Methodology of English Teaching,英語教學法,,“追求方法”：二十世紀八十年代之前 “教無定法”：后方法時代,,英語教學論是一門研究中小學英語教學目的、教學內(nèi)容、教學目標、教學過程、教學原則、教學模式、教學科研的理論與實踐的基本原理、一般規(guī)律、主要方法等，以全面培養(yǎng)學生面向未來的基礎性的英語運用能力和基礎性的綜合素質(zhì)的學科。,Introduction,Brief Introduction of the Course and Course Plan,課程學習參考書目,Unit 1 Language and Learning,View on language Views on language learning What makes a good language teacher?,What is language?,,,語言的本質(zhì)與語言教學的本質(zhì)特征 語言的定義（definition of language) 語言的本質(zhì)特征 （nature of language) 交際工具 符號系統(tǒng) 思維工具和文化載體 特殊的生理基礎,,（Views on the nature of language have an impact on the teaching / learning method of a person） 對語言教學本質(zhì)的理解及其對教學實踐的影響,Views on Lanuage,The Structural View (結構主義） The functional View（功能主義） The interactional View（相互作用理論或交互理論）,The Structural View,The structural view sees language as a linguistic system. (Language is a system of structuring related elements to code meaning, for example, grammar. Rf. A Course for ELT) 語言的本質(zhì)是由結構上相互聯(lián)系的單位組成的、用來表達一定意義的結構系統(tǒng)。,,The system of language= the system of sound + the system of words + they system of grammar +,,sentences phrases words morphemes（詞素） (the smallest meaningful unit) phonemes（音素，音位） (the smallest unit),The purpose of language learning,To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. 語言學習的目標被認為是掌握該系統(tǒng)中各種成分，即音位、語法單位、詞匯等）,Impact on language teaching,Audiolingual approach （聽說法） Total Physical Method （全身反應法） The Silent Way （沉默法）,The functional View,The functional view sees language as a linguistic system and as a means for doing things.( Language is a vehicle to express or accomplish a certain function, such as requiring sth. Learner learn a language in order to be able to do things with it.) 認為語言既是一個符號體系，也是一種交際工具,,語言是表達交際功能的載體。 強調(diào)語言的語義和交際特點，而不是語言的語法特征 有意念-功能教學大綱（Notion-function Syllabus) 交際法教學,Functions of language,E.g. offering suggestion advising apologizing etc.,Notion,Purpose of using notion: To perform function What is notion rules and vocabulary are constructed to express notions Examples: Present time, past time and future time Certainty and possibility Agent and instrument Relationship between people and objects,Interactional View,sees language as a communicative tool ( build up and maintain relations between people) 語言是實現(xiàn)人際關系和進行個人之間社會交往的工具。,,Two things are needed for communication rules of language form (grammar & vocabulary): to speak the language grammatical correctly rules of language uses in a context :Is it appropriate to use this item in this context or given situation?,The Process-oriented Theories （過程導向理論） How the mind organizes new information e.g. habit information, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization The Condition-oriented Theories（條件導向理論） Emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place E.g. the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, and learning atmosphere,Views on Language Learning,The Behaviorist Theory,Watson and Raynor Stimulus-response theory of psychology According to this theory, all complex forms of behaviour-motions, habits are seen as elements that can be observed and measured. Skinner: language is a form of behaviour Language teaching in USA: Audio-lingual Method (the listen and repeat drills) Language is learned by constant repetition and reinforcement of the teacher Mistakes were immediately corrected,The Cognitive Theory,Chomsky Language is not a form of behaviour, it is a complicated rule-based system.( Language is a rule-governed) There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced (language is generative),,The impact of Chomskys theory on language teaching Students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea is clearly opposition to the audio-lingual method.,Constructivist Theory,Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows. Learning in general Education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned. John Deway,Socio-constructivist Theory,Emphasize interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” and scaffolding(腳手架理論）.,What makes a good language teacher?,Qualities of a good language teacher Ethic devotion Professional qualities Personal styles Teachers professional development,