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專題一 學(xué)習(xí)語法規(guī)則 英語基礎(chǔ)知識 英語詞類 名詞 Nouns(n.)：表示人或事物的名稱。名詞分為可數(shù)名詞如：pen 鋼筆 teacher 老師，不可數(shù)名詞如：idea 主意，fire 火，air 空氣?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)要在名詞后加s。名詞的所有格：表示有生命的東西和表示時(shí)間、距離等名稱的名詞可以加s來表示所有關(guān)系，以s結(jié)尾復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加， 帶這種詞尾的名詞稱為該名詞的所有格。注音英語用“”表示重讀符號，用“"”表示名詞的所有格。如my brother’s book 我弟弟的書，the students" chairs 學(xué)生們的椅子。 形容詞Adjectives(a.)：表示人或事物的特征，如：bad, beautiful` 副詞 Adverbs(adv.)：修飾動詞，形容詞或其它副詞，如：very, quickly 動詞 Verbs：(vi. vt.)：表示動作或狀態(tài)如：study, be 代詞 Pronouns(pron.)：代替名詞，數(shù)詞等，如：they, one 數(shù)詞 Numerals(num.)：表示數(shù)量或順序，如：five, tenth 冠詞 Articles(art.)：限制名詞的意義，只有3個(gè)：不定冠詞 a, an(在元音開頭的名詞前)，主要用來表示不肯定的“某一個(gè)或任何一個(gè)”，一般與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞聯(lián)用。定冠詞 the, the (在元音開頭的名詞前)，主要用來表示指定的人或事物，以區(qū)別同類中其他的人或事物。相當(dāng)于漢語中的“那個(gè)，那些，這個(gè)這些”。它既可以和單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù) 名詞連用，又可以和不可數(shù)名詞連用。 介詞 Prepositions(prep.)：表示名詞，代詞和其它詞的關(guān)系，如：in, for, of 連詞 Conjunction(conj.)：連結(jié)詞與詞或句與句，如：and, because 感嘆詞 Interjection(interj.)：表示說話時(shí)的感情或口氣，如：oh, hey 以上十類詞中，前六類即名詞，形容詞，副詞，動詞，代詞和數(shù)詞都有實(shí)義，在句子中能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任一定的句子成份，稱為實(shí)詞。后四種即冠詞，介詞，聯(lián)詞和感嘆詞沒有實(shí)義，都不能在句中獨(dú)立擔(dān)任任何成份，稱為虛詞。 句子成分 （一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。 （二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） We often speak English in class.（代詞） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞） The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式） （三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students. （四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has turned cold.（形容詞） The speech is exciting.（分詞） Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Time is up. The class is over.（副詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句） （五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句） 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如： His father named him Jack.（名詞） They painted their boat white.（形容詞） Their boat was painted white. Let the fresh air in.（副詞） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語） We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句） （七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語） Do you know the man who is speaking on the stage?(定語從句) （八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆? Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句） 狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（條件狀語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語） (九)同位語 一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)可跟一個(gè)名詞（或類似作用的其他東西），對前者作進(jìn)一步解釋，說明它所指的是誰是什么等，叫做同位語。名詞作同位語最多。此外，還可以有形容詞、數(shù)詞、代詞等做同位語。 The layout plan was completed within three months, half the usual time. (名詞) 設(shè)計(jì)圖在三個(gè)月內(nèi)就完成了，僅用了通常的一半時(shí)間。 He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. (形容詞) You may leave it to us two. (數(shù)詞) They are both in favor of the plan.(代詞) 有時(shí)同位語可以提到句子前部，放在主語前面，來給它以更突出的位置。 A peasant by birth, Liu Qiang is straightforward in character. Former a worker himself, he was now an engineer. 有形容詞、過去分詞等擔(dān)任的同位語（或者說是非限制性定語）也?？商岬角懊?，特別是當(dāng)主語是一人稱代詞時(shí)： 在某些詞（如idea, fact, rumor, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等）后我們有時(shí)還可以用that或連接代（副）詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句。 I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed. 句子的種類 （一）按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。 1）陳述句（Declarative Sentences）：說明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。例如： 　 Light travels faster than sound.　光比聲傳播速度快。（說明事實(shí)） 　 The film is rather boring.　這部電影很乏味。（說明看法） He doesn’t like playing the piano. 2）疑問句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出問題。有以下四種： 　 a. 一般疑問句（General Questions）： 　　　 Can you finish the work in time? 你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎？ 　 b. 特殊疑問句（Wh-Questions）： 　　　 Where do you live?　你住那兒？ 　 c. 選擇疑問句（Alternative Questions）： 　　　 Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶還是要咖啡？ 　 d. 反意疑問句（Tag-Questions）： 　　　 He doesnt know her, does he? 他不認(rèn)識她，對不對？ 　 3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令。例如： 　　 Dont be nervous!　別緊張！ 4）感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。例如： 　　 What good news it is!　多好的消息??！ How good the news is! （二）句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類： 1）簡單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡單句。例如： She is fond of collecting stamps.　 她喜歡集郵。 2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來連接。例如： 　 The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。 3）復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。例如： 　 The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我們到達(dá)電影院的時(shí)候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。 （三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英語中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來的： 主 +系動 + 表（SVP） 例如：John is busy.　約翰忙 主 + 謂動（SV）(不及物動詞) 例如：I work.　我工作。 　 主 + 謂動 + 賓（SVO） 例如：She studies English.　她學(xué)英語。 4）主 + 謂動 + 賓 + 補(bǔ)（SVOC） 例如：Time would prove me right. 時(shí)間會證明我是對的。 5）主 + 謂動 + 間賓 + 直賓（SVOiOd） 例如：My mother made me a new dress.　我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。 練習(xí)一 一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. 二、語法填空： 1. The man who ____(be) here will leave for Beijing. 2. He got up _____(lately) yesterday morning. 3. The actor _____(death) at the age of 80. 4. We were all very tired, but none of ____(we) would stop to have a rest. 5. He found the street much ______(crowd). 6. I think _____ necessary to learn English well. 7. I will never forget the day _____ I joined the club. 8. He looked _______(angry) at Tom. 9. They went on working _______ it was raining. 10. ______(save) time, I took a taxi. 感受文化背景 Crossing Your Fingers 交叉手指 There are several different situations in which Americans cross their fingers: when they wish for good luck or wish to avoid bad luck and when they say something untrue, for which they don’t want to be responsible. In the former situation, Americans often say “Keep your fingers crossed” along with the gesture. In the later situation, Americans often say “It doesn’t count(這個(gè)不必考慮). I had my fingers crossed.” It is clear that there may be danger in both these situations. As a result, people do this trying to protect themselves from bad luck or from the punishment they may get for telling lies. Why are the crossed fingers referred to as the sign of the cross---the religious symbol. The early Christians believed that the crossed fingers served the same function as the sigh of the cross and also the gesture would not attract the attention of pagan(異教徒) eyes. Gradually the gesture is also taken up by non-Christians and has lost its religious color. Nowadays, everyone can cross their fingers in the public happily. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1. When saying “Keep your fingers crossed”, Americans means that ______. A. I’m not serious B. I wish you good luck C. You are lying D. I’m only joking. 2. When you hear an American say “It doesn’t count. I had my fingers crossed”, you know that ______. A. he’s lying B. he’s joking C. he doesn’t believe you D. It’s blessing you. 3. Nowadays _______ use the crossed fingers. A. Christians B. non-Christians C. anyone D. pagans  專題一 練習(xí)一： 一、1、主語，定語；2、間接賓語；3、謂語，狀語；4、定語；5、狀語，狀語；6、定語，表語；7、賓語，狀語；8、謂語，主語；9、謂語；10、主語，表語；11、謂語，賓語；12、狀語；13、形式賓語，真正賓語；14、賓語、定語；15、插入語，狀語；16、賓語(間賓+直賓)；17、狀語，狀語；18、形式主語，表語，賓補(bǔ)；19、賓補(bǔ)；20、表語 二.1. is 2. late 3. died 4. us 5. crowded 6. it 7. when 8. angrily 9. though 10. To save. 感受背景文化 DAB