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1、 I. Introduction Victorian literature was the literature produced during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837—1901) and corresponded to the Victorian era. It formed a link and transition between the writers of the romantic period and the very different literature of the 20th century. In th

2、is period, popular works opened a market for the novel amongst a reading public. The 19th century was often regarded as a high point in British literature as well as in other countries such as France, the United States of America and Russia. Books, and novels in particular, became ubiquitous, and th

3、e "Victorian novelist" created great books with continuing appeal. 1.1 Charles Dickens and his works In the long period of domination of Queen Victoria, Charles Dickens was the most popular writer. Being the greatest representative of the English critical realism, he gave us a most vivid picture o

4、f everyday life, of the ordinary people of his times. He created a large number of life characters, well known, full of life and unforgettable. He had suffered so bitterly himself as a child and had seen so much evilness. So he decided to fight with evilness. He believed that a hard-working and hone

5、st man could achieve his little personal business under capitalism. The success of one great novelist would rely on the carrier: his works, to support himself. Charles Dickens wrote many a novel such as The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, Dombey and Son, Hard Times and A Tale of Two Cities. Charles

6、 Dickens used his pen to mould a typical figure of all strata in the Victorian age: Mr. Pickwick, the benevolent gentleman; Oliver Twist, the good lucky young man. All above novels played an important role in Charles Dickens’ successful career. But David Copperfield, a novel based on his early life

7、experiences, was Dickens’ satisfied reminiscence of his life and literary reappearance of his personal history. Like Dickens, David works as a child, pasting labels onto bottles. David also becomes first a law clerk, then a reporter, and finally a successful novelist. Mr. Micawber is a satirical ver

8、sion of Dickens’s father, a likable man who can never scrape together the money he needs. Many of the secondary characters sprang from Dickens’s experiences as a young man in financial distress in London. So we could see that Dickens liked this novel very much. No wonder Dickens wrote, “of all my bo

9、oks I like this the best; like many fond parents I have a favorite child and his name is David Copperfield”. David Copperfield, the strong-willed young man who relied on himself suffered a lot and at last became a successful novelist like Dickens. Through the description of David Copperfield, Char

10、les Dickens made a fierce and harsh attack upon the bourgeois society, and at the same time showed deep sympathy for the benevolent, the poor, the depressed and the innocent. In this book the good would surpass the evil, the truth would conquer the false and all kind-hearted people would embrace the

11、 endowments of life. 1.2 The synopsis of David Copperfield The story dealt with the life of David Copperfield from childhood to maturity. David was born in England in 1820. Davids father had died six months before he was born, and seven years later, his mother married Mr. Murdstone. David was

12、 given good reasons to dislike his stepfather and had the same feelings for Mr. Murdstones sister Jane, who moved into the house soon afterwards. Mr. Murdstone thrashed David for falling behind with his studies. Following one of these thrashings, David bit him and was sent away to a boarding school,

13、 Salem House, with a ruthless headmaster, Mr. Creakle. Here he befriends James Steerforth and Tommy Traddles, both of whom he met again later on. David returned home for the holidays to find out that his mother had had a baby boy. Soon after David went back to Salem House, his mother and her ba

14、by die and David had to return home immediately. Mr. Murdstone sent him to work in a factory in London, of which Murdstone was a joint owner. The grim reality of hand-to-mouth factory existence echoed Dickens own travails in a blacking factory. His landlord, Mr. Wilkins Micawber, was sent to a debto

15、rs prison (the Kings Bench Prison) after going bankrupt, and was there for several months before being released and moving to Plymouth. David now had nobody left to care for him in London, and decides to run away. He walked all the way from London to Dover, to find his only relative, his aunt M

16、iss Betsey. The eccentric Betsey Trotwood agreed to bring him up, despite his visiting in a bid to regain custody of David. Davids aunt renamed him Trotwood Copperfield, soon shortened to "Trot", and for the rest of the novel he was called by either name, depending on whether he was communicating wi

17、th someone he had known for a long time, or someone he had only recently met. The story followed David as he grew to adulthood, and was enlivened by many well-known characters that entered, left and re-entered his life. These included Peggotty, his faithful former housekeeper for his mother, he

18、r family, and their orphaned niece Little Emly who lived with them and charmed the young David. Davids romantic but self-serving school friend, Steerforth, seduced and dishonored Little Emly, triggering the novels greatest tragedy; and his landlords daughter and ideal "angel in the house," Agnes Wic

19、kfield, became his confidante. The two most familiar characters were Davids sometime mentor, the constantly debt-ridden Mr. Wilkins Micawber, and the devious and fraudulent clerk, Uriah Heep, whose misdeeds were eventually discovered with Micawbers assistance. Micawber was painted as a sympathetic c

20、haracter. In typical Dickens fashion, the major characters got some measure of what they deserved, and few narrative threads were left hanging. Dan Peggotty safely transported Little Emly to a new life in Australia, accompanying these two central characters were Mrs. Gummidge and the Micawbers.

21、 Everybody involved finally found security and happiness in their new lives in Australia. David first married the beautiful but nave Dora Spenlow, but she died after failing to recover from a miscarriage early in her marriage. David then did some soul-searching and eventually married and found true

22、happiness with the sensible Agnes. Agnes had secretly always loved him. They had several children, including a daughter named in honor of Betsey Trotwood. 1.3 Critical realism The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and early fifties. The realists first and foremost

23、set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying characterization of bourgeois reality. As a representative of critical realism, Charles Dickens was the greatest English realist of the time. He created pictures of bourgeois civilization,

24、 describing the misery and sufferings of common people. II. The impact of critical realism Critical realism earns a high position in the literature world. It is one of the most important parts of literary genres. Critical realism has a dramatic influence on the development of literature a

25、nd still has great realistic significance. 2.1 The historical position of critical realism Critical realism was a product formed during the capitalist establishment, development and consolidation. It widely reflected peoples social life, the class relations. It revealed the nature of society

26、 at that time and significance of profound thought. Realism was also deeply engraved with a clear print of history and was obviously limited by class and history. Critical realism which stood on the ground of common people showed the evils of the bourgeoisie so that the evils of the bourgeoisie wou

27、ld be known by more and more people. The writers of critical realism showed sympathy for working class and exposed the evil of the bourgeoisie radically, critically and profoundly. So critical realism reflected life, enlightened people and deepened their thought. 2.2 朗讀顯示對(duì)應(yīng)的拉丁字符的拼音 字典 - 查看字典詳

28、細(xì)內(nèi)容 The influence of critical realism The impact of critical realism was dramatic. Critical realism became one of the most famous literary genres. Humanitarians used critical realism as an ideological weapon to criticize the sins of capitalist and feudal tyranny. Critical realism writers were

29、full of compassion for the masses oppressed by capitalist and feudal tyranny. A lot of writers contrasted the better quality of working people with the evil one of aristocrats. There were many writers to describe "little people" and the suffering of "little people". Many writers also fancied social

30、improvement with the moral force to resolve social contradictions, but the result was that the ideal could never be achieved. So they caught some pessimism. However, the value of critical realism was not the writers’ point in the right social path. The works of critical realism showed the enormous s

31、uffering of the people and the evil of aristocratic bourgeoisie through their works. So critical realism literature showed the evil image of capitalism, and broke the peoples optimism about capitalism, causing people to doubt the reality of permanent order. Critical realism did shake people’s old co

32、nception about capitalism. Under the critical realist writers pen, the novels creation had experienced unprecedented prosperity. They made this literary genre develop to a mature stage. So this literary genre became a very important literature style. The colorful picture of life and a wide vari

33、ety of characters ware cast in the full structure of the organic plot by critical realism, showing a deep and rich social content, both in thought and art. It had reached unprecedented height. While the leading position of critical realism literature in the history of literary trends had ended,

34、 the writings of critical realism had left a long-term impact on literature. The understanding of critical realism literature was beneficial to the study of Western literature. And it had far-reaching significance. 2.3 The realistic significance of critical realism At present, with the deepe

35、ning of our reform, our economy is advancing rapidly and peoples’ moral standards are undergoing great changes. The majority of job seekers put the level of income as a very important factor and even the primary factor to consider. They show great utilitarian when choosing their career. Thus great c

36、hanges have occurred in our social life. The economic development improves the living standards of people. Obviously, this is an important indicator of social progress. However, in the progress of social development, the development of spirit is not in accord with that of material. Many people becom

37、e the slaves of money and are at the mercy of it. In order to grab the money, they are unscrupulous and even break the law. The insatiable desire for money is the root of various economic crimes. This phenomenon also affected the party. Some people have been the members of the party for many y

38、ears, but can not withstand the temptation of money. Many common people can fight between brothers, sisters, and even parents for money. In short, corruption is quite usual now. Of course, socialism is different from capitalism. We should see that the feudal class and the influence of bourgeois

39、 ideology can not be eliminated in the short term. Therefore, for some people who can not properly deal with money, their corruption in our authorities is inevitable. The problem is not whether there are crimes in the economic field and corruption in official circles in our society, but whether we h

40、ave the confidence, determination, and ability to solve these problems and eliminate corruption. Colleges and universities are an integral part of society, therefore, students will know more about the society. Why do some students establish an unhealthy consumption conception, regardless of their ow

41、n reality? Why some students begin from petty theft at an early age and end in robbery? Therefore, we should do a good job of ideological and moral education to gradually establish a correct world outlook, outlook on life and values on their mind. We should implement aesthetic education, and guide t

42、hem to read the healthy books that are highly ideological. There are many famous works of Critical realism. Through the appropriate recommendation and introduction to students, the works of Critical realism will not only enrich their spiritual lives, cultivate character, purify the soul, but also en

43、hance the moral education, intellectual education. The students enhance their understanding of aesthetic pleasure in their reading and make good grades. It also reduces corrupt elements for the future, for some students will get into the management of national areas. In the society of market-or

44、iented economy, regardless of capitalism or socialism, the money relationships between people are very important social relations. To treat and handle this relationship properly will be beneficial to the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and social stability. Critical realism li

45、terature insists on starting from a true picture of life. This kind of literature is not only exposing and criticizing the evilness of feudal and capitalist classes, but also reflecting the misery that the common people suffered. To a certain extent, critical realism literature expresses deep sympat

46、hy for working people. Currently, in the literary and artistic creation, it is still necessary to learn the writing method of critical realism literature. In the process of creation, we should not only oppose the abstract, idealized, conceptual trends of creation, but also oppose the negative tenden

47、cies of naturalistic style of the description and the pursuit of box-office value. The literature that arouses the readers curiosity and carefully describes the corruption and crime scene will seem to be “real” on the surface, but it is not necessarily true of art. Such "real", for those inexperienc

48、ed children, would have a negative impact. To reproduce the so-called real life is by no means description of the phenomena of life-style reflected in the mirror. To reflect the nature of life, we must concentrate on the phenomena of life and conclude them with our wisdom. Or we just reflect the phe

49、nomena of life and not the essence of life. Since the introduction of the translation of critical realism literature, it has produced extensive, far-reaching effects. It has educated many people, for its superb artistry and the distinctive characters. So far, it is still widely welcomed, particular

50、ly among college students. Many classics are made into movies. III. Dickens’s critical realism in David Copperfield From David Copperfield, we saw that Charles Dickens used his pen to criticize many aspects of the society at that time, including the miserable family life, children’s educatio

51、n and capitalism. 3.1 The criticism of the miserable family life As a bourgeois humanist, Charles Dickens saw the inhumanity of the capitalist society. In the novel, he criticized the moralistic and sadistic oppressiveness of Mr. and Miss Murdstone, portrayed the inhumane child-labor life,

52、 the headmaster of a school carried on by sheer cruelty. As a child, David learned at home. Sometimes he and his mother lived along together. At that time he had been apt enough to learn and willing enough to learn. He said,“ I seem to have been cheered by the gentleness of my mother’s voice

53、and manners all the way.” Under the guise of teaching David and forming his character, Mr. and Miss Murdstone tortured him cruelly. He told David’s mother to be firm with the boy, not to treat him gently. But the firmness of Mr. Murdstone was a bane for David’s life. So the very sight of Mr. and Mis

54、s Murdstone had such an influence on David. He thought that he had done well if he was without the Murdstones; but the influence of the Murdstones upon him was like the fascination of two snakes on a wretched young bird”. So David thought that those solemn lessons were the deathblow at his peace, “a

55、nd a grievous daily drudgery and misery. They were very long, very numerous, very hard”. As a result, David couldn’t finish those solemn lessons, and then Mr. Murdstone would beat him “as if he would have beaten me to death”. The readers could image the result: “The natural result of this treatment,

56、 I suppose, for some six months or more, was to make me sullen, dull, and dogged. I was not made the less so by my sense of being daily more and more shut out and alienated from my mother. I believe I should have been almost stupefied but for one circumstance.” As for David’s mother, she had also

57、suffered a lot. She loved her David so much, but she could not love him as before. She had no rights to teach him lessons; she even dared not help her pitiable son, “I think my mother would show me the book if she dared, but she doesn’t dare”. For a mother, nothing was crueler than separating the so

58、n and herself. You could also know who the ringleader was. Through the description of David Copperfield’s miserable family life, Dickens vigorously criticized the vices and injustices of the capitalist society. 3.2 The criticism of children’s education David Copperfield experienced different

59、 periods and events. Charles Dickens showed the evilness in capitalist society in David Copperfield, especially for the education. 3.2.1 The criticism of the family education As a child, David received good education from his mother before Murdstone rushed into his family. He liked learning wh

60、at he could learn. His closest friend, Peggotty, told him stories and many other useful experience and theories. But Mr. Murdstone, his stepfather just used his method to control and treat him cruelly until David Copperfield could become his puppet. But David Copperfield, a strong-willed young man n

61、ever gave in and he would rather leave for his great-aunt. Family education became ruthless and useless under cruel-hearted Mr. and Miss Murdstone. Thanks to Betsy, she gave David another family and made him feel family love. David got his real family education from his great-aunt, but not his fathe

62、r and stepfather. 3.2.2 The criticism of the school education At school, David experienced the tragic treatment. He almost learnt nothing at Salem House. He also suffered a lot. He was beaten up and ill-treated instead of well-educated. Mr. Creakle had a delight in cutting at boys, which was

63、like the satisfaction of a craving appetite. He was the sternest master. He laid about David, right and left, every day of his life, charging in among the boys like a trooper and slashing away, unmercifully. He knew nothing himself but the art of slashing, being more ignorant than the lowest boy in

64、the school. Especially Mr. Creakle couldn’t resist a chubby boy who had a fascination that made him restless in his mind until he had scored and marked the boy for the day. David was chubby himself, and certainly was treated that way. So what David could only remember at this time was the recollecti

65、on of the daily strife and struggle of his life. Charles Dickens arranged for him good education later when he criticized the evil Salem House. This description set off the evilness of school education in capitalist society. David nearly lost the chance of learning knowledge in society. But he grad

66、ually became more and more mature in the strife against bad luck, the treason of his friend, Steerforths, the death of his wife, Dora, his great-aunt, Miss Betsy, and the scheme of Heep. The evil society not only hurt the laboring people, but also created the valiant of the time. It is the combination of criticism and idealism. 3.3 The criticism of capitalism and the capitalist society In David Copperfield, the powerful abused the weak and helpless. Dickens focus