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1、 Period 5 Grammar The General Idea of This Period This is the fifth period, which will center on the grammar: using the past participle as the adverbial and attribute.At the beginning of the period, the teacher should offer some time to go over what the students learned in the last period. Late

2、r the teacher had better present some sentences containing the past participle used as the adverbial and attribute on purpose by asking the students to do some exercises.Get the students to find all the sentences containing the past participle in the two passages.After finding them, the teacher can

3、ask the students to analyze them and understand the function of the past participle in those sentences.While doing it, the students should be given some explanation about how to use the past participle. The following step is to practise more about the grammar.The teacher should arrange some activi

4、ties carefully and creatively.First let them do some simple exercises.For example, combine the two sentences using the past participle as the adverbial and attribute.Then ask them students to make some sentences using the past participle. Besides that, the teacher should help the students to revie

5、w the other usages of the past participle.In the end, let them write a passage using the past participle properly. Apart from the usage of the past participle, the teacher had better make the students understand the difference between the past participle and the present participle.In order to have

6、 the students master it, the teacher should choose some exercises to supply the students with some problems to deal with.By doing and practicing more, the students may master the grammar. Teaching Important Points To learn about the past participle used as the adverbial and the attribute. Teach

7、ing Difficulties To know the difference between the past participle and the present participle. Teaching Aids Multi-media classroom and other normal teaching tools. Three Dimensional Teaching Aims Knowledge Aims To learn about the past participle used as the adverbial and the attribute. A

8、bility Aims To use the past participle used as the adverbial and the attribute freely and properly in speaking and writing. Emotional Aims Encourage the students to study by themselves. Make them know only by doing more exercises can they learn the grammar well. Teaching Procedure Step 1 Gr

9、eeting　 T: Hello, my friends. Ss: Hello, Miss Wang. Step 2 Revision　 T: Do you still remember what you learned in this unit?Please say something about the life in the future. S: The life in the future is quite different from the present life. S: People in the future will travel by hoverin

10、g carriage, which will be driven by computer. S: People will suffer from the lack of fresh air, but they will wear masks to feel much better. S: In the future, equipment will make life much more convenient than now. Ss: ... T: Good.Now please answer some questions according to the passage: I

11、Have Seen Amazing Things. Where did he visit in the first place?What did he find there? S: His first visit was to a space station considered the most modern in this part of space.It is an enormous round plate, which spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earth’s gravity. Inside, it is d

12、ivided into zones with extraordinarily different atmospheres and gravities. There the alien creatures live while they work with human space scientists searching for new worlds. T: Excellent.Would you please describe the friendliest creatures he met? S: The friendliest creatures are the mu-mu, a

13、family from the Pleiades group of stars.They can see in the dark so they live in an area without light of any kind.They have assisted in the discovery of planets round the fourth star in the Pleiades system.They speak in whispers and eat food that contains carbon.They have six arms and one shell-cov

14、ered leg.They moved forward by slowly shaking from side to side and they are tall and thin with white and black faces. T: You did a good job.What about the most interesting creatures? S: The most interesting creatures are the tiny dimpods from a galaxy near NGC6240.They skip around the pipes an

15、d between the wooden walls of the space station.They require the same atmosphere as humans and are great engineers.They will be able to travel many light years away from the earth.They also can produce a special liquid from their bodies.They are not easy to talk to, because you have to use a languag

16、e-changer to help and they shout loudly in your ear.They are very small with many arms and legs.They are purple or blue and the color changes depending on their mood. Step 3 Presentation T: Can you find the following sentence in the reading passage? Worried about the journey, I was unsettled fo

17、r the first few days. T: In this sentence the past participle is used as an adverbial phrase.It is a way of joining two clauses together: As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.Now please pick out three more sentences from the reading passages with past particip

18、les used as the adverbial.You are allowed to find as many sentences as possible in two minutes. (Two minutes later, ask the students to report what they have found.) S: Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company named“Future Tours”transported me safely into the future in a time capsule

19、. S: Confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. S: Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. S: Described as an enormous round plate, it spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earth’s gravity. T: Good.You just found all the sentences containing the

20、 past participles used as the adverbials.Besides using as the adverbials, the past participles can also be used as the attributes.Can you find the sentences with past participles used as attributes?Finish it in two minutes. (Two minutes later, let the students read these sentences with past parti

21、ciples as the attributes.) S: My first visit was to a space station considered the most modern in this part of space. S: Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company named“Future Tours”transported me safely into the future in a tome capsule. S: Soon I was back on my feet again and follo

22、wed him to collect a hovering carriage driven  by computer. S: Tomorrow you will be ready for some visits organized by the company. S: The mu-mu drink a strange mixture of carrot juice and cocoa, while the dimpods drink lemonade mixed with herbs. S: They move forward by slowly shaking from si

23、de to side on a shell-covered“l(fā)eg”. Step 4 Practising T: From the sentences mentioned just now, what do you know about the usage of past participles as adverbials and attributes? S: We use past participles as attributes when we want to join two clauses together, which is an attributive clause.

24、 T: Yes.過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ), 在語(yǔ)態(tài)上, 表被動(dòng); 在時(shí)間上, 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成, 與它所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 所修飾的名詞在邏輯上相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ), 過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于謂語(yǔ)。 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 已經(jīng)完成并具有被動(dòng)意義。有時(shí)也不表示時(shí)間性。作定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般由及物動(dòng)詞變來(lái), 因?yàn)橹挥屑拔飫?dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)意義。例如: He is a teacher loved by his students.他是個(gè)很受學(xué)生愛(ài)戴的老師。 也有用不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)的情況, 一般作前置定語(yǔ), 它不表示被動(dòng)意義, 只表示主動(dòng)意義, 強(qiáng)調(diào)

25、動(dòng)作完成。不能像及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞那樣放在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)。例如: fallen leaves 落葉  retired workers 退休工人  the risen sun 升起的太陽(yáng) T: Now combine these two sentences using the past participle as the attribute. Soon we lost sight of that famous astronomer.He is called Li Qiang. S: Soon we lost sight of that famous astronomer c

26、alled Li Qiang. T: I am going to buy a painting.It is copied from Vincent Van Gogh. S: I am going to buy a painting copied from Vincent Van Gogh. T: I like that old private house.It is built of wood and mud. S: I like that old private house built of wood and mud. T: The room is completely

27、empty.The room is connected to the rest of the house by a long passage. S: The room connected to the rest of the house by a long passage is completely empty. T: The queen was sitting in a royal carriage.The carriage was drawn by four horses. S: The queen was sitting in a royal carriage drawn by

28、 four horses. T: The vehicle is mentioned in the book.The vehicle is unknown to me. S: The vehicle mentioned in the book is unknown to me. T: The castle is under repair.It was built in 1432. S: The castle built in 1432 is under repair. T: Just now we practiced past participles used as attr

29、ibutes.There are still some notes we should pay attention to. 注意下面過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)的幾種情況:  1.單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的名詞之前。例如:  We needed much more qualified workers.我們需要更多的合格工人。 My friend is a returned student.我的朋友是個(gè)歸國(guó)的留學(xué)生。 單個(gè)分詞也可以作后置定語(yǔ), 用以強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。例如:  They decided to change the material used.他們決定更換使用的材料。

30、 2.過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)要放在被修飾的名詞后面, 作后置定語(yǔ), 其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。例如:  The student dressed in white is my daughter.(=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.)穿白色衣服的學(xué)生是我的女兒。 3.如果被修飾的詞是由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞或指示代詞those等時(shí), 即使一個(gè)單一的分詞作形容詞用, 也要放在被修飾詞的后面。例如: Is there anything unsolved?還有沒(méi)解決的

31、問(wèn)題嗎？ There is noting changed here since I left this town. 自從我離開(kāi)這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)以來(lái), 幾乎沒(méi)有什么變化。 4.單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞前加一個(gè)名詞或副詞, 常用連字符將它們連接起來(lái)構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合形容詞, 放在其修飾的名詞前, 作前置定語(yǔ)。分詞前加的名詞表示分詞的動(dòng)作或行為主體, 所加的副詞表示方式、時(shí)間、程度、性質(zhì)等意義。例如:  This is a state-owned factory.這是一家國(guó)有工廠。 This is our school-run factory.這是我們的校辦工廠。 T: Now let’s learn

32、 past participles used as adverbials. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ), 可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 它的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。作狀語(yǔ)的分詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。 例如:  Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by th

33、e news of his mother’s illness. 分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ), 使用何種分詞, 要取決于分詞與句子主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系: 主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞, 動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。例如:  1.Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help.(We don’t have enough hands.) 2.Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better.(We are taught by mistakes

34、 and setbacks.) 3.Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation.(The working people were inspired/inspire the working people.) 4.No matter how frequently __________, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.(CET-4 19

35、95, 6) A.performing　 B.performed C.to be performed D.being performed 本句中貝多芬的作品被反復(fù)表演, 可見(jiàn)分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去分詞, 故答案為B。 5.__________as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.(CET-4 1996, 1) A.Being published B.Published C.Publishing D.To be published 本句中as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,

36、 意思為: 他的作品盡管在被這樣的時(shí)候出版, 還是引起了關(guān)注, 可見(jiàn)分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去分詞, 故答案為B。 T: Now let’s combine these two sentences using the past participle as the adverbial. I was frightened by the loud noise.I went to see what was happening. S: Frightened by the loud noise, I went to see what was happening. T: H

37、e was hit by the lack of fresh air.He got a bad headache. S: Hit by the lack of fresh air, he got a bad headache. T: I felt very tired after the long journey.I still enjoyed meeting the aliens on the space station. S: Tired after the long journey, I still enjoyed meeting the aliens on the space

38、 station. T: The little girl was frightened by the noise outside.The little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom. S: Frightened by the noise outside, the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom. T: The museum was built in 1910.The museum is almost 100 years old. S: Built in 1910, the museu

39、m is almost 100 years old. T: The student was given some advice by the famous scientist.The student was not worried about his scientific experiment any more. S: Given some advice by the famous scientist, the student was not worried about his scientific experiment any more. Step 5 Applying(ou

40、tput) T: Now let’s do some exercises to apply past participles. 1.Once __________ (recover), he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. 2.If__________ (translate) word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand. 3.After a night __________ (spend) in exciteme

41、nt and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. 4.He walked up and down, __________ (lose) in thought. 5.Susan seldom speaks in class until __________ (speak) to. 6.With the water pipe __________ (choke), there wasn’t any more water for use. 7.Without

42、anything __________ (leave) in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out. (The teacher should let the students do it first and then check the answers.) Suggested answers: 1～7: recovered, translated, spent, lost, spoken, choked, left Step 6 Consolidation　 T: In this period, we mainly focus

43、on the past participle used as adverbials and attributes. After class, would you please write a passage containing past participles and present participles, which shows that you have known how to use past participles properly?Besides that, you will also have to finish the exercises on Pages 57 and 5

44、8 to practise using the past participle. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard Unit 3 Life in the future Period 5 Grammar Past participles used as adverbials Past participles used as attributes. 1.Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. 2.Given more time, the

45、 slow learners would have done better. 3.Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. 4.Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company named“Future Tours”transported me safely into the future in a time capsule. 1.My first visit was to a space station considered the most modern in this p

46、art of space. 2.Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company named“Future Tours”transported me safely into the future in a tome capsule. 3.Soon I was back on my feet again and followed him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer. Research and Activities Suppose you are Sherlock

47、 Holmes, the great detective.You are telling us the story like this: One day I was sitting at my desk, absorbed by what I was reading when the doorbell rang.A young lady came in, frightened and puzzled, which could be read in her eyes.I asked her what I could do for her.Then she began to tell me a

48、n alien creature called Future, ...Please continue the story with your imagination.Because it is fictional, whatever you make up is possible.You had better make your description sound reasonable and attractive on condition that there are some sentences with past participles used as adverbials and at

49、tributes. Reference for Teaching Grammar 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的用法 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞主要差別在于: 現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”, 過(guò)去分詞表示“被動(dòng)和完成”(不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng), 只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或邏輯主語(yǔ)等。 1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ), 可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 它的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。作狀語(yǔ)的分詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。例如: Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you

50、know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depres

51、sed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother’s illness. 分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ), 使用何種分詞, 要取決于分詞與句子主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系: 主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞, 動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。例如:  1.__________the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge.(CET-4 1996, 6) A.Having believed　 B.Believing　 C.Believed　 D.Being believed 本句意

52、思為: 相信地球是平的, 許多人擔(dān)心哥倫布會(huì)從邊上掉下去。許多人與相信之間是主謂關(guān)系, 及分詞與主語(yǔ)之間為主謂關(guān)系。因此, 應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞, 答案為B。 2.No matter how frequently __________, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.(CET-4 1995, 6) A.performing B.performed C.to be performed D.being performed 本句中貝多芬的作品被反復(fù)表演, 可見(jiàn)分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去分詞,

53、 故答案為B。 3.__________as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.(CET-4 1996, 1) A.Being published B.Published C.Publishing D.To be published 本句中as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句, 意思為: 他的作品盡管在被這樣的時(shí)候出版, 還是引起了關(guān)注, 可見(jiàn)分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去分詞, 故答案為B。 2)“while ( when, once, until, if, though等連詞)＋分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

54、現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 有時(shí)可以在分詞前加while, when, once, although, until, if等連詞。例如:  When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work. Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. A

55、lthough working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. 3)分詞作定語(yǔ)分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 單個(gè)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前, 分詞短語(yǔ)一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系), 過(guò)去分詞修飾承受該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。例如: 1.We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. 2.This is really an exhausting day to all of us! 3

56、.We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. 4.After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. 5.More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries. 6.The young sitting bet

57、ween my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack. 7.As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town__________50 households or more.(CET-4 1998, 1)  A.having B.to have　 C.to have had D.having had 后面由分詞作定語(yǔ), 而且town本身有50或以上人家, 故town與分詞間為主

58、謂關(guān)系, 應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞, 答案為A。 4)分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官動(dòng)詞和look at, listen to等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役動(dòng)詞后面與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ), 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的成分。例如: On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.

59、The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by. We should not leave him wondering what he should do. I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. I caught him dozing off in class. 過(guò)去分詞可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, h

60、ear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge動(dòng)詞等后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如: After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken.You should keep her informed of what is going on here. The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examinat

61、ion. 在動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice, perceive, observe, listen to, look at后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ), 也可用不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 用不定式表示的動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程已經(jīng)完成。例如: I saw Mr.White get off a bus. I saw Mr.White looking into a shop window. —Do you hear someone knocking at the door? —Yes, I did.I heard him knock three t

62、imes. 5)分詞作表語(yǔ)分詞作表語(yǔ)通?？醋餍稳菰~來(lái)用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì), 而且主語(yǔ)多為物; 過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)的感受或狀態(tài), 主語(yǔ)多為人。例如: The film“Pearl Harbor”is really exciting.I am excited about it. His response to the question was quite disappointing.I felt disappointed at his response. 具副詞功能的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) 和現(xiàn)在分詞及短語(yǔ)一樣, 過(guò)去分詞（past participles）或過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)（past p

63、articipial phrases）也可以充當(dāng)副詞, 修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)可以表達(dá)下列四種意思: (一)方法或活動(dòng)方式, 如:  He walked up and down, lost in thought. I sat before the desk until after mid-night, absorbed in writing. Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly. (二)原因, 如:  Greatly disappointed, some

64、staff decided to leave the place. Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered. (三)時(shí)間, 如:  Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships. Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later. (四)條件, 如:  Given more time, th

65、e slow learners would have done better. Criticized by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that. 除了直接修飾動(dòng)詞之外, 過(guò)去分詞或短語(yǔ)也可以和連詞合組成短語(yǔ), 表示下列四種意思: ⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等連詞引導(dǎo), 表示“時(shí)間”, 如:  When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic. Susan seldom s

66、peaks in class until spoken to. ⒉由 where, wherever 連詞引導(dǎo), 表示“地點(diǎn)”, 如: Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found. Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed. ⒊由 if, unless 引導(dǎo), 表示“條件”, 如: If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness. We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked. ⒋由 though, although, even though 連詞引導(dǎo), 表示“讓步”, 如:  Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering. Even though defe