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長(zhǎng)春理工大學(xué)光電信息學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)的電動(dòng)機(jī)保護(hù)技術(shù) 摘要: 介紹了12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)電動(dòng)機(jī)的各種電氣及機(jī)械保護(hù)技術(shù), 以及日常維護(hù)保養(yǎng)應(yīng)注意的問題。 關(guān)鍵詞: 連續(xù)采煤機(jī); 電動(dòng)機(jī); 電氣保護(hù); 機(jī)械保護(hù); 維護(hù) Protect ion T echnolog y of M otor of M odel 12CM15 Cont inuous Shearer Zhanghong (College of Optical And Electronical Information Changchun University Of Science And Technology 0951102 , China) ?? Abstract: The paper int roduced various elect rical and mechanical protect ion technolo gies of motor o f mo del 12CM15 continuo us shearer, and expounded pro blems w hich should be paid at tentio n to in ro ut inemaintenance. 5 引言 自榆神煤炭榆樹灣煤礦有限公司引進(jìn)美國(guó)JOY 公司生產(chǎn)的12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)以來, 在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中取得了良好的效果, 充分發(fā)揮了設(shè)備的優(yōu)勢(shì), 實(shí)現(xiàn)了高產(chǎn)高效。在雙巷掘進(jìn)時(shí), 該采煤機(jī)達(dá)到月均進(jìn)尺1 500 m 的掘進(jìn)速度, 在一綜采兩連采配置的千萬噸礦井生產(chǎn)模式中起到了舉足輕重的作用。12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)裝機(jī)功率為553 kW, 包括8 臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī), 除2 臺(tái)牽引電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定功率為26 kW、額定電壓為DC 250 V 外, 其余6 臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定電壓均為AC 1 050 V, 其中包括2 臺(tái)截割電動(dòng)機(jī)( 額定功率為170 kW) 、1 臺(tái)油泵電動(dòng)機(jī)( 額定功率為52 kW) 、2 臺(tái)裝運(yùn)電動(dòng)機(jī)( 額定功率為45 kW)、1 臺(tái)通風(fēng)機(jī)電動(dòng)機(jī)( 額定功率為19 kW) 。除2 臺(tái)牽引電動(dòng)機(jī)采用直流串激型外, 其余6 臺(tái)電機(jī)均為易維護(hù)的三相交流異步電動(dòng)機(jī)。除通風(fēng)機(jī)電動(dòng)機(jī)外, 其它電動(dòng)機(jī)均采用水冷式。本文將對(duì)12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)電動(dòng)機(jī)采用的電氣及機(jī)械保護(hù)技術(shù)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹, 以供參考。 1 、 電氣保護(hù) 12CMl5 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)電動(dòng)機(jī)的電氣保護(hù)有過 流保護(hù)、過載保護(hù)、過熱保護(hù)以及漏電監(jiān)視保護(hù)和漏電閉鎖保護(hù)[ 1] 。 (1) 過流保護(hù)。為防止發(fā)生短路故障, 電氣系 統(tǒng)中過流保護(hù)主要采用了2 種實(shí)現(xiàn)方法: 一種方法是通過斷路器中的電磁脫扣機(jī)構(gòu)來自動(dòng)完成, 一旦電流超過設(shè)定值, 電磁脫扣機(jī)構(gòu)立即自動(dòng)脫扣跳閘,使斷路器切斷電源, 該方法一般用于大電流( 如1 200 A、1 090 A 或980 A) 過流保護(hù), 此外, 斷路器還完成短路故障保護(hù)的任務(wù); 另一種方法是通過電流傳感器測(cè)量電流并把測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)傳送給PLC, 由PLC 按預(yù)先規(guī)定的電流限制值( 如350 A 或80 A)以及過流限制時(shí)間( 0. 2 s) 控制執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)( 接觸器或可控硅整流器) 來執(zhí)行斷電, 這種方法多用于電流值相對(duì)小的過流( 或稱堵轉(zhuǎn)電流) 保護(hù)。 (2) 過載保護(hù)[ 2] 。過載保護(hù)用于防止電動(dòng)機(jī)長(zhǎng) 時(shí)間過載運(yùn)行而發(fā)熱減少發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)壽命。過載保護(hù)與過流保護(hù)的不同之處在于它的信號(hào)取自于熱繼電器, 而熱繼電器模擬電動(dòng)機(jī)的熱積累效應(yīng), 具有反時(shí)限的特征。也就是說, 當(dāng)電流超過規(guī)定的某一值( 如額定值的1. 2 倍) 后, 并不立即實(shí)施保護(hù), 而是要延遲一定的時(shí)間, 而且這個(gè)延時(shí)時(shí)間隨電流超過規(guī)定值的多少而變, 一般來說, 當(dāng)電流為額定值的1. 2 倍時(shí), 延遲時(shí)間大約是幾分鐘到幾十分鐘, 而電流為額定值的6 倍左右時(shí), 延時(shí)時(shí)間僅為幾秒或十幾秒。過載保護(hù)的執(zhí)行過程與前面所說的小電流過流保護(hù) 的情況基本相同, 都是由PLC 控制執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)來執(zhí)行斷電, 不同的只是檢測(cè)信號(hào)取自于具有反時(shí)限特征的熱繼電器。 (3) 過熱保護(hù)。過熱保護(hù)動(dòng)作值通過直接測(cè)量 電動(dòng)機(jī)繞組溫度來取得。在12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤 機(jī)的每個(gè)電動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)部繞組中都設(shè)置一些熱敏開關(guān)元件, 其特征等效于一個(gè)溫控常閉開關(guān), 正常時(shí), 這些熱敏元件表現(xiàn)為低阻值, 相當(dāng)于開關(guān)閉合; 而當(dāng)溫度升高到某一規(guī)定值以上時(shí), 它們表現(xiàn)為高阻狀態(tài), 相當(dāng)于開關(guān)打開。過熱保護(hù)正是利用了這一特征并在PLC 和相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)配合下完成的。 (4) 漏電保護(hù)。在安全方面, 最基本、也是煤礦井下電氣設(shè)備必備的一項(xiàng)措施就是漏電保護(hù)措施。漏電保護(hù)一般有2 種形式, 一種可以稱作為漏電監(jiān)視, 另一種是漏電閉鎖。在12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)系統(tǒng)中, 直接使用AC 1 050 V 電壓的電動(dòng)機(jī)回路采用的都是漏電閉鎖方式, 牽引電動(dòng)機(jī)回路則采用的是漏電監(jiān)視方式。 2 、 機(jī)械保護(hù) 12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)的截割電動(dòng)機(jī)采用摩擦 離合器及扭矩軸機(jī)械保護(hù), 裝運(yùn)電動(dòng)機(jī)采用扭矩軸 機(jī)械保護(hù)方式[ 3] 。 (1) 摩擦離合器 摩擦離合器屬于截割機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)械安全保護(hù)裝置的 一個(gè)組件, 在每一臺(tái)截割電動(dòng)機(jī)所在的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中裝有一套。它在將動(dòng)力傳遞給截割滾筒的同時(shí)也起機(jī)械過載保護(hù)作用。摩擦離合器由輸入裝置、輸出裝置、彈簧螺栓組件、摩擦片、壓力盤、磨損指示桿、軸承、纖維定位板及密封等組成。摩擦離合器輸入裝置的內(nèi)孔花鍵與電動(dòng)機(jī)空心軸外端的外花鍵連接, 動(dòng)力由此輸入; 輸出裝置的內(nèi)孔花鍵與扭矩軸外端外孔花鍵連接, 動(dòng)力由此輸出。輸出裝置兩側(cè)端面燒結(jié)有摩擦片, 擰緊彈簧螺栓即可將摩擦片壓緊在輸入裝置、輸出裝置和壓力盤的法蘭端面之間, 形成摩擦力矩, 實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)力傳送或過載保護(hù)。當(dāng)外力矩( 即截割滾筒和截割鏈上截割煤巖產(chǎn)生的外力構(gòu)成 的阻力矩) 小于摩擦離合器調(diào)定的摩擦力矩時(shí), 輸出摩擦盤處于無滑差的正常動(dòng)力傳遞狀態(tài)。當(dāng)外力矩大于摩擦離合器調(diào)定的摩擦力矩時(shí), 輸出摩擦盤打滑, 起到機(jī)械保護(hù)的作用。當(dāng)外力矩低于調(diào)定的摩擦力矩時(shí), 離合器停止打滑, 恢復(fù)正常的動(dòng)力傳遞。每個(gè)截割電動(dòng)機(jī)配置一套摩擦離合器。摩擦離合器損壞的原因及判斷方法: ( a) 實(shí)際使用表明, 在外力矩過大的情況下, 摩擦離合器會(huì)頻繁打滑, 造成摩擦片磨損, 壓盤受熱變形。 ( b) 截割減速箱輸入軸密封損壞, 潤(rùn)滑油從電 動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子軸承進(jìn)入離合器, 造成摩擦片嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞。 ( c) 當(dāng)磨損指示桿的端面與壓力盤相平或者當(dāng) 壓力盤和輸入裝置的間隙不大于21 mm 時(shí)就需要更換輸出裝置, 裝上新裝置, 間隙應(yīng)為25. 4 mm。 ( 2) 扭矩軸 扭矩軸是截割機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的另一個(gè)機(jī)械安 全保護(hù)裝置。摩擦離合器布置在電動(dòng)機(jī)外側(cè), 以便于維修拆裝。這種布置在檢查或拆裝離合器時(shí), 無需移動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)即可順利完成。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)摩擦離合器輸出裝置與減速器之間的動(dòng)力傳送, 采用了扭矩軸機(jī)械保護(hù)方式。由于電動(dòng)機(jī)空心軸結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的限制, 從空心軸穿過的扭矩軸比較細(xì)長(zhǎng), 扭矩軸兩端為外花鍵, 里端外花鍵與減速器齒輪聯(lián)接, 外端外花鍵與摩擦離合器輸出裝置內(nèi)花鍵聯(lián)接。在連接摩擦離合器一端的花鍵里側(cè)有一細(xì)頸的軸槽, 在過載斷裂的時(shí)候, 因?yàn)榇颂幾罴?xì), 所以斷口應(yīng)發(fā)生在這里。同時(shí), 在這一端沿軸向制有2 個(gè)直徑大小不同的螺紋孔備拆卸更換使用。當(dāng)外力矩低于扭矩軸細(xì)頸處的抗扭強(qiáng)度時(shí), 扭矩軸傳送動(dòng)力, 電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)截割機(jī)構(gòu) 正常工作; 反之, 當(dāng)外力矩大于細(xì)頸處抗扭強(qiáng)度時(shí),扭矩軸在細(xì)頸處扭斷, 與扭斷的扭矩軸相連的一側(cè)電動(dòng)機(jī)空轉(zhuǎn), 停止驅(qū)動(dòng)截割機(jī)構(gòu), 起到電動(dòng)機(jī)保護(hù)作用。此時(shí), 需要重新更換扭矩軸。每個(gè)截割電動(dòng)機(jī)、裝運(yùn)電動(dòng)機(jī)配置有一個(gè)扭矩軸。扭矩軸與摩擦離合器均能在傳送動(dòng)力的同時(shí)起到截割機(jī)構(gòu)過載保護(hù)作用。一側(cè)或兩側(cè)力矩軸斷裂的判斷方法: 兩側(cè)電動(dòng)機(jī)都轉(zhuǎn), 但是截割滾筒不轉(zhuǎn), 則可能2 臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)的力矩軸都斷裂了; 在以前使用不存在問題的條件下截割時(shí), 截割頭經(jīng)常發(fā)生過載跳閘, 則可能有一根力矩 軸斷裂。此時(shí)應(yīng)檢查截割電動(dòng)機(jī)電流表, 電流小的電動(dòng)機(jī)力矩軸可能已經(jīng)切斷。在關(guān)掉截割電動(dòng)機(jī)開關(guān)時(shí), 可以聽到一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間空轉(zhuǎn), 則它里面的力矩軸已經(jīng)切斷。 一般情況而言, 摩擦離合器要先于扭矩軸動(dòng)作, 起過載保護(hù)作用。但當(dāng)扭矩軸長(zhǎng)期使用出現(xiàn)疲勞或過大的外力矩突然加載( 如截割到堅(jiān)硬夾石、磺鐵礦等) 時(shí), 若摩擦片打滑動(dòng)作滯后, 扭矩軸也可能先于摩擦離合器動(dòng)作而被扭斷。此外, 當(dāng)一側(cè)電動(dòng)機(jī)扭矩軸扭斷的同時(shí), 另一側(cè)扭矩軸必定已承受了很高的應(yīng)力, 使用壽命會(huì)縮短。此時(shí)如果只更換損壞一側(cè)的扭矩軸, 則會(huì)導(dǎo)致兩側(cè)扭矩軸交替損壞, 所以最好同時(shí)更換兩側(cè)扭矩軸。實(shí)際使用表明, 這種機(jī)構(gòu)過載保護(hù)裝置在外力矩過大的情況下, 摩擦離合器動(dòng)作比較頻繁, 而扭斷扭矩軸的過載保護(hù)是不會(huì)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的。 3 、 日常維護(hù)保養(yǎng)應(yīng)注意的問題 12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)的電動(dòng)機(jī)保護(hù)技術(shù)可靠 完善, 但在日常維護(hù)工作中還應(yīng)做好以下工作: 加強(qiáng)供水水質(zhì)管理, 定期清洗及更換濾芯, 確保過流、過載、漏電等保護(hù)元件工作正常, 定期實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè), 嚴(yán)禁隨意甩掉不用; 扭矩軸損壞后必須成對(duì)更換, 定期檢查摩擦離合器的磨損指示, 達(dá)到更換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后應(yīng)立即更換。 4 、 結(jié)語(yǔ) 12CM15 型連續(xù)采煤機(jī)作為高產(chǎn)高效煤礦井下 煤巷掘進(jìn)主要設(shè)備, 具有可靠性高、故障率低、掘進(jìn)速度快的特點(diǎn), 在神府東勝礦區(qū)及榆神煤炭榆樹灣煤礦有限公司得到了充分應(yīng)用。對(duì)其電氣保護(hù)和機(jī)械保護(hù)技術(shù)進(jìn)行了充分的探討, 為采煤機(jī)的安全運(yùn)行提供了保證。 參考文獻(xiàn): [1] ?? 戴紹誠(chéng). 高產(chǎn)高效綜合機(jī)械化采煤技術(shù)與裝備[M] .北京: 煤炭工業(yè)出版社, 1998. [2] ?? 祖?zhèn)? 劉友翔, 張莉. 電動(dòng)機(jī)熱過載保護(hù)及其微機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)[J] . 合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào): 自然科學(xué)版, 1997, 20 ( 2) :94??99. [3] ?? 趙建軍. 連續(xù)采煤機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)綜合分析[J] . 煤礦機(jī)械,1998( 6) : 29??31. [4] ?? 賈春玉, 馬曉燕. 12CM 連采機(jī)常見電氣故障及分析[J] . 煤炭工程, 2005( 9) : 48??49. [5] ?? 程安寧. 介紹神府礦區(qū)引進(jìn)的久益12CM18 連續(xù)采煤機(jī)[J] . 陜西煤炭技術(shù), 1995( 2) : 39??41. [6] ?? 李峰，劉志毅.現(xiàn)代采掘機(jī)械 [M] .北京: 煤炭工業(yè)出版社, 2007. 作者簡(jiǎn)介: 張紅( 1990- ) , 女, 吉林省白城市鎮(zhèn)賚縣人,學(xué)生 , 2013年畢業(yè)于長(zhǎng)春理工大學(xué)光電信息學(xué)院機(jī)電工程分院 長(zhǎng)春理工大學(xué)光電信息學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 中文譯文 機(jī)電一體化的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 【摘要】：機(jī)電一體化是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果,本文簡(jiǎn)述了機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的基本概要和發(fā)展背景。綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)外機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀，分析機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 【關(guān)鍵詞】：機(jī)電一體化 技術(shù) 現(xiàn)狀 產(chǎn)品 制造技術(shù) 發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1．緒論 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，極大地推動(dòng)了不同學(xué)科的交叉與滲透，導(dǎo)致了工程領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)革命與改造。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域，由于微電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展及其向機(jī)械工業(yè)的滲透所形成的機(jī)電一體化，使機(jī)械工業(yè)的技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品機(jī)構(gòu)、功能與構(gòu)成、生產(chǎn)方式及管理體系發(fā)生了巨大變化，使工業(yè)生產(chǎn)由“機(jī)械電氣化”邁入了“機(jī)電一體化”為特征的發(fā)展階段。 2．機(jī)電一體化概要 機(jī)電一體化是指在機(jī)構(gòu)得主功能、動(dòng)力功能、信息處理功能和控制功能上引進(jìn)電子技術(shù)，將機(jī)械裝置與電子化設(shè)計(jì)及軟件結(jié)合起來所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)的總稱。 機(jī)電一體化發(fā)展至今也已成為一門有著自身體系的新型學(xué)科，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不但發(fā)展，還將被賦予新的內(nèi)容。但其基本特征可概括為：機(jī)電一體化是從系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，綜合運(yùn)用機(jī)械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感測(cè)控技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、接口技術(shù)、信息變換技術(shù)以及軟件編程技術(shù)等群體技術(shù)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能目標(biāo)和優(yōu)化組織目標(biāo)，合理配置與布局各功能單元，在多功能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、低能耗的意義上實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能價(jià)值，并使整個(gè)系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)。由此而產(chǎn)生的功能系統(tǒng)，則成為一個(gè)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)或機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品。 因此，“機(jī)電一體化”涵蓋“技術(shù)”和“產(chǎn)品”兩個(gè)方面。只是，機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)是基于上述群體技術(shù)有機(jī)融合的一種綜合技術(shù)，而不是機(jī)械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)以及其它新技術(shù)的簡(jiǎn)單組合、拼湊。這是機(jī)電一體化與機(jī)械加電氣所形成的機(jī)械電氣化在概念上的根本區(qū)別。機(jī)械工程技術(shù)有純技術(shù)發(fā)展到機(jī)械電氣化，仍屬傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械，其主要功能依然是代替和放大的體力。但是發(fā)展到機(jī)電一體化后，其中的微電子裝置除可取代某些機(jī)械部件的原有功能外，還能賦予許多新的功能，如自動(dòng)檢測(cè)、自動(dòng)處理信息、自動(dòng)顯示記錄、自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)與控制自動(dòng)診斷與保護(hù)等。即機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品不僅是人的手與肢體的延伸，還是人的感官與頭腦的眼神，具有智能化的特征是機(jī)電一體化與機(jī)械電氣化在功能上的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。 3．機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r 機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展大體可以分為3個(gè)階段。20世紀(jì)60年代以前為第一階段，這一階段稱為初級(jí)階段。在這一時(shí)期，人們自覺不自覺地利用電子技術(shù)的初步成果來完善機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的性能。特別是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)刺激了機(jī)械產(chǎn)品與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合，這些機(jī)電結(jié)合的軍用技術(shù)，戰(zhàn)后轉(zhuǎn)為民用，對(duì)戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)起了積極的作用。那時(shí)研制和開發(fā)從總體上看還處于自發(fā)狀態(tài)。由于當(dāng)時(shí)電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展尚未達(dá)到一定水平，機(jī)械技術(shù)與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合還不可能廣泛和深入發(fā)展，已經(jīng)開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品也無法大量推廣。 20世紀(jì)70~80年代為第二階段，可稱為蓬勃發(fā)展階段。這一時(shí)期，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路和微型計(jì)算機(jī)的迅猛發(fā)展，為機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展提供了充分的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。這個(gè)時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)是：①mechatronics一詞首先在日本被普遍接受，大約到20世紀(jì)80年代末期在世界范圍內(nèi)得到比較廣泛的承認(rèn)；②機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品得到了極大發(fā)展；③各國(guó)均開始對(duì)機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品給以很大的關(guān)注和支持。 20世紀(jì)90年代后期，開始了機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)向智能化方向邁進(jìn)的新階段，機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)入深入發(fā)展時(shí)期。一方面，光學(xué)、通信技術(shù)等進(jìn)入了機(jī)電一體化，微細(xì)加工技術(shù)也在機(jī)電一體化中嶄露頭腳，出現(xiàn)了光機(jī)電一體化和微機(jī)電一體化等新分支；另一方面對(duì)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的建模設(shè)計(jì)、分析和集成方法，機(jī)電一體化的學(xué)科體系和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)都進(jìn)行了深入研究。同時(shí)，由于人工智能技術(shù)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)及光纖技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域取得的巨大進(jìn)步，為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)開辟了發(fā)展的廣闊天地。這些研究，將促使機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)一步建立完整的基礎(chǔ)和逐漸形成完整的科學(xué)體系。 我國(guó)是從20世紀(jì)80年代初才開始在這方面研究和應(yīng)用。國(guó)務(wù)院成立了機(jī)電一體化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組并將該技術(shù)列為“863計(jì)劃”中。在制定“九五”規(guī)劃和2010年發(fā)展綱要時(shí)充分考慮了國(guó)際上關(guān)于機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展動(dòng)向和由此可能帶來的影響。許多大專院校、研究機(jī)構(gòu)及一些大中型企業(yè)對(duì)這一技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用做了大量的工作，不取得了一定成果，但與日本等先進(jìn)國(guó)家相比仍有相當(dāng)差距。 4．機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 機(jī)電一體化是集機(jī)械、電子、光學(xué)、控制、計(jì)算機(jī)、信息等多學(xué)科的交叉綜合，它的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步依賴并促進(jìn)相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步。因此，機(jī)電一體化的主要發(fā)展方向如下： 4.1智能化 智能化是21世紀(jì)機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向。人工智能在機(jī)電一體化建設(shè)者的研究日益得到重視，機(jī)器人與數(shù)控機(jī)床的智能化就是重要應(yīng)用。這里所說的“智能化”是對(duì)機(jī)器行為的描述，是在控制理論的基礎(chǔ)上，吸收人工智能、運(yùn)籌學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和混沌動(dòng)力學(xué)等新思想、新方法，模擬人類智能，使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維、自主決策等能力，以求得到更高的控制目標(biāo)。誠(chéng)然，使機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品具有與人完全相同的智能，是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，高性能、高速的微處理器使機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦有低級(jí)智能或人的部分智能，則是完全可能而又必要的。 4.2模塊化 模塊化是一項(xiàng)重要而艱巨的工程。由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、電氣接口、動(dòng)力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元是一項(xiàng)十分復(fù)雜但又是非常重要的事。如研制集減速、智能調(diào)速、電機(jī)于一體的動(dòng)力單元，具有視覺、圖像處理、識(shí)別和測(cè)距等功能的控制單元，以及各種能完成典型操作的機(jī)械裝置。這樣，可利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單元迅速開發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品，同時(shí)也可以擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。這需要制定各項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以便各部件、單元的匹配和接口。由于利益沖突，近期很難制定國(guó)際或國(guó)內(nèi)這方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但可以通過組建一些大企業(yè)逐漸形成。顯然，從電氣產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化帶來的好處可以肯定，無論是對(duì)生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)電一體化單元的企業(yè)還是對(duì)生產(chǎn)機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)，規(guī)?；瘜⒔o機(jī)電一體化企業(yè)帶來美好的前程。 4.3網(wǎng)絡(luò)化 20世紀(jì)90年代，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等的突出成就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的興起和飛速發(fā)展給科學(xué)技術(shù)、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、政治、軍事、教育義舉人么日常生活都帶來了巨大的變革。各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)將全球經(jīng)濟(jì)、生產(chǎn)連成一片，企業(yè)間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也將全球化。機(jī)電一體化新產(chǎn)品一旦研制出來，只要其功能獨(dú)到，質(zhì)量可靠，很快就會(huì)暢銷全球。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾，而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)是家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化已成大勢(shì)，利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)(home net)將各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家電系統(tǒng)(computer integrated appliance system, CIAS)，使人們?cè)诩依锓窒砀鞣N高技術(shù)帶來的便利與快樂。因此，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無疑朝著網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。 4.4微型化 微型化興起于20世紀(jì)80年代末，指的是機(jī)電一體化向微型機(jī)器和微觀領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。國(guó)外稱其為微電子機(jī)械系統(tǒng)（MEMS），泛指幾何尺寸不超過1cm3的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，并向微米、納米級(jí)發(fā)展。微機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品體積小 、耗能少、運(yùn)動(dòng)靈活，在生物醫(yī)療、軍事、信息等方面具有不可比擬的優(yōu)勢(shì)。微機(jī)電一體化發(fā)展的瓶頸在于微機(jī)械技術(shù)，微機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的加工采用精細(xì)加工技術(shù)，即超精密技術(shù)，它包括光刻技術(shù)和蝕刻技術(shù)兩類。 4.5綠色化 工業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)給人們生活帶來了巨大變化。一方面，物質(zhì)豐富，生活舒適；另一方面，資源減少，生態(tài)環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重污染。于是，人們呼吁保護(hù)環(huán)境資源，回歸自然。綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲下應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，綠色化是時(shí)代的趨勢(shì)。綠色產(chǎn)品在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀的生命過程中，符合特定的環(huán)境保護(hù)和人類健康的要求，對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境無害或危害極少，資源利用率極高。 4.6系統(tǒng)化 系統(tǒng)化的表現(xiàn)特征之一就是系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步采用開放式和模式化的總線結(jié)構(gòu)。系統(tǒng)可以靈活組態(tài)，進(jìn)行任意剪裁和組合，同時(shí)尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)多子系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)控制和綜合管理。表現(xiàn)之二是通信功能的大大加強(qiáng)，一般除RS232外，還有RS485、DCS人格化。未來的機(jī)電一體化更加注重產(chǎn)品與人的關(guān)系，機(jī)電一體化的人格化有兩層含義。一層是，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對(duì)象是人，如何賦予機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品人的智能、情感、人性顯得越來越重要，特別是對(duì)家用機(jī)器人，其高層境界就是人機(jī)一體化。另一層是模仿生物機(jī)理，研制各種機(jī)電一體花產(chǎn)品。事實(shí)上，許多機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品都是受動(dòng)物的啟發(fā)研制出來的。 5．結(jié)語(yǔ) 綜上所述，機(jī)電一體化的出現(xiàn)不是孤立的，它是許多科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)晶，是社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定階段的必然要求。當(dāng)然，與機(jī)電一體化相關(guān)的技術(shù)還有很多，并且隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種技術(shù)相互融合的趨勢(shì)將越來越明顯，機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的廣闊發(fā)展前景也將越來越光明。 英文原文 Integration of machinery present situation and development tendency [ Abstract ]: The integration of machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background. Summarized the domestic and foreign in tegrations of machinery technology present situation, the analysis integration of machinery technology development tendency. [ Key word ]: Integration of machinery technology present situation product manufacture technological development tendency 1. introduction The modern science and technology unceasing development, enormously impelled different discipline intersecting with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation. In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectron technology and the computer technology rapid development and its forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to step into "the integration of machinery" by "the machinery electrification" for the characteristic development phase. 2. integrations of machinery outlines The integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the electron design and software which constitutes always to call. Mechatronics development since has become one has its own system of new disciplines, as science and technology is developing, will be given new content. However, its basic characteristics can be summarized as : electromechanical integration is from the system point of view, the integrated use of machinery technology, electronics technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensor monitoring technology, power electronics technology, interface technology, Transform information technology and software programming technology, and other technical groups, according to target functional and optimization objectives of the Organization, rational distribution and the distribution of the functional unit, multi-function, high-quality, high reliability, Energy-efficient realization of the significance of specific functions, which makes the whole system optimization of systems engineering technology. And the resulting functional systems, electromechanical integration into a system or electromechanical integration products. Therefore, "mechatronics" covered "technical" and "product" two aspects. However, electromechanical integration technology is based on the above-mentioned groups, organic fusion technology an integrated technology, which is not mechanical technology, microelectronics technology, and other new technologies simple combination of patchwork. This is the mechanical and electrical integration and electrical machinery and processing machinery formed by electrification in the fundamental concept of distinction. Mechanical engineering technology purely technical development of electric machinery, the machinery is still traditional, Its main function is still to replace and enlarge the physical. However, the development of electromechanical integration, which the microelectronics devices may replace some mechanical parts of the original function, also given many new functions, such as the automatic detection, automatic processing, automatic record Automatic adjustment and control automatic diagnosis and protection. That is, electromechanical integration products is not only the hands and limbs extended, or the sensations and minds of the eyes, with the characteristics of intelligent mechatronics and mechanical functions in the electrification of the essential difference between. 3. Electromechanical integration of development Electromechanical integration, the development can be roughly divided into three stages. 20 1960s before the first stage, the stage called the initial stage. During this period, people unconsciously use of electronic technology in the preliminary results to perfect the performance of mechanical products. Especially during the Second World War, a war to stimulate the machinery and electronic technologies, These electromechanical combination of military technology to civilian use after the war, the post-war economic recovery played a positive role. At that time, research and development on the whole is still in a state of spontaneous. Due to the time of the development of electronic technology has not yet reached a certain level. Mechanical Technology and the integration of electronic technology is still impossible to extensive and in-depth development, and has developed products are not widely promoted. 20 Century 70 ~ 80 years for the second stage, known as the flourishing development stage. During this period, computer technology, control technology, communications technology, electromechanical integration of development laid a technological basis. Massive, super-scale integrated circuits and micro-computer rapid development electromechanical integration of the development provided adequate material basis. This period is characterized by : ① mechatronics first term in Japan is generally acceptable, Some of the 20th century, the late 1980s the world will be more widely accepted; ② electromechanical integration technologies and products to be a tremendous development; ③ countries have started to electromechanical integration technologies and products give a great deal of concern and support. 20 late 1990s and began electromechanical integration technology to intelligent direction of the new stage, electromechanical integration into the in-depth development period. On one hand, optical, communication technology into the electromechanical integration, microfabrication technology has electromechanical integration, which would take place the first leg, a-mechanical-electrical integration, and micro-electromechanical integration of new branches; on the other hand, electromechanical integration system modeling design, Analysis and Integration, electromechanical integration of disciplines and development trends have conducted in-depth research. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence technology and neural network technology and fiber technology, and other fields made tremendous progress, electromechanical integration of technology has opened up a vast world of development. These studies will help further establish mechatronics integrity of the foundation and gradually form a complete scientific system. China is from the 1980s of the 20th century only at the beginning of studies in this respect and application. The State Council has established a leading group electromechanical integration, and the technology as the "863 Program". For the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" planning and development program in 2010 when full account of international electromechanical integration of technology development trends and the resulting potential impact. Many tertiary education institutions, research institutes and large and medium-sized enterprises in some of this technology development and application done a lot of work, not achieved certain results, but with Japan and other advanced countries still have a considerable gap. 4. Electromechanical integration, the development trend Mechatronics combines mechanical, electronic, optical, control, computer, information and other multidisciplinary cross-integrated, its development and progress and to promote reliance on technology related to development and progress. Therefore, electromechanical integration, the main direction of development is as follows : 4.1 Intelligent Intelligent 21st century electromechanical integration of technological development an important development direction. Artificial Intelligence in electromechanical integration of builders is receiving increasing attention, CNC machine tools and robots intelligent application is important. Here the "intelligent" to describe the machinery is in control theory on the basis of absorption artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy math, psychology, physiology and chaotic dynamics of new ideas, new methods, simulate human intelligence, it is judgment, reasoning, logical thinking and independent decision-making ability, in order to get a higher control objectives. Indeed, to make the integrated products is identical with the people on the wisdom, it is impossible, but also unnecessary. However, the high performance, high-speed microprocessors to make the integrated products are endowed with low intelligence or of some smart, it is entirely possible and necessary. 4.2 Modular Modularity is an important and difficult project. Mechanical and electrical integration product lines and numerous manufacturers, research and development interface with the standard mechanical, electrical interface, Dynamic Interface, environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a very complex but very important things. If developed Set slowdown, the smart governor, the electrical characteristics of the power unit with vision, image processing, Identification and location of the functions of the control unit and can be completed various typical-operated mechanical device. Thus, the use of standard cell can quickly develop new products, while also expanding production scale. This requires the development of standards for the various components, modules and interface matching. Due to a conflict of interest, the recent difficult to develop an international or national standards in this regard. But through the formation of some large enterprises have gradually formed. Clearly, the standardization of electrical products and serialization of the benefits can be sure, Whether to production standards electromechanical integration of enterprises or units of production electromechanical integration of enterprise products, scale enterprises electromechanical integration will bring about a better future. 4.3 Network 90s of the 20th century, computer technology is an outstanding achievement in networking technology. Network Technology and the rise to the rapid development of science and technology, industrial production, political, military, Education act everyday life are what people have brought tremendous changes. Various networks to the global economy, as a production company, and inter-enterprise competition will globalization. Electromechanical integration of new products once developed, as long as their unique functional, reliable, and will soon be sold all over the world. Due to the popularity of the network, the network-based remote control and monitoring technology is ascendant. and the remote control terminal equipment itself is mechatronics products. Fieldbus and LAN technology is the network of household appliances has become the trend, use home network (home net) will be linked into various household appliances to computers at the center of computer integrated home appliances system (computer integrated appliance system, CIAS), so that people at home sharing the various high-tech facilities and happiness. Therefore, electromechanical integration, network products undoubtedly towards the direction of development. 4.4 miniaturization Miniature rise in the 20th century the end of the 1980s, refers to the integration of micro-electromechanical machines and the micro trend of development. Foreign known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), refers to the geometric size of more than 1 cm3 of mechatronics products, and Micron, nano-level development. MEMS integration products small size, less consumption, exercise flexibility in biological medical, military, , and other aspects of information due to the advantages. Micro-electro-mechanical integration is the bottleneck MEMS technology, micro-electromechanical integration products are processed using sophisticated processing technologies. that the ultra-sophisticated technology, including lithography and etching techniques two. 4.5 Green Industry developed for the people's living brought tremendous changes. On one hand, material wealth, living comfortable; The other hand, a reduction of resources, the ecological environment has been seriously polluted. So, people called for the protection of the environment and resources, and return to nature. Green product concept came into being under such voices, green is the trend of the times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of the life process, meet specific environmental and human health, at the request of the ecological environment or harm innocent little, a very high utilization rate of resources. 4.6 systematized Systematic one of the features of the system architecture is the further use of open and the model bus architecture. System configuration can be flexible, tailoring and arbitrary combinations, while seeking to achieve more coordination and control subsystems and integrated management. 2 performance of the communication function is greatly enhanced, in addition to general RS232, RS485 there, the personification of DCS. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products and pay more attention to the relationship between people, electromechanical integration of personalization has two implications. Level, the integration of mechanical and electrical products to the end user is people, how to give electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotional, Humanity has become increasingly important, especially for household robots, is the realm of its senior man-machine integration. At another level, it is an imitation of biological mechanism, the development of various electromechanical products flowers. In fact, many of mechatronics products are inspired by the developed the of animals. 5. Conclusion In summary, the emergence of mechatronics is not isolated, it is in many scientific and technological development of the crystallization is the development of social productive forces to a certain stage of the inevitable requirement. Of course, and the Electrical and Mechanical related to the integration of many technologies, and with the development of science and technology. technical integration of the trend is becoming increasingly obvious. electromechanical integration of a broad development prospects will be brighter. 8