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111 Unit1 Friendship同步講解 I．同步講解部分： 第一階梯：難句解析 1.What should a good friend be like? 好朋友應(yīng)該是什么樣子的呢？ What…be like?用于詢問(wèn)對(duì)人或事物的評(píng)價(jià)。既可詢問(wèn)該事物的外表長(zhǎng)相，也可詢問(wèn)該事物的性格特征。 e.g. 1)---What is your sister like? ---She is very beautiful. 你的姐姐是什么樣的？她很漂亮。 2)---What is your English teacher like? ---He is very kind. 你們英語(yǔ)老師是什么樣子的？他很善良。 3)---What is this map like? ---Very useful. 這張地圖怎么樣？很有用。 【相關(guān)比較】 1）What does sb. look like? 詢問(wèn)某人的外表如何？（注意：此句型不能用于詢問(wèn)某人的性格特征） 2）What does sb. like? 詢問(wèn)某人喜歡什么？ 3）How does sb. like ? 認(rèn)為……如何？（詢問(wèn)對(duì)某人或某事的印象或評(píng)價(jià)） e.g.1)---What does your boyfriend like? ---Very handsome. 你的男朋友長(zhǎng)的什么樣？很瀟灑。 2)---What does your father like? ---Reading newspapers. 你父親喜歡什么？看報(bào)紙。 3)---How do you like this film? ---Very interesting. 你認(rèn)為這場(chǎng)電影如何？很有趣。 2.What qualities should a good friend have? 一個(gè)好朋友應(yīng)該具有什么樣的品質(zhì)呢？ quality的用法： 1.cn.(人的)品質(zhì) e.g. She has all the qualities of a successful manager. 她具有一個(gè)成功經(jīng)理的所有品質(zhì)。 2.un.質(zhì)量（與quantity數(shù)量相對(duì)） e.g.1)While buying something, quality is the first thing that we should consider. 買(mǎi)東西時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該首先考慮它的質(zhì)量。 2)Quality is more important than quantity. 質(zhì)量比數(shù)量更重要。 3.cn.特點(diǎn)，特征 e.g. The quality of summer is hotness while the quality of winter is coldness. 夏天的特點(diǎn)是熱，而冬天的特點(diǎn)是冷。 3.Should they be funny,smart or strong? 他們應(yīng)該是有趣，聰明和健壯的嗎？ 【相關(guān)比較】 funny和fun funny是形容詞，意為“滑稽的，好笑的”；fun是不可數(shù)名詞，意為“有趣的人或事”。 e.g.1)Is there anything funny about it? 這件事情有什么稀奇的嗎？ 2)It is fun to chat with a funny boy. 和滑稽的男孩閑聊是一件有趣的事情。 【短語(yǔ)搭配】 1.for/in fun開(kāi)玩笑地 2.make fun of…取笑…… e.g.1)We play basketball only for fun. 2)It is not right to make fun of the disabled persons. 4.You can use other words if you like.如果你愿意的話你可以用其它的詞(表達(dá))。 此句中,if you like=if you like to use other words. 如果意思明確，like用于從句時(shí)，其后的成分可以全部省略。 e.g.1)You can go home now if you like. 如果愿意，你現(xiàn)在可以回家。 2)You can describe as you like. 你愿意怎么描述就怎么描述。 5.A good friend is someone who makes me happy. 好朋友是使我快樂(lè)的人。 ※who makes me happy是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞someone. who代替先行詞，在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。 e.g.1)Do you know the man who is standing there? 你知道站在哪里的那個(gè)男士是誰(shuí)嗎？ 2)The woman who is quarrelling with that man is the man’s wife. 和那個(gè)男的吵架的女士是這個(gè)男的妻子。 ※make的用法： make 用作使役動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用于下列句型： make+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)（adj./n./do/done/介詞短語(yǔ)） be made to do(注意：在被動(dòng)句中不能省略不定式符合to) e.g.1)All of us should try our best to make our motherland better and better. 我們都應(yīng)該努力奮斗使我們的祖國(guó)越來(lái)越好。 2)We make you monitor of our class. 我們選你當(dāng)我們班的班長(zhǎng)。 3)After repairing,we make our car run again. 經(jīng)過(guò)修理之后，我們又讓汽車跑起來(lái)了。 4)I spoke in a high voice in order to make myself heard. 為了使我能被別人聽(tīng)到，我大聲的說(shuō)。 5)The lazy boy was made to clean the room. 這個(gè)懶男孩被迫去打掃房間。 6.Listen to the two friends arguing.聽(tīng)一下這兩個(gè)朋友的爭(zhēng)論。 ※感觀動(dòng)詞（listen to,hear,see,watch,look at,notice,observe,feel等）的句型如下： 1.感觀動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋do（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程） 2.感觀動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋doing(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行) 3.感觀動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋done(表示動(dòng)作與賓語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系) e.g.1)I heard my neighbour singing now. 我聽(tīng)到我的鄰居正在唱歌。 2)The thief was seen stealing in my house when I came back. 當(dāng)我回來(lái)時(shí)看到小偷正在我的房子里偷盜。 3)I felt something fall on my head. 我感到有東西掉在我的頭上。 4)I noticed the windows cleaned. 我注意到窗戶被擦干凈了。 ※argue的用法： 1.argue(vt.)+n./從句 2.argue(vi.)+with sb. (about /over sth.)和某人爭(zhēng)論某事 3.argue for/against…為支持/反對(duì)…而爭(zhēng)辯 4.argue sb. into doing sth.說(shuō)服某人做某事 e.g.1)Some students are arguing with the math teacher with a very difficult problem. 幾個(gè)學(xué)生正和數(shù)學(xué)老師爭(zhēng)論一道非常難的問(wèn)題。 2)I argued my father into giving up smoking. 我說(shuō)服父親戒煙。 3)The two manager are arguing the economic development of their companies. 兩位經(jīng)理正在談?wù)撍麄児镜慕?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。 7.What do you think they should do to solve their problem?你認(rèn)為他們?nèi)绾尾拍芙鉀Q他們的問(wèn)題？ do you think后面賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞what,who,when,where等需要提到句首。和do you think用法相同的有：do you suppose/do you imagine/do you believe等。 e.g.1)When do you think we should set off? 你認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候出發(fā)？ 2)Where do you suppose I can find my English teacher? 你認(rèn)為我在哪里能找到我的英語(yǔ)老師？ 8.I don’t enjoy singing, nor I like computers.我既不喜歡唱歌，也不喜歡電腦。 ※enjoy后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞（doing）而不能接不定式。和enjoy用法類似的有：finish,practise,mind,miss,escape,imagine,advise,allow,consider(作“考慮”解時(shí))等。 e.g.1)All of us enjoy reading English novels. 我們都喜歡讀英語(yǔ)小說(shuō)。 2)Would you mind my opening the window? 你介意我打開(kāi)窗戶嗎？ 3)The luck dog escaped being killed. 這個(gè)幸運(yùn)的狗逃脫了被殺的厄運(yùn)。 4)Little Tom is imagining traveling on the moon. 小湯姆正在想象在月球上旅行。 5)They are practicing singing. 他們正在練習(xí)唱歌。 6)The poor boy who got away from home yesterday is considering going home now. 昨天離家出走的可憐男孩現(xiàn)在正在考慮回家。 ※nor意為 “也不”，放在句首引起倒裝。句型為：Neither/Nor＋助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)。 e.g.1)He can’t speak French, neither can his wife. 他不會(huì)說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，他的妻子也不會(huì)說(shuō)。 2)The manager didn’t attend the meeting, nor did the secretary. 經(jīng)理沒(méi)有參加會(huì)議，秘書(shū)也沒(méi)參加。 3)We are not defeated by SARS, nor are they. 我們沒(méi)有被SARS擊敗，他們也沒(méi)有被擊敗。 9.I hate hiking and I’m not into classical music.我討厭徒步旅行，對(duì)古典音樂(lè)也沒(méi)有興趣。 be into…意為“對(duì)……感興趣；熱衷于。” e.g.1)I am into music.我對(duì)音樂(lè)很感興趣。 2)My wife isn’t into cooking.我妻子對(duì)烹飪不感興趣。 10.I don’t enjoy reading too much.我不太喜歡讀書(shū)。 【相關(guān)比較】 too much和much too 的區(qū)別： too much可以用作代詞，形容詞或副詞，在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，too much+不可數(shù)名詞。too many+可數(shù)名詞。 e.g.1)Don’t eat too much. It’s bad for you. 不要吃太多東西，對(duì)你身體不好。（too much 作賓語(yǔ)） 2)Too much remains to be done. 仍有許多事情要做。（too much作主語(yǔ)） 3)The man must have drunk too much beer yesterday. 這個(gè)男的昨天肯定喝了很多啤酒。（too much作定語(yǔ)） 4)The history teacher talked a great deal too much.. 歷史老師說(shuō)的話簡(jiǎn)直太多了。(too much 作狀語(yǔ)) much too是副詞性短語(yǔ)，在句子中作狀語(yǔ)。后接形容詞或副詞。 e.g.1)The story the old man told was much too short. 老人講的這個(gè)故事太短了。 2)The young boy ran too much quickly. 這個(gè)小男孩跑得太快了。 11.I think that rock music is too loud,and I think that football is boring.我認(rèn)為搖滾音樂(lè)太吵鬧，而且足球太無(wú)聊。 【相關(guān)比較】 boring和bored的區(qū)別： 兩個(gè)詞都是形容詞。boring意為“讓人乏味的，無(wú)聊的”。多修飾事物；bored意為“（自己感到）乏味的，無(wú)聊的”。多修飾人。 e.g.1)The boring story made us bored. 這個(gè)乏味的故事使我們感到無(wú)聊。 2)Are you bored after hearing the boring news? 聽(tīng)了這個(gè)乏味的消息，你感到無(wú)聊嗎？ 12.I’m 15 and I’m fond of singing.我15歲，我喜歡唱歌。 be fond of…意為“喜歡……”，后接名詞，代詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。 e.g.1)I’m fond of playing basketball while my brother is fond of playing football. 我喜歡打籃球，而我哥哥喜歡踢足球。 2)The little is fond of singing and dancing. 這個(gè)小女孩喜歡唱歌和跳舞。 3)What are you fond of? 你喜歡什么？ 13.Rock music is OK, and so is skating.搖滾樂(lè)不錯(cuò)，滑雪也可以。 和neither，nor的用法類似。so位于句首引起句子倒裝，表示“某人或某事與前面所說(shuō)的情況一樣”。句型為：so+助動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)。 e.g.1)I like English, so does my deskmate. 我喜歡英語(yǔ)，我的同桌也喜歡英語(yǔ)。 2)If you go to the party tonight, so shall I. 如果今晚你參加這個(gè)晚會(huì)，我也將參加。 3)My father can swim, so can I. 我父親會(huì)游泳，我也會(huì)。 【相關(guān)比較】 1.so +主語(yǔ)（與前面所說(shuō)情況的主語(yǔ)相同）+助動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 表示對(duì)前面所說(shuō)情況的贊同或驗(yàn)證。 e.g.1)I have finished my homework, so I have. 我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)，我確實(shí)完成了。 2)The young girl hopes to become a journalist. so she does. 小女孩希望成為一名記者。她確實(shí)有此希望。 2.主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+so 用于陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)。 e.g.1)The teacher asked me to clean the classroom,and I did so. 老師讓我打掃教室，于是我就打掃了。 2)My parents hoped that I could find a good job,and I did so. 我父母希望我能找到一個(gè)好工作，我真的找到了一個(gè)好工作。 3.So it is/was with+另一主語(yǔ) 表示另一主語(yǔ)的情況與前面所說(shuō)情況相同。這個(gè)句型用于上文有兩個(gè)分句或上文有兩個(gè)(或以上)的謂語(yǔ)或者謂語(yǔ)既有肯定也有否定。也可以說(shuō)成：It is the same with＋另一主語(yǔ)。 e.g.1)Mary like singing English songs ,but he doesn’t like reading English stories.So it is with Jim. 瑪麗喜歡唱英語(yǔ)歌曲，當(dāng)不喜歡讀英語(yǔ)故事。吉姆也是如此。 2)Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language. So it was with Engles. 馬克思生于德國(guó)，德語(yǔ)是他的母語(yǔ)。恩格斯也是如此。 3)My father first visited Canada ,and then visited America.It is the same with my mother. 我父親先訪問(wèn)了加拿大，然后訪問(wèn)了美國(guó)。我母親也是如此。 14.Imagine that you are alone on an island.想象一下你獨(dú)自一人在一個(gè)島上。 ※imagine的用法： 1.imagine+n./doing/從句 e.g.1) I imagined living on the moon. 我想象生活在月球上。 2)Can you imagine life without water? 你能想象沒(méi)有水的生活嗎？ 3)I can hardly imagine that you want to be a president. 我很難想象能要當(dāng)總統(tǒng)。 2.imagine+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)(n./doing/to be) e.g.1)The boy imagined himself flying like a bird. 小男孩想象自己像鳥(niǎo)一樣的飛翔。 2)Try to imagine yourself to be on the Mars.What will happen? 試著想象一下你自己在火星上的情形。會(huì)發(fā)生什么？ 3)Tom imagined his father a millionaire. 湯姆想象他的父親是一個(gè)百萬(wàn)富翁。 ※【相關(guān)比較】alone和lonely的區(qū)別： alone可以作形容詞和副詞。作形容詞時(shí)，在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)，后置定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。不可以作前置定語(yǔ)。lonely只能作形容詞。 alone指客觀狀況，意為“單獨(dú)的（地），獨(dú)自一人的（地）”；lonely描述一種心里感受，意為“孤獨(dú)的”。修飾某地方時(shí)意為“偏僻的，荒涼的”。 e.g.1)Peter alone went to school,but he didn’t feel lonely. 比特獨(dú)自一人去上學(xué)，但他并不感到孤獨(dú)。 2)She lives alone in a lonely village. 她獨(dú)自一人生活在一個(gè)荒涼的村莊。 3)After the party when all the guests went away ,I was alone. 晚會(huì)過(guò)后，所有的客人都離去了，剩下我獨(dú)自一個(gè)人。 15.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.查克是一個(gè)很忙的商人，忙的幾乎沒(méi)有時(shí)間和朋友相處。 【相關(guān)比較】so…that…和such…that…的區(qū)別： 兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)都有“如此……以至于……”的意思。so后面的中心詞是形容詞和副詞；such后的中心詞是名詞。 需要特別注意的是：當(dāng)many,much,little,few這四個(gè)詞表示“數(shù)量”的意思時(shí)，必須和so連用，而不能和such連用。 e.g.1)I was so poor that I can’t go to study abroad. 我太窮了，以至于我無(wú)法出國(guó)留學(xué)。 2)It is such a fine day today that we decide go out to hike. 今天是一個(gè)如此好的天，以至于我們決定外出徒步旅行。 3)We have so little water now that we should go to fetch some. 現(xiàn)在我們的水太少了，我們應(yīng)該去取些。 4)There are so many mistakes in your article that you’d better rewrite it. 你文章里的錯(cuò)誤太多了，你最好重新一遍。 5)She is such little girl that you shouldn’t ask her to do so much homework. 她是如此小的女孩，你不應(yīng)該讓她做那么多的作業(yè)。（注意：此句中的little不表示數(shù)量，而表示小，故和such 連用而不和so 連用。） 16.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.一天，查克乘飛機(jī)飛越太平洋時(shí)，飛機(jī)突然墜毀。 ※【相關(guān)比較】across和through的區(qū)別： across強(qiáng)調(diào)從某物體表面通過(guò)，含義與介詞on相關(guān)。同時(shí)，還可表示“橫穿”；through強(qiáng)調(diào)從物體的內(nèi)部通過(guò)，含義與介詞in相關(guān)。 e.g.1)The stream flows through my hometown from south to north. 這條小溪從南到北流過(guò)我的家鄉(xiāng)。 2)The wounded solider swam across a river ,walked through a forest and finally found the army. 受傷的士兵游過(guò)一條河，走過(guò)一片樹(shù)林，最后找到了部隊(duì)。 ※when在此表示“正在那時(shí)，這時(shí)”（＝and just then）。 e.g.1)I was just about to go home when it suddenly rained. 我正要回家，這時(shí)天下雨了。 2)Joe was studying in his study when suddenly the light went out. 喬正在書(shū)房學(xué)習(xí)，這時(shí)燈滅了。 17.Chuck survives the crash and lands on a deserted island.查看在飛機(jī)失事后幸存了下來(lái)。登上了一個(gè)無(wú)人荒島。 survive的用法： 1.vi.幸存，活下來(lái) e.g.1)Anyone who wants to survive in the world should learn as many things as possible. 任何想在這個(gè)世界上生存的人應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)盡可能多的東西。 2)Only I survived after the terrible earthquake . 大地震之后只有我活了下來(lái)。 2.vt.幸免于…… e.g.1)No one survived the fire. 在這場(chǎng)大火中無(wú)人幸存。 2)Only the brave can survive the war. 只有勇敢者才能幸存于這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 18.He has to learn how to collect water,hunt for food,and make fire.他必須學(xué)會(huì)如何采水，如何尋找事物和生火。 ※hunt for=look for意為“尋找……”。 ※make fire意為“生火”。 由fire構(gòu)成的常用短語(yǔ)有： 1.be on fire在燃燒 2.catch fire著火 3.put out fire滅火 4.light a fire點(diǎn)火 5.set fire to…=set…on fire放火燒…… 6.play with fire玩火 19.In order to survive, Chuck develops a friendship with an unusual friend－a volleyball he calls Wilson.為了生存，查克與一個(gè)非同尋常的朋友―一個(gè)他叫作威爾遜的排球－發(fā)展友誼。 in order+ do表示“為了……”。 【相關(guān)比較】 in order to,so as to,in order that和so that的區(qū)別： 這四個(gè)短語(yǔ)都表示“為了……”。in order to和so as to后面都接動(dòng)詞原形，都可以充當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)。但so as to不能用于句首。 in order that和so that后面都接從句，引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。 e.g.1)He got up very early in order to catch the first bus. ＝2)He got up very early so as to catch the first bus. ＝3)He got up very early in order that he could catch the first bus. ＝4)He got up very early so that he could catch the first bus. ＝5)In order to catch the first bus he got up very early. 為了趕上頭班車，他起的很早。 20.He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he hasn’t always been thinking about himself.他認(rèn)識(shí)到他不是一個(gè)很好朋友，因?yàn)樗偸强紤]自己。 think about意為“考慮；想起；認(rèn)為” 由think組成的短語(yǔ)還有： 1.think aloud=think out aloud自言自語(yǔ) 2.think of①考慮，關(guān)系；②想起，記得 3.think of…as把…看作 4.think of…for考慮…是否合適 5.think out想出，設(shè)計(jì)出 6.think over仔細(xì)考慮 7.think up（口語(yǔ)）想出，發(fā)明 e.g.I am thinking about visiting my aunt this afternoon. 我正在考慮今天下午去看我姨。 21.Even though Wilson is just a volleyball,he becomes fond of Wilson.盡管威爾遜只是一個(gè)排球，但他非常喜歡威爾遜。 even though=even if意為“盡管，即使”，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 e.g.1)Even though I was old I will stick to studying. 盡管我老了我仍要堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)。 2)Even if I was killed I still will tell you the truth. 即使我被殺我仍要告訴你事情的真相。 22.He talks to him and treats him as a friend.他和它說(shuō)話，并把它當(dāng)成朋友。 treat…as…意為“把……看待成……”。 e.g. 1)The doctors treat SARS as their enemies. 醫(yī)生們把SARS病毒看作他們的敵人。 2)The villagers treated the missing boy as their own son. 村民們把這個(gè)走失的孩子看成他們自己的兒子。 23.Chuch learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow and that it is important to have someone to care about.查克認(rèn)識(shí)到我們需要朋友來(lái)分享快樂(lè)和分擔(dān)憂愁，同時(shí)照顧別人是很重要的。 ※have的用法： have意為“有”時(shí)的句型： have sth. to do 主語(yǔ)自己有某事要做 have sth. to be done 主語(yǔ)讓某人去作某事 have意為“使，讓”時(shí)的句型： have sb. do 讓某人做某事 have sb. doing讓某人一直做某事 have sth. done使某事被做 e.g.1)I have a lot of clothes to wash. 我有許多衣服要洗。 2)He had a lot of housework to be done. 他有許多家務(wù)活要讓別人去做。 3)The boss had the workers painting the wall the whole day. 老板讓工人們刷了一整天的墻。 4)They had the old house repaired. 他們請(qǐng)人把老房子修理了。 ※care about意為“關(guān)系，在乎，介意”；care for意為“①（常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中）喜歡；②（較正式用語(yǔ)）照顧”。 e.g.1)It is our duty to care about the old. 照顧老人是我們的責(zé)任。 2)I don’t really care for this kind of food. 我真的不喜歡這類食品。 24.He also learns that he should have cared more about his friends.他也知道他本應(yīng)更關(guān)心他的朋友。（但是沒(méi)有） should have done意為“過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事卻沒(méi)做”。shouldn’t have done意為“過(guò)去本不應(yīng)該做某事卻做了”。 e.g.1)I should have told where I lived. 我本應(yīng)該告訴你我的住址。 2)They should have asked their teachers for help. 他們本應(yīng)該向他們的老師求助。 3)You shouldn’t have told lies to me. 你本不應(yīng)該向我說(shuō)謊。 25.When he makes friends with Wison,he understands that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.當(dāng)他和威爾遜交朋友之后，他明白了如此道理：友誼離不開(kāi)感情；人既得到關(guān)愛(ài)，又須給他人以同樣多的關(guān)愛(ài)。 ※make friends with sb.意為“和某人交朋友”；make enemies with sb.意為“和某人作對(duì)”。 e.g.We should make friends with others not to make enemies with others. 我們應(yīng)該和別人交朋友，而不是和別人作對(duì)。 ※as much as和as many as的區(qū)別： 兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)都表示“多達(dá)……”。as much as后常接金錢(qián)，時(shí)間，重量，熱量，丈量等方面的名詞；as many as后多接人或事物的數(shù)量。 e.g.1)The little boy earned as much as 1000 dollars every month. 這個(gè)小男孩每月掙多達(dá)1000美元。 2)There are as many as 2000 people in the square. 廣場(chǎng)上有多達(dá)2000人。 3)His bag weighed as much as 10 kilogramme. 他的書(shū)包重達(dá)10千克。 26.For example,many of us have pets,and we all have favourite objects such as a lucky pen or a diary.例如，我們有許多寵物，我們還有許多青睞的物品，如一支幸運(yùn)筆或一本日記本。 for example和such as的區(qū)別： for example用作插入語(yǔ)，一般只舉同類中的一個(gè)例子。可以用于句首，句中或句尾，常用逗號(hào)和句子隔開(kāi)；such as用來(lái)列舉同類中的多個(gè)事物，通常放在被列舉的事物的前面，其前后均不用逗號(hào)。 e.g.1)I like many famous singers－Zhang Huimei,for example. 我喜歡許多著名的歌手，例如：張惠妹。 2)Computers ,for example, were made in this factory. 例如電腦是這個(gè)工廠生產(chǎn)的。 3)She can speak many foreign languages such as English,French,Japenese and German. 她會(huì)說(shuō)許多中外語(yǔ)，例如：英語(yǔ)，法語(yǔ)，日語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)。 27.If you were alone on an island,what would you do in order to survive?假如島上只有你一個(gè)人，為了生存，你會(huì)怎么辦？ 本句是一個(gè)表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句。 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在3種不同的條件句中的應(yīng)用： 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 條件從句 謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)（be都用were） 謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)（had done） 謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或用were to+do或should+do 主句 謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)（would/slhoul/could/might+do） 謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)（would/shold/could/might+have done） 謂語(yǔ)用would/should/could/might+do) e.g.1)If I were a millionaire ,I would help all the poor in the world. 如果我是一個(gè)百萬(wàn)富翁，我將幫助世界上所以的窮人。（對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬） 2)If I had followed your advice,I would have won the game.. 要是聽(tīng)了你的忠告，這場(chǎng)比賽我就贏了。 3)If it rained tomorrow,we would stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我們就會(huì)呆在家。 28.We can’t stay here any longer.我們不能再呆在這里了。 not …any longer,no longer,not…any more,no more的區(qū)別： not…any longer＝no longer多與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，指時(shí)間上不再延長(zhǎng)；not…any more ＝no more多與瞬間動(dòng)作連用，指做事情的次數(shù)不再增加； e.g.1)The president didn’t live here any longer. =2)The president lived here no more. 總統(tǒng)不再住在這了。 3)Chances lost will not return any more. =4)Chances lost will return no more. 失去的機(jī)會(huì)不會(huì)再回來(lái)。 第二階梯：短語(yǔ)背誦 1.a 5-star friend一個(gè)五星級(jí)朋友 2.argue with sb. about sth.和某人爭(zhēng)論某事 3.solve the problem解決問(wèn)題 4.be into…對(duì)……有興趣 5.too much太多 6.be fond of喜歡 7.all the same一直 8.surf the Internet在因特網(wǎng)上沖浪 9.so+形容詞/副詞+that… 如此……以至于…… 10.all alone單獨(dú)地 11.hunt for尋找 12.make fire生火 13.in order to為了 14.think about考慮 15.even though即使 16.treat…as…把……看作…… 17.care about關(guān)心，愛(ài)護(hù) 18.make friends with和……交朋友. 19.as much as多達(dá) 20.for example例如 21.such as例如 22.regard…as…把……看作 23.be quick in mind and action思維，行動(dòng)反應(yīng)迅速 24.not …any longer不再 25.drop me a line給我寫(xiě)封短信 第三階梯：語(yǔ)法小結(jié) 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)（一）：直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句或疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)的方法 一．直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)的方法 直接引述別人的原話，叫直接引語(yǔ)。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人所說(shuō)的話，叫間接引語(yǔ)。直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)通常是將原句變成賓語(yǔ)從句。直接引語(yǔ)一般前后都要加引號(hào)，間接引語(yǔ)則不用引號(hào)。直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的人稱，時(shí)態(tài)，指示代詞，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等都要發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化。 1．人稱的變化 把直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱變?yōu)榕c引述部分主語(yǔ)相一致的人稱；把直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱變?yōu)榕c引述部分的賓語(yǔ)相一致的人稱；直接引語(yǔ)中的第三人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍用第三人稱。 e.g.1)He said ,“ I like singing.”他說(shuō)：“我非常喜歡唱歌?！保? He said he liked singing.他說(shuō)他非常喜歡唱歌。 2)She said to me ,“I used your ruler without asking.”她說(shuō)：“未經(jīng)允許，我用了你的小尺?！?－→ She told me that she had used my ruler without asking.她告訴我說(shuō)她未經(jīng)允許用了我的小尺。 3)Tom said ,“John is a good teacher.” 湯姆說(shuō)：“約翰是一個(gè)好老師?！保? Tom said John was a good teacher. 湯姆說(shuō)約翰還是一個(gè)好老師。 2．時(shí)態(tài)的變化 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的變化如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)(不變化) e.g.1)She said, “I am afraid I can’t pass the exam.” －→ She said that she was afraid she couldn’t pass the exam. (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過(guò)去時(shí)) 2)He said, “I’m reading newspapers.” －→ He said that he was reading newspapers. (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)) 3)He said, “I will go abroad for further study.” －→ He said that he would go abroad for further study. (一般將來(lái)時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)) 4)She said, “I finished my homework.” －→ She said she had finished her homework. (一般過(guò)去時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)) 5)He said, “I have learnt 5000 English words.” －→ He said he had learnt 5000 English words. (現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)) 6)She said, “I had recognized the boy.” She said she had recognized the boy. (過(guò)去完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)) 3．指示代詞，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞的變化 this－→that （這個(gè)－→那個(gè)） these－→those （這些－→那些） now－→then （現(xiàn)在－→那時(shí)） today－→that day (今天－→那天) yesterday－→the day before (昨天－→前一天) tomorrow－→the next(following) day (明天－→第二天) here－→there (這里－→那里) come－→go (來(lái)－→去) e.g.1)He said , “I will see you off this afternoon.” －→ He said that she would see me off that afternoon. 2)She said , “These problems are easy.” －→ She said that those problems were easy. 3)She said , “It is dark now.” －→ She said it was dark then. 4)She said, “I haven’t finished my work today.” －→ She said that she hadn’t finished her work that day. 5)He said, “ I will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.” －→ He said he would visit the Great Wall the next/following day. 6)He said, “my wife returned from London 40 minutes ago.” －→ He said his wife had returned from London 40 minutes before. 7)She said, “a dog is here.” －→ She said a dog was there. 8)He said, “I will come here to help you this afternoon.” －→ He said that he would go there to help you that afternoon. 4.特殊情況：（1）直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。 (2)如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here 不必改為there,動(dòng)詞come 不必改為go. 如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday, tomorrow 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。 e.g.1)He said, “The earth travels around the sun.” －→ He said that the earth travels around the sun. 2)The teacher said, “l(fā)ight travels much faster than sound.” －→ The teacher said that light travels much faster than sound. 二．直接引語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)的方法 當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)句，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要按照不同的疑問(wèn)句類型進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)變。 1．一般疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橛伞癷f／ whether引導(dǎo)的從句”。 2．選擇疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橛伞皐hether．．．or．．．／whether．．．or not引導(dǎo)的從句”。 3．反意疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橛伞癷f／ whether或that引導(dǎo)的從句”。要視說(shuō)話者的語(yǔ)氣而定。 4．特殊疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭的問(wèn)句變?yōu)椤霸撎厥庖蓡?wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的從句”。 e.g.1)He said, “ are you tired?” －→ He said that whether/if I was tired. 2)“Is she a teacher or a writer?” the boy asked me．－→ The boy asked me whether she was a teacher or a writer． 3)“You have never visited Beijing，have you？”I asked the foreigner．－→ I asked the foreigner if／whether he had never visited Beijing. 4) “when do you go home?” he asked me. －→ He asked me when I went home. 111