定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析含proe三維及16張CAD圖
定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析含proe三維及16張CAD圖,定柱式,懸臂,起重機(jī),結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),分析,proe,三維,16,cad
Crane Work Needs More Technique
The invention of crane has greatly increased people’s work efficiency .People can use crane to handle with huge articles which used to be taken a long time to do, especially in a small are The bridge type hoist crane is required to handle with huge accessory? or?huge device.
The birth worldwide industry early post-war years, the crane industry came to an aImost complete standstill. By the end of the decade, however, crane construction had diversified and spread around the world and the industry seemed infused with newfound energy that left it flourishing as never before. Lightweight cranes that arrived on site ready for use came to dominate construction sites as people realised the advantages of not having to dismantle them between jobs. These new designs did away with the need to have other lifting equipment assisting during rigging - a big contrast to the cumbersome rigging of previous designs. But, before all this could happen came the horrors of the Second World War. By 1940 of Europe was completely caught up in the conflict. By the time the war ended, Europe and other parts of the world had been subjected to extraordinary political, economic and social changes that would affect the entire fabric of society, including the construction and crane industries, for many decades to come. In the US, steam locomotives were starting to be replaced by diesel - by 1953 more than 50 per cent of all locomotives would be diesel. During the war the mass production of excavators, scrapers and cranes continued. 1940, for example, saw Thew launch the new 'Lorain Motocrane' series. This consisted of three cranes which, for the first time in history, were mounted on chassis built by the crane manufacturer itselfi The smallest crane, the MC-2, could lift 7.6 tonnes, the MC-2 9.9 tonnes and the MC-3 13.5 tonnes. These cranes were delivered to the army by the thousand, and were also mounted on portals for use as harbour cranes (the MC-4 model). The war had, of course, taken its toll on the number of able-bodied men available to work in the crane industry and there was a serious shortage of good crane drivers. At Thew, newcomers were taught crane operations over a two-day course presented by A.C Burch, an experienced mechanic and graduate of the Naval Academy, and L.K Jenkins. These two gentlemen were probably the originators of 'operator training' as we know it today. As they had actually designed the Motocrane, both knew it inside out and were pleased to pass on this knowledge.
When the Japanese National Railways committed itself to buying the prototype of a machine designed to remove railway clips, the tide turned. The machine worked splendidly and iVlasuo Tadano toured Japan showing on 35 millimetre film just what it could do. He collected numerous orders for the machine along the way and at the same time seems to have been an early pioneer of the company videos so beloved by today's marketing professionals!
Other countries were also building noteworthy cranes. Italy, in particular, was developing into a source of innovative ideas for the industry.In1948 in Legnano,near Milan,Carlo Raimodi built his first slewing tower crane,a classic top slewer The company was originally established in 1863 as a foundry and had, until making its crane debut, built machines and components for the millwright and other industries. There was now a worldwide boom in construction and this attracted the attention of specialist equipment manufacturers, many of whom followed the launch of crane ranges with the introduction of concrete mixing equipment. This combination of equipment was supplied in a variety of forms: Reich, Ibag and Liebherr, for example, supplied cranes and concrete mixing machines designed to be used together. Important slewing tower crane manufacturer.
The bridge type hoist crane car consists of protmoted organization,the car frame,the car movement organization,hoisting mechanisms and so on. Its operation structure is composed of reducer,the driving wheel group,the driven wheel group,the transmission shaft and some connect fitting. The core of this structure is the design of the reducer.
This bridge type hoist crane is be used to the hydroelectric power station. It is installed in the expanded workshop of Fengman water and electricity station.It is used to installing,examining and repairing the water-turbine generator set and its accessorial equipments.the equipments in the water and electricity station are large?or?medium-size. These equipments have a high request on the load of bridge type hoist crane , so they also have a high request on the capability of the reducer.
Grab bridge bridge crane is running on the elevated track, the car driven by the lifting of materials crawl grab a bridge-crane. Bridge laying on both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, lifting trolley along the bridge in laying the track on the horizontal run, a rectangular scope of work, you can make full use of space below the bridge lifting material from Ground equipment hindered. Grab bridge cranes widely used in power plants, Mei Chang, and other needs of bulk material handling of the occasion, because of the heavy equipment, transportation difficulties installation, testing the quality of their products in general need in the field. Therefore, control equipment requirements for wiring, small size and portability. And the use of fixed-site conditions, also called a random testing equipment manual control functions to ensure the safety of operation. With the lifting of the transport requirements of the mechanical control continuously improve, more and more advanced means of control. At present the domestic bridge crane control system requires people at the scene to control, control methods are backward. In small and medium-sized crane, the most direct control over the use of controllers, car running, Lord, vice hook upgrade, dropped weights and speed
Crane work needs more technology. Construction of tower cranes are the main vertical transportation equipment and also a measure of construction companies and equipment strength of the important logo, in today's increasingly competitive construction market, to meet the construction needs of many construction companies have bought the tower crane. With the tower crane at the construction site of the widely used by the tower crane accident also caused more and more to people's lives and property brought about great losses. According to national statistics, the departments concerned, the tower crane accident rate reached 2.77 percent. Its security problem is still the urgency of the construction
Loose training, testing and oversight requirements for the people who work around construction cranes have fostered a false sense of security in our industry. The recent deadly tower-crane collapse at a congested New York
City building site should be a wake-up call for us to question and step up our current safety practices.
Training and testing is king when it comes to safety. But the construction industry is putting unqualified personnel in the seats of construction cranes, even with today's testing. In many places, no experience is necessary after passing a standardized test. One week of study will give some people enough knowledge to pass a certification examination, and then they can jump into the cab of a crane.
Imagine that a commercial airline pilot had the same training as a certified crane operator. How would you feel the next time you decided to fly? In California, it takes more hours of training to wield a pair of scissors in a hair salon than to operate potentially dangerous lifting machinery. How does this make sense?
Riggers and signal persons also need standard training and testing to ensure safety under the hook. Employers usually allow any craft to signal a crane on a jobsite, despite best practices that require only qualified people do so. How is it then that uncertified and untrained people are allowed to signal and rig under the hook of a licensed or certified operator?
Tower cranes are particularly risky as urban sites become more congested, and the risk of a catastrophic event is very high during climbing operations. Yet most tower-crane climbing crews are trained in a non-traditional manner, via secondhand knowledge that has been passed down over time. The problem with this type of hand-me-down knowledge is that it changes over the years, leaving out small-but-important details along the way. This "osmosis" of knowledge leads crews to develop their own tricks for climbing cranes, often forsaking basic safety in an attempt to save time and energy.
In many cases, there are no safety devices or alarms to warn of a serious problem. Climbing crews are subjected to pressures that affect safety-critical decision-making. It is not uncommon for climbs to continue with damaged or leaking hydraulic systems, out-of-adjustment or jammed guide rollers, often working in the dark and for extended hours. This "MacGyver" method of climbing, where every jump becomes a new adventure, should not be the norm.
Climbing-frame designs vary among manufacturers, but the operational steps are similar in principle. The climbing process is relatively straightforward, with a mixture of physical work and technical procedure. It is not complex; it is more about knowing the proper sequence of what needs to be done and then following the steps, one by one, making sure each step has been successfully completed before moving onto the next. It is essential that everyone know exactly what is going on and what the dangers are at every stage.
When these needs are satisfied, crane operations should be carried out in strict accordance with the manufacturers' instructions, engineering principals and governmental laws. But industry stakeholders and lawmakers need to step up their lax standards to protect the public. New York City residents, who have seen their homes turned into dust and debris, would be shocked at the way the industry deals with these issues.
That's why the industry needs standardized training, testing and oversight for this work, including a practical assessment of competence. Technicians should have model-specific training directly from the manufacturer, along with a level of practical experience. Inspectors, too, should be required to have specific technical training. They should be independent from all aspects of installation and maintenance to allow for objective decisions. Key personnel on erection crews should have standard training and testing.
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起重機(jī)工作需要很多科技
起重機(jī)的出現(xiàn)大大提高了人們的勞動(dòng)效率,以前需要許多人花長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能搬動(dòng)的大型物件現(xiàn)在用起重機(jī)就能輕易達(dá)到效果,尤其是在小范圍的搬動(dòng)過(guò)程中起重機(jī)的作用是相當(dāng)明顯的。
戰(zhàn)后的前幾年,世界性的工業(yè)誕生了,起重機(jī)行業(yè)幾乎完全停止。然而到這個(gè)年代末,起重機(jī)的建造變得多元化并傳播到世界各地,它的前所未有的蓬勃發(fā)展似乎整個(gè)工業(yè)注入了新能源。輕型起重機(jī)投入到工作地點(diǎn)并準(zhǔn)備作為主要機(jī)械,因?yàn)槿藗円庾R(shí)到了在工作間不用拆除他們的的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這些新的設(shè)計(jì)也不再需要其他起重設(shè)備協(xié)助操縱——相比以前在安裝前要進(jìn)行繁瑣的設(shè)計(jì)。但是,在這一切之前發(fā)生了恐怖的第二次世界大戰(zhàn)。到1940年,歐洲完全陷入了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中。到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后的幾十年來(lái),歐洲和世界其他地區(qū)發(fā)生了巨大的政治,經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)變化,將影響整個(gè)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu),包括建造業(yè)和起重機(jī)行業(yè)。在美國(guó),蒸汽機(jī)已開(kāi)始改為柴油機(jī)——到1953年超過(guò)百分之五十的機(jī)車(chē)將使用柴油機(jī)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間,挖掘機(jī),鏟運(yùn)機(jī)和起重機(jī)的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)在繼續(xù)。例如1940年,看到Thew推出新的'Lorain Motocrane'系列。這其中包括三種起重機(jī),是歷史上首次自身安裝了底盤(pán)的起重機(jī)。最小的MC - 2 ,起重量達(dá)7.6噸, MC – 2起重量為9.9噸,MC – 3起重量為13.5噸。這些起重機(jī)許多被用于軍隊(duì),有的還安裝在港口用作港灣式起重機(jī)(在MC - 4型) 。當(dāng)然,這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)削弱了能在起重機(jī)行業(yè)工作的健壯的男人的數(shù)量,并且優(yōu)秀的起重機(jī)司機(jī)嚴(yán)重短缺。在Thew ,一位畢業(yè)于美國(guó)海軍學(xué)院的經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的技工A C Burch和L K Jenkins進(jìn)行了為期兩天的起重機(jī)業(yè)務(wù)課程的教授。這兩位紳士好比是我們今天所知的“經(jīng)營(yíng)者培訓(xùn)”的創(chuàng)始人。他們實(shí)際上已設(shè)計(jì)了動(dòng)力起重機(jī),都深深地了解起重機(jī),并很高興傳授這方面的知識(shí)。
當(dāng)日本國(guó)家鐵路公司致力于采購(gòu)一種旨在搬動(dòng)鋼軌扣板的原型機(jī),潮流逆轉(zhuǎn)。該設(shè)備工作極為出色。iVlasuo Tadano環(huán)游日本,用35毫米的電影展示該設(shè)備的強(qiáng)大用途。沿路上,他獲取了大量訂單。同時(shí),他好像成為當(dāng)今市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)家所寵愛(ài)的公司影像傳播的先驅(qū)!
其他國(guó)家也在大力發(fā)展起重機(jī)。特別是意大利,逐漸發(fā)展成為該行業(yè)的創(chuàng)新基地。1948年Carlo Raimodi在米蘭附近的Legnano,首次建造了回轉(zhuǎn)塔式起重機(jī),一種經(jīng)典的頂端回轉(zhuǎn)起重機(jī)。公司最初成立于1863年,在生產(chǎn)起重機(jī)之前,是一間鑄造廠并為技工和其他行業(yè)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械設(shè)備。當(dāng)時(shí)全球建筑業(yè)空前繁榮,吸引了專(zhuān)業(yè)設(shè)備制造商的注意。其中許多公司在推廣起重機(jī)后,推出了混凝土攪拌設(shè)備。提供了多種不同組合,例如,Reich,Ibag和Liebherr設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)了起重機(jī)與混凝土攪拌設(shè)備一起使用的組合。
橋式起重機(jī)小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)主要包括起升機(jī)構(gòu)、小車(chē)架、小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、吊具等部分。其中的小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)主要由減速器、主動(dòng)輪組、從動(dòng)輪組、傳動(dòng)軸和一些連接件組成。橋式起重機(jī)是水電站橋式起重機(jī),安裝于豐滿(mǎn)水電站擴(kuò)建工程廠房?jī)?nèi),用于水輪發(fā)電機(jī)組及其附屬設(shè)備的安裝和檢修工作。水電站內(nèi)設(shè)備一般都是大中型設(shè)備,對(duì)橋式起重機(jī)的載荷要求較高,所以對(duì)減速器性能要求較高。
橋式抓斗起重機(jī)是橋架在高架軌道上運(yùn)行,由起重小車(chē)帶動(dòng)抓斗抓取物料的一種橋架型起重機(jī)。橋架沿鋪設(shè)在兩側(cè)高架上的軌道縱向運(yùn)行,起重小車(chē)沿鋪設(shè)在橋架上的軌道橫向運(yùn)行,構(gòu)成矩形的工作范圍,就可以充分利用橋架下面的空間吊運(yùn)物料,不受地面設(shè)備的阻礙。橋式抓斗起重機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于電廠、煤廠等需要散料裝卸的場(chǎng)合,由于該設(shè)備笨重,運(yùn)輸安裝困難,對(duì)其產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量檢測(cè)一般需要在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行。所以要求控制設(shè)備接線方便,體積小便于攜帶。又由于使用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)條件不動(dòng),還要求檢測(cè)設(shè)備有隨機(jī)手動(dòng)控制功能,以保證運(yùn)行時(shí)的安全。隨著對(duì)起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械控制要求的不斷提高,控制手段也越來(lái)越先進(jìn)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)的橋式起重機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)都需要人在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行控制,控制方式都比較落后。在中小型起重機(jī)中, 大都采用控制器直接控制大、小車(chē)運(yùn)行, 主、副鉤提升、下降重物及調(diào)速。
塔式起重機(jī)是建筑施工垂直運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕O(shè)備,也是衡量一個(gè)建筑施工企業(yè)裝備實(shí)力的重要標(biāo)識(shí),在當(dāng)今競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的建筑市場(chǎng),為滿(mǎn)足施工需要,很多施工企業(yè)都購(gòu)置了塔式起重機(jī)。隨著塔式起重機(jī)在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的廣泛使用,由塔式起重機(jī)引發(fā)的傷亡事故也越來(lái)越多,給人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)帶來(lái)重大損失。據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)有關(guān)部門(mén)統(tǒng)計(jì)資料表明,塔式起重機(jī)的事故率已達(dá)2.77%。其安全問(wèn)題仍然是建筑施工中的憂(yōu)患。
松散的培訓(xùn),測(cè)試和監(jiān)督的要求, 周?chē)慕ㄖ鹬貦C(jī)給這些工作的人樹(shù)立了一種虛假的安全感,在我們的行業(yè)。最近塔式起重機(jī)倒塌在一個(gè)繁忙的紐約市建筑地盤(pán)應(yīng)敲響警鐘,提醒我們問(wèn)題的存在,并加強(qiáng)我們目前安全的做法。
當(dāng)談到安全問(wèn)題時(shí),訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試是關(guān)鍵。不過(guò),建造業(yè)是把不合格人員放在建筑起重機(jī)的駕駛位上,甚至沒(méi)有通過(guò)今天的測(cè)試。在許多地方,沒(méi)有任何經(jīng)驗(yàn)必須合格的通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的測(cè)試。一周的學(xué)習(xí)將給予一些人足夠的知識(shí)足以通過(guò)認(rèn)證考試,然后他們可以跳轉(zhuǎn)到的起重機(jī)的駕駛室。
想象一下一個(gè)商業(yè)航空公司飛行員和一個(gè)認(rèn)證的起重機(jī)操作員有相同的訓(xùn)練。你會(huì)如何感覺(jué),下一次你決定要坐飛機(jī)?在加利福尼亞州,掌握一對(duì)剪刀在頭發(fā)沙龍比操作有潛在危險(xiǎn)的起重機(jī)械需要更多的時(shí)間訓(xùn)練。如何,這是否合理?
裝配工人和發(fā)信號(hào)的人也需要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的培訓(xùn)和測(cè)試,以確保安全下鉤。雇主通常允許任何工人發(fā)信號(hào)指揮起重機(jī)上工地 ,盡管最佳做法是需要合格的人這樣做。怎么能允許那么無(wú)證和未受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的人來(lái)代替有工作證或經(jīng)核證的操作者呢?
塔式起重機(jī)是特別危險(xiǎn)的,尤其是在市區(qū)用地變得更加擁擠時(shí)。攀登行動(dòng)更是一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的行動(dòng),其災(zāi)難性非常高。然而,大多數(shù)塔式起重機(jī)攀登員的訓(xùn)練,在一個(gè)非傳統(tǒng)的方式,通過(guò)二手知識(shí)已流傳一段時(shí)間。問(wèn)題與這種類(lèi)型的現(xiàn)成的知識(shí)是,多年來(lái),留下來(lái)的非常少,但最重要的細(xì)節(jié)卻丟失了。這種“滲透”的知識(shí),導(dǎo)致操作者只能發(fā)展自己的技巧攀登起重機(jī),往往放棄基本的安全,企圖以節(jié)省時(shí)間和能源.
在許多情況下沒(méi)有安全裝置或警報(bào)來(lái)提醒嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題的存在。攀登人員容易遭受到影響安全性至關(guān)重要的決策所帶來(lái)的壓力。攀登時(shí),使用損壞或泄漏的液壓系統(tǒng),沒(méi)有任何的調(diào)整,這并不鮮見(jiàn)。在黑暗中工作和延長(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間是時(shí)有發(fā)生的。這種攀登方法,其中的每一次攀登都會(huì)成為新的冒險(xiǎn),不應(yīng)該作為規(guī)范被采納。
攀爬架的設(shè)計(jì),在制造商之間存在不同,但設(shè)計(jì)的步驟在原則上是相似的。攀登過(guò)程中是相對(duì)比較明了的,配合著的體力勞動(dòng)和技術(shù)程序。這是并不復(fù)雜,它是更多地了解知道正確的序列需要做什么,然后按照下列步驟,一個(gè)又一個(gè),確保每一步在做下一步前成功完成。這是十分重要,每個(gè)人都清楚的知道事情進(jìn)展的怎么樣,在每一個(gè)階段存在什么樣的危險(xiǎn)。
當(dāng)這些需要得到滿(mǎn)足,起重機(jī)作業(yè)應(yīng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格按照有關(guān)制造商的指示,工程原則和政府的法律。但業(yè)內(nèi)人士和國(guó)會(huì)議員,要加強(qiáng)他們的寬松標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以保障公眾利益??吹阶约旱募覉@變成了塵埃和碎片的紐約市居民,會(huì)對(duì)處理這些問(wèn)題的方式感到震驚。
這就是為什么業(yè)界需要規(guī)范的培訓(xùn),測(cè)試和監(jiān)督,其中包括一個(gè)實(shí)際的評(píng)估能力。技術(shù)人員應(yīng)該隨著實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)的提升,直接從制造商哪里獲得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)訓(xùn)練。視察員同樣也也須有具體的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。他們應(yīng)獨(dú)立于安裝和維修的各方面,這由客觀決定。架設(shè)的關(guān)鍵人員應(yīng)該有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試.
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定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與分析
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**** 年 3 月 21 日
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1.結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)情況,根據(jù)所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料,撰寫(xiě)2000字左右的文獻(xiàn)綜述:
文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述
1.研究背景和意義
懸臂起重機(jī)是近年發(fā)展起來(lái)的中小型起重裝備,結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)特,安全可靠,具備高效、節(jié)能、省時(shí)省力、靈活等特點(diǎn),三維空間內(nèi)隨意操作,在短距、密集性調(diào)運(yùn)的場(chǎng)合,比其它常規(guī)性吊運(yùn)設(shè)備更顯示其優(yōu)越性[1]。本產(chǎn)品廣泛應(yīng)用于各種行業(yè)的不同場(chǎng)所。懸臂起重機(jī)工作強(qiáng)度為輕型,起重機(jī)由立柱,回轉(zhuǎn)臂回轉(zhuǎn)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置及電動(dòng)葫蘆組成,立柱下端通過(guò)地腳螺栓固定在混凝土基礎(chǔ)上,由擺線針輪減速裝置來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)旋臂回轉(zhuǎn),電動(dòng)葫蘆在旋臂工字鋼上作左右直線運(yùn)行,并起吊重物。[2]起重機(jī)旋臂為空心型鋼結(jié)構(gòu),自重輕,跨度大,起重量大,經(jīng)濟(jì)耐用。 [3]
定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)又稱(chēng)立柱式懸臂起重機(jī),起重量在125Kg-5000Kg,立柱式旋臂吊具有結(jié)構(gòu)新穎、合理、簡(jiǎn)單、操作方便、回轉(zhuǎn)靈活、作業(yè)空間大等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是節(jié)能高效的物料吊運(yùn)設(shè)備,可廣泛適用于廠礦、車(chē)間的生產(chǎn)線、裝配線和機(jī)床的上、下工作及倉(cāng)庫(kù)、碼頭等場(chǎng)合的重物吊運(yùn)。[4]定柱式旋臂吊根據(jù)其旋臂所使用型鋼的不同可以分為:BZD型和BZD-JKBK型。[5]
近年來(lái),隨著電子計(jì)算機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用,許多起重機(jī)制造商從應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)(CAD),提高到應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行起重機(jī)的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)市場(chǎng)調(diào)查預(yù)測(cè)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字和積累的資料、圖表、圖線規(guī)律,在嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)理論指導(dǎo)下,擬定起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)構(gòu)、部件等多層次的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、模塊化單元。[6]起重機(jī)采用模塊單元化設(shè)計(jì),不僅是一種設(shè)計(jì)方法的改革,而且將影響整個(gè)起重機(jī)行業(yè)的技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)和管理水平,老產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代、新產(chǎn)品的研制速度都將大大加快。對(duì)起重機(jī)的改進(jìn),只需針對(duì)幾個(gè)需要修改的模塊;設(shè)計(jì)新的起重機(jī)只需選用不同的模塊重新進(jìn)行組合;提高了通用化程度,可使單件小批量的產(chǎn)品改換成相對(duì)批量的模塊生產(chǎn)。亦能以較少的模塊形式,組合成不同功能和不同規(guī)格的起重機(jī),滿(mǎn)足市場(chǎng)的需求,增加競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。[7]
隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)進(jìn)一步深入,商品流通量大幅度增加,交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)快速發(fā)展,起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械的需求量越來(lái)越大,其實(shí)用性能的要求也越來(lái)越高。懸臂起重機(jī)設(shè)備,非常適用于一噸左右重量的工件定點(diǎn)頻繁起吊運(yùn)輸。[8]在機(jī)械加工領(lǐng)域,懸臂起重機(jī)具有強(qiáng)大的購(gòu)買(mǎi)市場(chǎng)和廣闊的發(fā)展前景。
2.國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
中國(guó)的起重機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)誕生于上世紀(jì)70年代,經(jīng)過(guò)40余年的發(fā)展,經(jīng)歷了70年代引進(jìn)蘇聯(lián)技術(shù),80年代初引進(jìn)日本技術(shù)和90年代初引進(jìn)德國(guó)技術(shù)等三次主要技術(shù)改進(jìn),始終走著一條自主創(chuàng)新的道路。[9]
2000年以來(lái),隨著國(guó)內(nèi)外技術(shù)交流的日益頻繁和國(guó)產(chǎn)自主研發(fā)能力的顯著增強(qiáng),更多的國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)被成功引進(jìn)應(yīng)用,并進(jìn)行了自主創(chuàng)新,獲得自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。隨著國(guó)產(chǎn)起重機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)制造水平的全面提升,與國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)的差距不斷縮小,中國(guó)起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)始在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上體現(xiàn)出明顯的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。[10]懸臂起重機(jī)設(shè)備屬于通用機(jī)械,在二十多年高速發(fā)展過(guò)程中,已經(jīng)逐漸實(shí)現(xiàn)了規(guī)?;⒓瘓F(tuán)化、機(jī)械化。在輔助加工生產(chǎn)中和自動(dòng)化的作用,大大提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)效率,減輕工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。具有工作平穩(wěn)可靠,操作維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單、方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。[11]
根據(jù)當(dāng)前我國(guó)情況來(lái)看,機(jī)械工業(yè)處于上升勢(shì)頭,汽車(chē)工業(yè)、機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)行業(yè)都處于強(qiáng)省發(fā)展期。專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè),隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的的增長(zhǎng),機(jī)械行業(yè)有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間處于旺盛發(fā)展階段,整體機(jī)械行業(yè)以及未來(lái)發(fā)展過(guò)程中,懸臂起重機(jī)的使用處于不可替代、不可缺少的地位,在整體工業(yè)化過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的輔助生產(chǎn)的作用。[12]因此,我們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)大膽采用先進(jìn)的設(shè)計(jì)理念,充分利用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝規(guī)劃、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造、柔性自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)等新技術(shù)、新工藝,縮短設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)周期、降低成本,調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),增強(qiáng)企業(yè)參與市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的能力,使中國(guó)起重機(jī)制造行業(yè)趕上世界先進(jìn)水平。[13]
3.國(guó)外現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
近二十年來(lái),世界工程起重機(jī)行業(yè)發(fā)生了很大變化,世界工程起重機(jī)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)一步趨向一體化。[14]目前世界工程起重機(jī)年銷(xiāo)售額已達(dá)75億美元左右,主要生產(chǎn)國(guó)為美國(guó)、日本、德國(guó)、法國(guó)、意大利等,世界頂級(jí)公司有十多家,主要集中在北美、亞洲(日本)和歐洲。美國(guó)既是工程起重機(jī)的主要生產(chǎn)國(guó),又是最大的世界市場(chǎng)之一。但由于日本、德國(guó)起重機(jī)工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,美國(guó)廠商在世界市場(chǎng)獲取的主導(dǎo)地位逐步受到削弱,從而形成了美國(guó)、日本和德國(guó)三足鼎立之勢(shì)。
4.小結(jié)
隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,特別是國(guó)家中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展,中小企業(yè)規(guī)?;a(chǎn)日益擴(kuò)大,需要用起重機(jī)吊裝和搬運(yùn)的結(jié)構(gòu)件和機(jī)器設(shè)備的數(shù)量與使用頻率也越來(lái)越大,且對(duì)起重機(jī)的安全性能、效率及耐久性的要求越來(lái)越高。因此,根據(jù)中小型起重機(jī)起吊頻繁,起重量不大的特點(diǎn),合理的設(shè)計(jì)這樣一臺(tái)起重機(jī)有著十分重要的意義。[15]
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]陳道南.起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1998.12-178.
[2]郁祝年.工程力學(xué)和工程結(jié)構(gòu). 北京:中國(guó)電力出版社,1996.8-160.
[3]付榮柏.起重機(jī).鋼結(jié)構(gòu)制造工藝. 北京:中國(guó)鐵道出版社,1991.18-280.
[4]胡宗武,顧迪民.起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算. 北京:科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1987.5-360.
[5]陳國(guó)璋,孫桂林.起重機(jī)計(jì)算實(shí)例. 北京:中國(guó)鐵道出版社,1984.6-278.
[6]李靜.工程起重機(jī)綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法研究. 碩士學(xué)位論文.大連:大連理工大學(xué),
2007
[7] 劉長(zhǎng)江.懸臂起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)制造中應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題.起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械, 2008(11) :
26-27
[8]黃琳.起重機(jī)伸縮臂結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化研究.碩士學(xué)位論文.大連:大連理工大學(xué),2007
[9]嚴(yán)正宏.起重機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì).碩士學(xué)位論文.浙江:浙江大學(xué),2008
[10]馬霄.基于ANSYS的定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì).河南機(jī)電高等專(zhuān)科學(xué)校,2004,12(1):43-44.
[11]陳玲,宋平娜,彭佳等.基于ANSYS的定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)的有限元分析.天津理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005.02:64-67.
[12] K.M.liew . Slewing jib crane for space restricted areas.Manufacturers' Monthly, 2006, 0(10)
[13]陳建萱.起重機(jī)械的電動(dòng)機(jī)選擇.起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械,1996,總第250期(1):25-26.
[14]坂本種芳.橋式起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算. 北京:中國(guó)鐵道出版社,1987.11-190.
[15]盧素玲.懸臂起重機(jī)應(yīng)用與研究進(jìn)展.焦作大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2011,25(3):101-102.
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
2.本課題要研究或解決的問(wèn)題和擬采用的研究手段(途徑):
一、 本課題要研究或解決的問(wèn)題
該課題是對(duì)定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)的機(jī)構(gòu)和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為主要內(nèi)容的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì),課題涉及機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)與傳動(dòng)、機(jī)械加工與裝配、機(jī)械試驗(yàn)與測(cè)試等。其中,分析了該起重機(jī)所要求實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能和相應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu),了解起重機(jī)的工作原理,基本結(jié)構(gòu),系統(tǒng)組成及功能,掌握Solidworks的使用技術(shù)并完成橋式起重機(jī)的三維建模,繪制關(guān)鍵零部件的二維工程圖,并學(xué)會(huì)基于ANSYS做有限元分析。本研究主要是對(duì)該起重機(jī)的懸臂梁設(shè)計(jì)及旋轉(zhuǎn)功能部分的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及參數(shù)的選擇。包括起升,回轉(zhuǎn),變幅及金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)。最終使其能很好地實(shí)現(xiàn)起重機(jī)的運(yùn)行,而且互不干涉且配合良好。并且通過(guò)此次設(shè)計(jì),要提高自己的分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力,將自己所學(xué)運(yùn)用到實(shí)際的工作中,提高自己的實(shí)踐能力。
二、 設(shè)計(jì)步驟
1、熟悉定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu);
(1)懸臂起重機(jī)系列可分為:定柱式懸臂起重機(jī),JKBK定柱式懸臂起重機(jī),移動(dòng)式懸臂起重機(jī),墻壁式懸臂起重機(jī)壁行式懸臂起重機(jī),輕型龍門(mén)式懸臂起重機(jī)曲臂式懸臂起重機(jī),雙臂式懸臂起重機(jī)等。
(2)定柱式懸臂起重機(jī):主要包括 上立柱、下立柱、主梁、主梁拉桿、起升機(jī)構(gòu)(電動(dòng)葫蘆)、回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)、電氣系統(tǒng)、爬梯及檢修平臺(tái)組成。
2、對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)進(jìn)行分析;
(1)起重機(jī)械的基本參數(shù)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明起重機(jī)械的性能和規(guī)格的一些數(shù)據(jù),也是提供設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算和選擇使用起重機(jī)械的主要依據(jù)。起重機(jī)械的基本參數(shù)包括如下幾項(xiàng):
(2)額定起重量Q 吊鉤所能吊起的最大重量。如使用其他輔助取物裝置和吊具時(shí),這些裝置的自重應(yīng)包括在額定起重量?jī)?nèi)。
(3)起升高度H 吊鉤最低位置到吊鉤最高位置間的垂直距離。
(4)幅度α 是指旋轉(zhuǎn)起重機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)中心線到吊鉤中心線之間的水平距離。
(5)工作速度v 包括起升,運(yùn)行,變幅和旋轉(zhuǎn)速度,但旋轉(zhuǎn)速度用n表示。
(6)自重及外形尺寸 這是任何一種機(jī)器都應(yīng)有的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),不僅影響起重機(jī)本身機(jī)械性能的優(yōu)劣,而且直接影響基建費(fèi)用的投資。
3、根據(jù)主要技術(shù)參數(shù)進(jìn)行整機(jī)尺寸的基本設(shè)計(jì);
4、進(jìn)行立柱、主軸、懸臂和起重裝置的設(shè)計(jì);
(1)立柱是定柱式旋轉(zhuǎn)起重機(jī)的最主要的支承構(gòu)件之一。其作用是支持起重機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)部分,承受起重機(jī)在工作時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的全部垂直力和水平力。
1>立柱材料 通常由A3、A5、20和40鋼鍛造并加工而成。有時(shí)也用厚壁鋼管來(lái)制造。
2>立柱的形狀尺寸 根據(jù)材料力學(xué)的理論,立柱在水平在和作用下的撓度和水平力H只成一次方的正比關(guān)系,而與立柱的高度h卻成三次方的正比關(guān)系。因此,總希望h的數(shù)值盡可能地小一些。
3>立柱的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 立柱相當(dāng)于在下端固定的懸臂梁一樣,承受力矩H*h所產(chǎn)生的彎曲和垂直力V所產(chǎn)生的壓縮,應(yīng)按照彎曲和壓縮聯(lián)合作用進(jìn)行驗(yàn)算。
4>立柱的撓度計(jì)算 立柱上端水平位移直接影響起重機(jī)的正常工作,因此要加以控制。立柱的最大撓度發(fā)生在上端水平力的著力點(diǎn)處。因?yàn)榱⒅臄嗝媸亲兓?,所以?yīng)用材料力學(xué)中介紹過(guò)的圖解法來(lái)確定立柱撓度較為方便。
(2)主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)就是要確定出軸的合理外形和全部結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)本身必須考慮強(qiáng)度問(wèn)題,結(jié)構(gòu)不合理往往給強(qiáng)度帶來(lái)不利的影響。在許多情況下,軸的結(jié)構(gòu)要求決定了它的外形及尺寸,且軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)使軸具有合理的外形結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足使用要求。軸是機(jī)械設(shè)備中重要零件之一。其主要功能是支撐作回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的零件,并傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力。軸通過(guò)軸承與立柱相聯(lián),裝在軸上的零件都在圍繞軸作回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),形成了一個(gè)以軸為基礎(chǔ)的軸系部件。因此在軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算中,不能只考慮軸的本身,還必須設(shè)計(jì)軸系零件對(duì)軸的影響。
1>軸的材料選擇 軸的材料主要采用碳素鋼和合金鋼。軸毛坯多用軋制圓鋼和鍛件,有的則直接用圓鋼。選擇軸的材料時(shí)除首先要滿(mǎn)足使用要求外,還要考慮材料的工藝性及經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
2>軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)就是要確定出軸的合理外形和全部結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)本身必須考慮強(qiáng)度問(wèn)題,結(jié)構(gòu)不合理往往給強(qiáng)度帶來(lái)不利的影響。在許多情況下,軸的結(jié)構(gòu)要求決定了它的外形及尺寸,且軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)使軸具有合理的外形結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足使用要求。
3>軸上零件的定位
(3)懸臂
1>懸臂梁的選取
2>懸臂梁的受力分析
3>懸臂梁的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩
(4)起重裝置
5、根據(jù)相應(yīng)計(jì)算結(jié)果對(duì)定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)進(jìn)行三維建模;
6、利用ANSYS軟件進(jìn)行力學(xué)有限元分析。
(1)有限元模型的建立,進(jìn)行有限元模型簡(jiǎn)化。如圖:
(2)進(jìn)行有限元的計(jì)算
1>整機(jī)應(yīng)變分析
2>整機(jī)應(yīng)力分析
3>材料力學(xué)計(jì)算
4>模態(tài)分析
5>結(jié)果討論
7、繪出(或打印出)部分相關(guān)工程圖;
8、設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
2月25日---3月 3日 查閱并收集相關(guān)資料
3月 4日---3月11日 完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告初稿
3月11日---3月18日 完善開(kāi)題報(bào)告
3月19日---4月 2日 繼續(xù)查閱相關(guān)資料完成全部設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思
4月 3日---4月10日 懸臂起重機(jī)架構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)
4月11日---4月18日 確定系統(tǒng)總體方案、方案設(shè)計(jì)
4月19日---4月26日 設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算
4月27日---5月10日 定柱式懸臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與繪制
5月11日---5月26日 零件圖設(shè)計(jì)與繪制,編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)
5月26日---6月10日 完成設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié),準(zhǔn)備答辯
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):
該課題是以懸臂起重機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為主要內(nèi)容的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì),具有一定的研究意義,該生通過(guò)查閱資料,對(duì)研究對(duì)象有了初步了解,并應(yīng)用已學(xué)過(guò)的理論知識(shí),擬定了懸臂起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)方案,采用工程分析計(jì)算方法和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì),完成零部件工程圖繪制和設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)編寫(xiě)等。
擬采取的研究方法合理,可行。
同意開(kāi)題。
指導(dǎo)教師:
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所在系審查意見(jiàn):
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