不定式不能做謂語(yǔ)。屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 構(gòu)成：to do即：不定式符號(hào)+ 動(dòng)詞原形 用法：動(dòng)詞不定式有一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式、完成進(jìn)行式和否定形式。動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式有一般形式和完成式和進(jìn)行式。以write為例說(shuō)明不定式的形式變化： 主動(dòng)形式： 一般式（not） to write 完成式（not）to have written 進(jìn)行式（not） to be writing 完成進(jìn)行式 （not） to have been writing 被動(dòng)形式： 一般式（not） to be written 完成式（not） to have been written 1．不定式的一般式：表示幾乎和謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)發(fā)生或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生。 He helped the old man clean the house.他幫助老人打掃房子。 2．不定式的完成式：表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間以前完成動(dòng)作。 I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday．我很高興昨天見(jiàn)到你母親。 3．不定式的進(jìn)行式：表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。 Things seem to be going on smoothly. 似乎一切進(jìn)展順利。 4．不定式的完成進(jìn)行式：表示不定式的動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作： We are happy to have been working with you.我們很高興這一段時(shí)間和你們?cè)谝黄鸸ぷ鳌? 5．不定式的一般被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)式。 You are to be congratulated. 應(yīng)該向你祝賀。 6．完成被動(dòng)式：表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。 It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.他受到批評(píng)是好事。 7．不定式的否定式：否定副詞not 或never, seldom, hardly等要放在不定式符號(hào)之前。 He got up in order not to be late for the train.他早起，是為了趕上火車(chē)。 It is expected not to be taken away until next Monday.人們希望下周以前這不要拿走。 完成下面的練習(xí) 一. 用適當(dāng)?shù)夭欢ㄊ叫问教羁? 1. The box is too heavy _______(lift) 2. It remains _____(see) whether it will do us good or harm. 3. He pretended _______(study) for a long time. 4. John is behind us. He seems ________(follow) us. 5. Bob, who is working with us, is said ________(study) abroad. 6. It is raining so hard, It is a good thing for the house ______(repair). 7. All these plants need _____(water). 8. I’ll have to change my clothes before I go out. I don’t want ____(see) like this. 9. We have to wait. He’s got one more problem _____(work out). 10. It is necessary for everything _______(finish) before the meeting begins. 二. 將下列句子翻成英語(yǔ)，句中必須有不定式 1. 我們不幫助他們是錯(cuò)誤的。 2. 他們拒絕采納這個(gè)建議是不明智的。 3. 他沒(méi)及時(shí)看到另外那輛車(chē)。 4. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)不可能把一切按時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好 5. 我喜歡的是在海里游泳，然后躺在暖和的沙上。 6. 她第一個(gè)想到這個(gè)主意。 7. 我們要盡一切力量幫助他們。 8. 據(jù)說(shuō)他們正在這條河上修另一座大橋。 9. 對(duì)不起給你添了這么多麻煩。 10. 需回答的問(wèn)題在第32頁(yè)上。 感受文化背景 （希臘羅馬神話） Pandora After the stealing of fire, Zeus became increasingly unkind to men. One day he ordered his son Hephaestus to build an image of a beautiful lady out of clay. He then asked the gods and goddesses to give her different kinds of gifts．Among others, Athena clothed her in an attractive coat and Hermes gave her the power of telling lies. Zeus called her Pandora. Zeus decided to send her down to men as a present. So Hermes, the messenger, brought her to Epimetheus, brother of Prometheus. The greatness of her beauty touched the hearts of all who looked upon her, and Epimetheus happily received her into his house. He had quite forgotten Prometheus warning: never to accept anything from Zeus. The couple lived a happy life for some time. Then trouble came on to the human world. When he was busy with teaching men the art of living, Prometheus had left a big case in the care of Epimetheus. He had warned his brother not to open it. Pandora was a curious woman. She had been feeling very disappointed that her husband did not allow her to take a look at the contents of the case. One day, when Epimetheus was out, she opened it and out it came unrest and war, plague and sickness, theft and violence, grief sorrow, and all the other evils. The human world was therefore to experience these evils. Only hope stayed and never flew out. So men always have hope within their hearts． 潘多拉 偷竊天火之后，宙斯對(duì)人類(lèi)的敵意與日俱增。一天，他令兒子赫菲斯托斯用泥塑出一個(gè)美女，并請(qǐng)眾神贈(zèng)予她不同的禮物。其中，雅典娜飾之以華麗的衣裳，赫耳墨斯贈(zèng)之以說(shuō)謊的能力。宙斯稱(chēng)她為潘多拉。 宙斯決定把她作為禮物送給世間的男子。于是信使赫耳墨斯將她帶給普羅米修斯的弟弟厄庇墨透斯。她姿容絕美，見(jiàn)者無(wú)不為之傾心。厄庇墨透斯興高采烈地把她迎入屋內(nèi)。普羅米修斯警告過(guò)他不得接受宙斯的任何饋贈(zèng)，而他已將之忘于腦后。這一對(duì)夫妻有過(guò)一段幸福的生活，但不久災(zāi)難卻降臨人間。 當(dāng)普羅米修斯忙于教授人們生存之道的時(shí)候，他把一個(gè)盒子給厄庇墨透斯照看。他警告過(guò)他的弟弟不要打開(kāi)盒子。潘多拉好奇心強(qiáng)。她的丈夫不允許她看盒中之物，這使她感到十分懊惱。一天乘厄庇墨透斯出門(mén)在外，她打開(kāi)盒子，從里面跑出的是不和與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、瘟疫與疾病、偷竊與暴力、悲哀與憂慮、以及其他一些人類(lèi)從此要遭受的不幸。只有希望留在里面，沒(méi)有飛出來(lái)，因此人們常常把希望藏于心中。  專(zhuān)題二 【參考答案】動(dòng)詞不定式 一.1. to lift 2. to be seen 3. to have been studying 4. to be following 5. to have studied 6. to have been repaired 7. to be watered 8. to be seen 9. to work out 10. to be finished. 二. 1. It will be a mistake for us not to help them。 2. Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 3. He failed to see the other car in time. 4. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 5. What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand. 6. She was the first person to think of the idea. 7. We must do everything we can to help them. 8. They are said to be building another bridge across the river. 9. I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. 10. The questions to be answered are on page 32.