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Period 6 Reading and Writing Teaching goals教學(xué)目標 1. Target language目標語言 a. 重點詞匯和短語 kit, slippery, ladder, stove, appliances, unplug, hair dryer, extinguishers, curtains, wires, outlets b. 重點句式 Make sure the floor is not slippery. Follow instructions for all electrical appliances carefully. Unplug all appliances, especially irons, after use. When cooking, do not let oil touch flames or other sources of heat. 2. Ability goals能力目標 Enable the students to write a letter asking their principal to organize a first aid course at the school. 3. Learning ability goals學(xué)能目標 Help the Ss learn how to write the letter. Teaching important and difficult point教學(xué)重難點 Let the Ss explain the importance of doing a first aid course in the letter. Teaching methods教學(xué)方法 Discussion (Group work) and writing (individual). Teaching aids 教具準備 A recorder, a projector and a computer. Teaching procedures and ways教學(xué)過程和方式 Step Ⅰ Homework checking Ask the students to show their compositions of first aid. If there are some mistakes, point them out. Step Ⅱ Reading Ask the Ss to read the title of the text and the headings within it. T: What’s the topic of the text and how is the information organized? S: It is about safety in the home and the information is organized according to particular rooms and also to one cause of accidents — fires. Tell the Ss to look at the pictures. T: What do you think these three pictures are telling us? S: To turn saucepan handles towards the back of a stove; Not to use a hairdryer near water; To keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen. T: What do you think the purpose of the pictures is? S: They emphasize some points in the pamphlet. T: What’s the purpose of the pamphlet? S: To tell us how to keep a safe home; how to prevent accidents in the home. Step Ⅲ Discussion T: What things at home can be dangerous? S: electrical equipment poisons electric fires ladders knives hot water windows T: How to prevent us from being injured at home? For example in the kitchen. S: In the kitchen: Make sure the floor is not slippery; Always use a ladder to reach high cupboards; Don’t stand on chairs to reach; Keep a window open when we use gas fires; Keep matches out of the reach of children; Don’t leave matches anywhere; Always cut away from your body when you use a knife; Unplug all appliances, especially irons, after use; Make sure that electric wires are safe and that children can’t touch them; Don’t leave small things on the floor or table which a baby can put in its mouth; ... T: What should you do if you are badly burnt? Look at the two pictures. S: Cool the area of skin at once. Wash the area of skin under the cold tap for several minutes. Put a piece of dry clean cloth over the area of the burn. T: How do you deal with a simple cut? S: Wash the area of the cut, dry it and cover it with a piece of dry clean cloth. Let the students write more advice Gas fires: If you are using one of these, check that a window is open. Water: Make sure that young children can not get close to pools, lakes and rivers by themselves. Ladders: Don’t use on a wet floor. Get someone to hold the ladder for you. Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder. Get down first and move the ladder. Step Ⅳ Practice writing T: We have learnt a bit about some first aid treatments in this unit. Now we are going to write a letter to the principal and request that he / she organize a first aid course for us. This is a guided exercise where you have to complete parts of the letter. Next to the letter, you are told what should go in each paragraph. This shows us the structure of a letter that is making a request. Do you know what such a letter would include? S: The letter should: ▲ say we have done a unit on first aid ▲ say why the unit was useful ▲ explain the importance of doing a first aid course ▲ say what we would like the principal to do Ask the Ss to write the letter individually. Circulate and help the Ss with grammatical structures and written expression. Sample answers: Dear Mr Chen, Our class has been studying a unit on first aid. We have realized first aid is very helpful and very necessary, because it can be used whenever or wherever we are in emergency. Even though the unit has been very interesting and useful, the ways it provides us are just too limited to certain situation. We can not protect us in any other dangerous situations. So we want to learn more about first aid. We would like to request that you could offer us a first aid course a week. We think that a first aid course at the school can also teach us more about different kinds of first aid. In future we can stay calm and prepare for an emergency. If we know how to respond, we can save lives. Yours sincerely, Shirley Dear Mr Wang, Our class has been studying a unit on first aid. It tells us some basic knowledge of first aid. Therefore, when something emergent happens, we will not be at a loss. Even though the unit has been very interesting and useful, it only contains some safety measures at home. The information is limited. We are eager to know more about first aid from other aspects. We would like to request that our school can provide us a first aid course. We think a first aid course at the school is quite important and necessary. In this way, we can learn how to protect ourselves and help others in the future. Yours sincerely, Ashley 附 件 1. Animal bites Domestic pets cause most animal bites. Dogs are more likely to bite than cats. Cat bites, however, are more likely to cause infection. If an animal bites you or your child, follow these guidelines: For minor wounds. If the bite barely breaks the skin, treat it as a minor wound. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection and cover the bite with a clean bandage. For deep wounds. If the bite creates a deep puncture of the skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure to stop the bleeding and see your doctor. For infection. If you notice signs of infection such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing, see your doctor immediately. For suspected rabies. If you suspect the bite was caused by an animal that might carry rabies — any bite from a wild or domestic animal of unknown immunization status — see your doctor immediately. 2. Snakebites Most snakes aren’t poisonous. A few exceptions include the rattlesnake, coral snake, water moccasin and copperhead. Most poisonous snakes have slit-like eyes. Their heads are triangular, with a depression or pit midway between the eyes and nostrils. Other characteristics unique to certain poisonous snakes: Rattlesnakes make a rattling sound by shaking the rings at the end of their tails. Water moccasins have a white, cottony lining in their mouths. Coral snakes have red, yellow and black rings along the length of their bodies. To reduce your risk of snakebites, avoid picking up or playing with any snake unless you’re properly trained. Most snakes usually avoid people if possible and bite only when threatened or surprised. If you’re bitten by a snake: ● Remain calm. ● Don’t try to capture the snake. ● Immobilize the bitten arm or leg and try to stay as quiet as possible. ● Remove jewelry, as swelling tends to progress rapidly. ● Don’t cut the wound or attempt to remove the venom. ● Don’t use a tourniquet or apply ice. ● Seek medical attention as soon as possible, especially if the bitten area changes color, begins to swell or is painful. 3. Choking In adults, choking is often the result of inadequately chewed food becoming lodged in the throat or windpipe. Solid foods such as meat are frequently the cause. These factors increase the risk of choking: ● Talking while simultaneously chewing a piece of meat. ● Drinking alcohol while eating. ● Wearing dentures. Because dentures exert less chewing pressure than natural teeth and they interfere with the way food feels in the mouth, they make it more difficult to thoroughly chew food. Young children tend to put into their mouths almost anything that fits, so choking can occur unassociated with a meal. Panic accompanies choking. The choking victim’s face often assumes an expression of fear or terror. At first the victim may turn purple, the eyes may bulge, and he or she may wheeze or gasp. If the person can cough freely, has normal skin color and can speak, he or she is not choking. If the cough is more like a gasp and the person is turning blue, he or she is probably choking. If in doubt, ask the choking person if he or she can talk. If the person can speak, then the windpipe is not completely blocked and oxygen is reaching the lungs. If choking is occurring, begin to perform the Heimlich maneuver. To perform the Heimlich maneuver on someone else: Stand behind the choking person and wrap your arms around his or her waist. Bend the person slightly forward. Make a fist with one hand and place it slightly above the person’s navel. Grasp your fist with the other hand and press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust. Repeat this procedure until the object is expelled from the airway. To perform the Heimlich maneuver on yourself: Position your own fist slightly above your navel. Grasp your fist with your other hand and bend over a hard surface — a countertop or chair will do. Shove your fist inward and upward. Clearing the airway of a pregnant woman or obese person: Position your hands a little bit higher than with a normal Heimlich maneuver, at the base of the breastbone, just above the joining of the lowest ribs. Proceed as with the Heimlich maneuver, pressing hard into the chest, with a quick thrust. Repeat until the food or other blockage is dislodged or the person becomes unconscious. Clearing the airway of an unconscious person: Position the person on his or her back, look inside the mouth and sweep the area with your finger to see if you can remove the blockage. If not, kneel over the person and apply upward thrusts to the upper abdomen. Repeat the process as necessary. Look inside the mouth again and sweep the area with your finger to try to remove the blockage. Then kneel over the person and apply upward thrusts to the upper abdomen. Clearing the airway of a choking infant: Assume a seated position and hold the infant facedown on your forearm, which is resting on your thigh. Thump the infant gently but firmly five times on the middle of the back using the heel of your hand. The combination of gravity and the back blows should release the blocking object. If this doesn’t work, hold the infant face up on your forearm with the head lower than the trunk. Using two fingers placed at the center of the infant’s breastbone, give five quick chest compressions. If breathing doesn’t resume, repeat the back blows and chest thrusts. Call for emergency medical help. If one of these techniques opens the airway but the infant doesn’t resume breathing, begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. The universal sign for choking is a hand clutched to the throat, with thumb and fingers extended. If a person displays this sign, dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. Don’t leave the person unattended. 4. Cuts and scrapes Minor cuts and scrapes usually don’t require a trip to the emergency room. Yet proper care is essential to avoid infection or other complications. These guidelines can help you care for simple wounds: Stop the bleeding. Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own. If they don’t, apply gentle pressure with a clean cloth or bandage. Hold the pressure continuously for 20 to 30 minutes. Don’t keep checking to see if the bleeding has stopped because this may damage the fresh clot that’s forming and cause bleeding to resume. If the blood spurts or continues to flow after continuous pressure, seek medical assistance. Clean the wound. Rinse out the wound with clear water. Soap can irritate the wound, so try to keep it out of the actual wound. If dirt or debris remains in the wound after washing, use tweezers cleaned with alcohol to remove the particles. If debris remains embedded in the wound after cleaning, see your doctor. Thorough wound cleaning reduces the risk of tetanus. To clean the area around the wound, use soap and a washcloth. There’s no need to use hydrogen peroxide, iodine or an iodine-containing cleanser. These substances irritate living cells. If you choose to use them, don’t apply them directly on the wound. Apply an antibiotic. After you clean the wound, apply a thin layer of an antibiotic cream or ointment such as Neosporin or Polysporin to help keep the surface moist. The products don’t make the wound heal faster, but they can discourage infection and allow your body’s healing process to close the wound more efficiently. Certain ingredients in some ointments can cause a mild rash in some people. If a rash appears, stop using the ointment. Cover the wound. Exposure to air speeds healing, but bandages can help keep the wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out. Change the dressing. Change the dressing at least daily or whenever it becomes wet or dirty. If you’re allergic to the adhesive used in most bandages, switch to adhesive-free dressings or sterile gauze held in place with paper tape, gauze roll or a loosely applied elastic bandage. These supplies generally are available at pharmacies. Get stitches for deep wounds. A wound that cuts deeply through the skin or is gaping or jagged-edged and has fat or muscle protruding may require stitches. A strip or two of surgical tape may hold a minor cut together, but if you can’t easily close the mouth of the wound, see your doctor. Proper closure minimizes scarring and infection. Watch for signs of infection. See your doctor if the wound isn’t healing or you notice any redness, drainage, warmth or swelling. Get a tetanus shot. Doctors recommend you get a tetanus shot every 10 years. If your wound is deep or dirty and your last shot was more than five years ago, your doctor may recommend a tetanus shot booster. Get the booster within 48 hours of the injury. 5. Fever: First aid Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion table F ℃ 105 40.5 104 40.0 103 39.4 102 38.9 101 38.3 100 37.7 99 37.2 98 36.6 97 36.1 96 35.5 Fever is one of your body’s reactions to infection. Usually the normal body temperature doesn’t exceed 99 F (37.2 C). The value of 98.6 F (37 C) listed as normal body temperature is only a general guide. Isolated temperature elevations usually aren’t dangerous in an adult until the temperature reaches 103 F (39.4 C). Taking aspirin or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) usually reduces a fever in adults. Don’t give aspirin to children younger than 17 years of age. The use of aspirin has been linked with Reye’s syndrome — a rare but serious illness that can affect the blood, liver and brain of children and teenagers after a viral infection. How to take a temperature You can choose from several types of thermometers. Today, most have digital readouts. Some take the temperature quickly from the ear canal and can be especially useful for young children and older adults. Others can be used rectally, orally or under the arm. If you use a digital thermometer, be sure to read the instructions, so you know what the beeps mean and when to read the thermometer. Under normal circumstances, temperatures tend to be highest around 4 p.m. and lowest around 4 a.m. Due to the potential for mercury exposure or ingestion, glass mercury thermometers are being phased out. Rectally (for infants) To take your child’s temperature rectally: ● Place a dab of petroleum jelly or other lubricant on the bulb. ● Lay your child on his or her stomach. ● Carefully insert the bulb one-half inch to one inch into the rectum. ● Hold the bulb and child still for three minutes. To avoid injury, don’t let go of the thermometer while it’s inside your baby. ● Remove and read the temperature as recommended by the manufacturer. ● A rectal temperature reading is generally 1 degree F higher than an oral reading. Orally To take your temperature orally: ● Place the bulb under your tongue. ● Close your mouth for the recommended amount of time, usually three minutes. ● If you’re using a nondigital thermometer, rotate it slowly after removing it from your mouth until you can read the temperature. Under the arm (axillary) You can also use an oral thermometer for an armpit reading: ● Place the thermometer under your arm with your arms down. ● Hold your arms across your chest. ● Wait five minutes or as recommended by your thermometer’s manufacturer then remove and read the temperature. ● An axillary reading is generally 1 degree F less than an oral reading Get medical help for a fever in these cases: ● A baby younger than 3 months has a rectal temperature of 100.5 F (38 C) or higher or an ear temperature of 99.5 F (37.5) or higher ● If a child older than 3 months maintains a temperature of 103 F (39.4 C) after a few hours of home treatment ● If an adult has a temperature of greater than 104 F (40.0 C) or a temperature of 101 F (38.3 C) that persists for longer than 3 days Call your doctor immediately if the fever is accompanied by severe headache, stiff neck, swelling of the throat or mental confusion, or if you see unusual rashes or bite marks. 6. Heart attack: First aid A heart attack occurs when one or more arteries supplying your heart with blood and oxygen become blocked. This loss of blood flow injures your heart muscle. A heart attack generally causes chest pain for longer than 15 minutes, but it can also be silent and have no symptoms at all. About half the people who suffer a heart attack have warning symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. The earliest predictor of an attack may be recurrent chest pain that’s triggered by exertion and relieved by rest. The American Heart Association lists these warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack. Be aware that you may not have all of them and that symptoms may come and go. ● Uncomfortable pressure, fullness or squeezing pain in the center of your chest, lasting more than a few minutes ● Pain spreading to your shoulders, neck or arms ● Lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea or shortness of breath If you suspect a heart attack, even if it feels like indigestion, act immediately: 1. Call 911 or emergency medical assistance. The operator contacts the emergency medical services (EMS) system. In areas without 911 service, call the emergency medical response system. It’s usually better to call these emergency numbers first. Calling your doctor may add unnecessary time. When you call, describe symptoms such as severe shortness of breath or chest pain. This ensures a priority dispatch of EMS responders (paramedics) trained in basic and advanced cardiac life support. Most EMS units carry a portable defibrillator, a device that restores normal heart rhythm by delivering electrical shocks. Defibrillators can be critical to early successful treatment and survival. Many police and fire rescue units also carry defibrillators and may respond before an ambulance does. 2. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). If the person you’re calling about is unconscious, an emergency dispatcher may advise you to begin emergency treatment. If you’re not trained in emergency procedures, doctors recommend skipping mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and proceeding directly to chest compression. The reason is that if you’re distracted by trying to perform unfamiliar breathing techniques, valuable