【機(jī)械類畢業(yè)論文中英文對照文獻(xiàn)翻譯】傳感器與現(xiàn)代汽車電子,機(jī)械類畢業(yè)論文中英文對照文獻(xiàn)翻譯,機(jī)械類,畢業(yè)論文,中英文,對照,對比,比照,文獻(xiàn),翻譯,傳感器,現(xiàn)代汽車,電子 徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 附錄 附錄1 Sensor and the modern automobile electron modern automobile electron from the electronic primary device which applies to the vehicle in the electronic system construction entered one the new stage which has essential to enhance.One of in which most representative core components is the sensor. First, the automobile electron holds controls mentions with the safety system First, the automobile electron holds controls mentions our country automobile industry growth with the safety system to be in the last few years rapid, the development tendency is very fierce.Therefore commented appeared some expert's forecast: The automobile industry has the possibility to surpass the IT industry, becomes one of Chinese national economy most important pillar industries.Actually, the automobile industry growth will certainly to contain with the automobile industry correlation IT industry growth. For example, although at present only occupies about 10%-15% in our country steam product neutron product and the technical price value content, but the overseas automobile neutron product and the technical value content approximately is equally 22%, in the upscale passenger vehicle the automobile electron has accounted for above 30%, moreover this proportion in, unceasingly the fast growth, anticipated very quick will also achieve 50%. The electronic information technology already became the new generation of automobile development direction the leading factor, the automobile (vehicle) the power performance, manoeuvring could, the safety performance and the comfortable performance and so on each aspect improvement and raisehigh, all will rely on the mechanical system and the structure and the electronic products, the information technology perfect union. The automobile engineering expert pointed out that,The electronic technology development has caused the automobile product the concept to have the deep transformation.This also is the recent electronic information industrial field to one of automobile electron unprecedented attention reasons.But, must point out, except some vehicles in the sound, the video frequency equipment, Che Yong corresponds, the guidance system, as well as the vehicle carries vehicles and so on in work system, network system the electronic installation essence changes few outside .The modern automobile electron from the electronic primary device which applies (including sensor, actuator, micro electric circuit and so on) to the vehicle in the electronic system construction entered one the new stage which has essential to enhance.One of in which most representative core components is the intelligent sensor (intelligent actuator, intelligence changes delivers). In fact, the automobile electron has already experienced several development phases: Electric circuit monitor control builds which from the separation electron primary device, passed through the electronic primary device or the module adds the microprocessor to construct respectively independent, special-purpose, semiautomatic and automatic holds controls the system, now already enters has used the high speed main line (at present to have 5 kind of above main lines to develop use at least) In unification exchange automobile movement each kind of electronic equipment and system data, realization synthesis, intelligent regulation new stage.The new automobile electron system is composed by each electronic control unit (ECU), may hold independently controls, simultaneously can coordinate to the whole movement optimum condition.For example for causes the engine to be at the best active status, needs from the inspiration cylinder air flow, the manifold pressure determination start, Again according to work link boundary parameters and so on the water temperature, air temperature calculates the basic distributive value, meanwhile must through the damper position transducer examination damper opening, the definite engine operating mode, then the control, the adjustment best distributive value, finally also need through the crank angular speed sensor monitor crank corner and the engine speed, finally calculates and sends out the best ignition opportunity the instruction. This engine fuel injection system and the ignition integrated control system also may with combinations and so on exhaust gas discharge supervisory system and starting system, constructs Cheng Keshi the motor car engine power and the torque maximization, but simultaneously fuel oil consumption and exhaust gas discharge minimizing intelligent system. Also may lift a safe driving aspect the example, stemming from steady, safe driving need, only aims at four wheels to hold controls, and installed the braking besides the application massive pressure transmitter to guard against generally hugs installs (ABS) deadly, many passenger vehicles, including the domestically produced vehicle, additionally built electronic power distribution system (EBD), ABS+EBD to be possible time the maximum limit safeguard sleet weather driving stability. Presently in, the domestic and foreign some automobiles further has installed emergency brake servosystem (EBA), this system when has the emergency case, the automatic detection driver steps on when the brake pedal the speed and dynamics, and sentence break the emergency brake dynamics is whether enough, if the need, can increase the braking force automatically.The EBA automatic control movement must (e.g. 1/1000000 seconds levels) in complete in the extremely short time. This system can cause the 200km/h high speed travel vehicles the brake skidding distance to reduce the extremely precious more than 20 rice.Also has in view of the wheel monitors each wheel to be opposite separately in the vehicle speed rotational speed, then matches the power for each wheel balance minute, guaranteed each turn has good under the bad road surface condition stresses ability balanced “the electronic force of traction control” the (ETC) system and so on. Two examples enumerates which from above may see clearly, automobile development to automobile electron some basic requests: 1. electrons hold control the system the movement to have fast, to be correct, to be reliable.The sensor (+ recuperates electric circuit) + the microprocessor, then (+ power enlargement electric circuit) + the actuator technical way already no longer could satisfy the modern automobile again through the microprocessor the request, needed through the hardware integration, the direct exchange data and the simplification electric circuit, and enhances the intellectualized degree to guarantee the control unit movement the accuracy, the reliability and the timeliness. 2. present nearly all automobile mechanism part all already electronic installation control, but in the automobile chassis space is limited, the component system space is extremely limited.The ideal situation is certainly, the electronic control unit should and the control portion close union, is formed a whole.Therefore the component and the electric circuit microminiaturization, the integration may not avoid path. 3. electronic control unit must have the enough intellectualized degree.Take the security aerocyst as the example, it in the critical moment must have to be able prompt, the instant to open correctly, but in the extremely majority time the aerocyst is place in the standby condition, therefore security aerocyst ECU must have self-checking, from the maintenance ability, confirmed unceasingly the aerocyst system may operate normally the reliability, guarantees the movement “surefire”. 4. automobile each kind of function parts all have respective movement, hold control the characteristic, and, speaking of the electronic products, mostly is in the very severe movement environment, moreover various.Such as time active status high temperature, time static standby low temperature, highly concentrated oil steam and activeness (toxicity) gas, as well as high speed movement and high strength impact and vibration and so on.Therefore, the electronic primary device and the electric circuit musthave to have high stable, the anti-environment and auto-adapted, from compensation adjustment ability. 5. is similarly important with the above request, even sometimes is the crucial condition is, the automobile electronic control unit uses the electronic primary device, the module must have to be able the large-scale industry production, and can cost reduction to the degree which may accept. A slightly sensor and the intelligent sensor is this aspect model.Not only for example the intelligence acceleration instrument, it can satisfy the modern automobile well each need, moreover because may in the integrated circuit standard silicon craft on-line volume production, the production cost be low (several US dollars to several or several dozens US dollars), therefore had found own biggest application market in the automobile industry, counter- has come also powerfully to promote the automobile industry electronic informationization. Two sensors: The micro sensor and the integrated circuit fuse new generation of electronic device The micro sensor, the intelligent sensor is the emerging technology which only then starts to develop rapidly in recent years.The technical name at present uses which in our country's publication magazine quite is also ambiguous, still generally called it the sensor, or induces ambiguously into the automobile semiconductor device, also has the intelligent sensor (or intelligent actuator, intelligent transmitting instrument) and the micro system MEMS and so on has all belonged to MEMS (microcomputer electrical system series ) under the name.Here introduces in the current some European and American monograph the commonly used technical noun definition and the technical connotation. Intelligent sensor and modern automobile electron First must explain, in the overwhelming majority situation, the sensor which in this article size title and the full text said has made a general reference actually three big kind of components: Transforms the electromagnetics signal output the non-electricity input parameter the sensor; Transforms the non-electricity parameter output the electricity signal the actuator; As well as both can serve as the sensor and to be able to serve as the actuator many, in which is transforms one kind of electromagnetics parameter form Cheng Ling one kind of electromagnetics parameter shape output the transmitting instrument Meant that, about the micro sensor, the intelligent sensor technical characteristic may expand analogizes the micro actuator, the micro transmitting instrument - sensor (or execution, either transmitting instrument) in the physical criterion to have a physical size to be equal to or to be smaller than at least an Asian millimeter magnitude.The micro sensor is not a product which traditional sensor simple physics reduces, but is based on partly leads the body processing technology the new generation of component: Sometimes therefore also is called the silicon to pass on the feeling.May use the similar definition and the technical characteristic analogy describes the micro actuator and the micro transmitting instrument. It is composed by two chips, one has from the examination ability accelerometer unit (micro acceleration instrument), together is in addition the micro sensor and the microprocessor (MCU) connection electric circuit and MCU. This is one kind compared the early time (around 1996), but already quite practical component, available in automobile self-braking and suspension system, because and the micro accelerometer had the self-checking ability Also available in security aerocyst.From this time on in the example may see clearly, not only the micro sensor superiority is the volume reduction, lies in can conveniently and the integrated circuit combination and the scale production.Should refer, uses this kind of two piece of solution to be possible to reduce the design cycle, reduces the development preliminary small batch trial production the cost.But to the practical application and the market, the single chip solution may take obviously, the production cost is lower, the application value is higher. The sensor (Smart Sensor), the intelligent actuator and the intelligent transmitting instrument - micro sensor (or micro actuator, either micro transmitting instrument) and its part or processes the component, the processing electric circuit integration completely on a chip component (e.g. the above micro accelerometer single chip solution).Therefore the intelligent sensor has certain biological modelling ability, like fuzzy logic operation, initiative distinction environment, automatic accent entire and compensation adaptation environment ability From diagnosis, from maintenance and so on.Obviously, produces and reduces the production cost stemming from the scale the request, the intelligent sensor design concept, the choice of material and the production craft musthave to have as far as po ssible and the integrated circuit standard silicon plane craft is consistent.May throw in front of the piece in the normal technical process, either in flow, after either the craft completes increases some special need the working procedure, but should not too be many. In a seal, a micro mechanical pressure transmitter and simulation user connection, 8 mold - number switch (SAR), microprocessor (Motorola 69HC08), memory and serial interface (SPI) and so on integrations on a chip.Its front end silicon pressure transmitter uses the body silicon tiny processing technology manufacture.The preparation silicon pressure transmitter working procedure already may arrange in to integrate the CMOS electric circuit craft flows in front of the regulation, also may in after This kind of intelligence pressure transmitter technology and market all already mature, has widely used in all kinds of pressure survey and the control unit which the automobile (vehicle) needs, such as in front of each kind of air gage, spray nozzle collection class cavity pressure, waste gas exhaust pipe, fuel oil, tire, hydraulic gear and so on.The intelligence pressure transmitter application is very broad, does not limit to the automobile industry.At present, the production intelligence pressure transmitter manufacturer many, the market commodity variety also very have been many, already appeared the keen competition. The result is the intelligence pressure transmitter volume getting smaller, needs outside along with it control unit to encircle the connector and the discrete component are more and more few, but the function and the performance more and more are actually strong, moreover the production cost reduces very quickly (the present is approximately several US dollars). While convenient needs said, in some Chinese material, in particular in some product tendentious material, generally (either device) and Intelligent sensor (or device) all calls Smart Sensor it the intelligent sensor,But these only can respond the environmental variation simply, makes some corresponding compensations, the adjustment active status, specially does not need to integrate place the principle component, its knowledge rank too is low, should not belong to the intelligent component category generally. Believed the majority readers can contact frequently, most drew close to the life the intelligent sensor possibly to have to be uses in the camera, the digital camera, the camera, in the handset photograph CCD image sensor. This is a situation which one kind of non-intelligence sensor not is, because in the CCD array each silicon unit transforms by the light the electrical signal is extremely weak, must direct and prompt shifting checks, and processes transforms the standard the image form signal.Also has complex some The electron and optics which in, on the upscale long focus (IOX) optics enlargement numerical code camera and the camera equips guard against shake the system, specially in high end product true optics guard against shake the system.Its core is the two axle to either 3 axial micro accelerometers or the micro gyroscope, monitors the fuselage through it the vibration, and converts the lens each axial displacement quantity, then actuates in the lens the invariable angle lens migration, makes the optical system the refraction path of rays to maintain stably. Micro system (Microsystem) and MEMS (microcomputer electrical system series) - by the micro sensor, microelectronics electric circuit (signal processing, control circuit, correspondence meets and so on) and the micro actuator constitutes a three level of level association system, the integration calls it on a chip component the micro system.If has the mechanical linkage or the machinery implementing agency and so on the micro mechanical part instrument calls it MEMS. MEMS chip left side gives prepares the basic processing technology which the MEMS chip needs.Its right flank enumerates for the main application domain.Very obvious, the MEMS best solution also is selects with the silicon labor skill compatible material and the physical effect, the design idea and the technical process, also namely uses the method which the conventional standard the CMOS craft and two-dimensional, the three dimensional tiny processing technology unifies, in which also includes the micro mechanical structural element the manufacture. The micro sensor logical development extends is the intelligent sensor, the intelligent sensor extends is naturally the micro system and the MEMS, MEMS further development is can receive, the resolution outside signal and the instruction independently, then can independent Now, develops successful, and had the commercial product MEMS variety already many, covering shown in Figure 4 each big domain. In which of one of including entire smooth correspondence and entire light computer key components two-dimensional, three dimensional MEMS light switch. Through control chip on micro reflector array, realization light input/output overlapping interconnection.This is the present entire light exchange technology mature preferred plan.In the market may buy the MEMS light switch has amounted to 1296 groups, the switch switching time is approximately 20ms. The micro machinery (also is called a nanometer machinery) then still was at the development experimental stage, but had many very important laboratory product emergence, like famous nanometer electrical machinery, micro insect, micro helicopter and submarine and so on .The technical industrial field believed generally that, they will develop successful and the investment practical application have the profound influence to the industrial technology and the quality of life. 附錄2 傳感器與現(xiàn)代汽車電子 現(xiàn)代汽車電子從所應(yīng)用的電子元器件到車內(nèi)電子系統(tǒng)的架構(gòu)均已進(jìn)入了一個有本質(zhì)性提高的新階段。其中最有代表性的核心器件之一就是傳感器。 一、汽車電子操控和安全系統(tǒng)談起 近幾年來我國汽車工業(yè)增長迅速，發(fā)展勢頭很猛。因此評論界出現(xiàn)了一些專家的預(yù)測：汽車工業(yè)有可能超過IT產(chǎn)業(yè)，成為中國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)最重要的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。其實，汽車工業(yè)的增長必將包含與汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)相關(guān)的IT 產(chǎn)業(yè)的增長。例如，雖然目前在我國一汽的產(chǎn)品中電子產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)的價值含量只占10%—15%左右，但國外汽車中電子產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)的價值含量平均約為22%，中、高檔轎車中汽車電子已占30%以上，而且這個比例還在、不斷地快速增長，預(yù)期很快將達(dá)到50%。 電子信息技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為新一代汽車發(fā)展方向的主導(dǎo)因素，汽車（機(jī)動車）的動力性能、操控性能、安全性能和舒適性能等各個方面的改進(jìn)和提高，都將依賴于機(jī)械系統(tǒng)及結(jié)構(gòu)和電子產(chǎn)品、信息技術(shù)間的完美結(jié)合。汽車工程界專家指出：電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展已使汽車產(chǎn)品的概念發(fā)生了深刻的變化。這也是最近電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)界對汽車電子空前關(guān)注的原因之一。但是，必須指出的是，除了一些車內(nèi)音響、視頻裝備，車用通信、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，以及車載辦公系統(tǒng)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)等車內(nèi)電子設(shè)備的本質(zhì)改變較少外，現(xiàn)代汽車電子從所應(yīng)用的電子元器件（包括傳感器、執(zhí)行器、微電路等）到車內(nèi)電子系統(tǒng)的架構(gòu)均已進(jìn)入了一個有本質(zhì)性提高的新階段。其中最有代表性的核心器件之一就是智能傳感器（智能執(zhí)行器、智能變送器）。 實際上，汽車電子已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了幾個發(fā)展階段：從分立電子元器件搭建的電路監(jiān)測控制，經(jīng)過了電子元器件或組件加微處理器構(gòu)筑的各自獨立的、專用的、半自動和自動的操控系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了采用高速總線（目前至少有5種以上總線已開發(fā)使用），統(tǒng)一交換汽車運行中的各種電子裝備和系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)，實現(xiàn)綜合、智能調(diào)控的新階段。新的汽車電子系統(tǒng)由各個電子控制單元（ECU）組成，可以獨立操控，同時又能協(xié)調(diào)到整體運行的最佳狀態(tài)。例如為使發(fā)動機(jī)處于最佳工作狀態(tài)，就需要從吸入汽缸的空氣流量、進(jìn)氣壓力的測定開始，再根據(jù)水溫、空氣溫度等工作環(huán)境參數(shù)計算出基本噴油量，同時還要通過節(jié)氣門位置傳感器檢測節(jié)氣門的開度，確定發(fā)動機(jī)的工況，進(jìn)而控制，調(diào)整最佳噴油量，最后還需要通過曲軸的角速度傳感器監(jiān)測曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角和發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，最終計算出并發(fā)出最佳點火時機(jī)的指令。這個發(fā)動機(jī)燃油噴射系統(tǒng)和點火綜合控制系統(tǒng)還可以與廢氣排放的